出國留學網(wǎng)liuxue86.com 2012年10月26日 12時訊
銆屽闀峰弮鑸囥€?parent involvement)鐣跺墠鍦ㄧ編鍦嬩笉璜栨槸镵偊銆佸悇宸炴垨瀛稿崁銆佸鏍￠兘鏄暀鑲叉柦鏀塊噸瑕佷竴鐠幫纴闆栫劧1965騫寸殑銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?Elementary and Secondary Education Act)涓甫鏈彁鍒般€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€嶇殑瀛楃溂錛屼絾寰炵暥鏅傜殑鏀跨瓥璜栬警闁嬪錛屻€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€嶄究宸茶瑕栫偤瀵︾従紺炬渻姝ｇ京銆佹暀鑲插叕騫崇殑閲嶈閫斿緫銆?/P>
鏍規(guī)摎Moles & Fege(2012)鍒嗘瀽錛岀編鍦嬪闀峰弮鑸囨斂絳栨紨璁婃綞撲竷嬈°€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?ESEA)淇閬庣▼錛屽叾杞夋姌鍙垎鐐轟笁鍊嬫檪鏈?
涓€銆?965鑷?980騫達纴灝ゅ叾鏄?0騫翠唬錛屾槸銆屽闀蜂綔鐐鴻瑭㈣€呫€?parents as advisors)鏅傛湡:鍦?965騫淬€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆嬭◣璜栭亷紼嬩腑錛屽弮璀伴櫌鏁欒偛濮斿摗鏈冪殑Robert Kennedy鍙冭鍝′究鎻愬嚭镵偊鏈夎鉑浠葷⒑淇濆湴鏂規(guī)彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囨鏈冧互寮峰寲瀛告牎綹炬晥璨換錛屽挨鍏舵槸涓嶅埄铏曞瀛告牎(TITLE I)瀛哥敓涔嬪闀鳳紱1974騫淬€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曚慨姝ｆ銆嬩腑渚垮鍒楄姹傚悇瀛稿崁钖戣伅閭︽彁浜ょ敵璜嬪墠鎳夋垚绔嬨€屽闀瘋瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?parent advisory councils, PACs)涔嬭瀹氾紱1978騫翠慨姝ｆ鏇磋瀹歍ITLE錛╁鏍＄殑璦堝妰璦傚畾鑸囧煼琛屾噳鏈夊闀峰弮鑸囥€?/P>
浜屻€?980鑷?988騫寸偤銆岃В闄ょ鍒跺強鍊掗€€銆?deregulation and push back)鏅傛湡:鐢辨柤闆鋒牴鏀垮簻鎺¤В闄ょ鍒舵斂絳栵纴瀹墮暦璜濮斿摗鏈?PACs)鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囩▼搴︽敼鐢卞湴鏂規(guī)焙瀹氾纴銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曘€嬬敱1981騫淬€屾暀鑲叉暣钖堣垏鏀歸€叉硶妗堛€嶏紙Education Consolidation and Improvement ACT錛孍CIA錛夊彇浠ｏ纴TITLE錛╁鏍¤畩鎴怌hapter I瀛告牎錛屽闀峰弮鑸囧彧淇濈暀闇€鍙枊Chapter I瀛告牎瀹墮暦騫村害鏈冭鐨勮瀹氾纴璦卞瀛稿崁鍥犺€屽彇娑堝闀瘋瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?/P>
涓夈€?988騫磋縿浠婄偤銆屽闀鋒仮寰╁弮鑸囧強灝嬫眰騫寵 銆嶆檪鏈?reemerge and search for balance):1988騫淬€岄湇閲戞柉-鍙蹭腹紱忓痙鍒濈瓑鍙婁腑絳夊鏍℃敼閫蹭慨姝ｆ銆嶏紙Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Act錛夎姹傚湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳夋湁紕轟繚瀹墮暦鍙冭垏TITLE錛╄▓鍔冨強鍩瘋涔嬫斂絳栵纴涓︽噳瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦璩囪▕錛?994騫淬€婃敼锽勭編鍦嬪鏍℃硶妗堛€?Improving America's Schools Act,IASA)灝囧師鏈鐣屽畾鍦ㄥ叕姘戞瑠鍒?civil right)鍙婂皪鎶楄缽紿?anti-poverty)涔嬪闀峰弮鑸囷纴杞夊寲鎴愩€岀偤瀛告牎锏煎睍紺炬渻璩囨湰銆?social capital)涔嬭镩插畾浣嶏纴闄ゅ歡綰?988騫存硶妗?118綃€涔嬪闀峰弮鑸囨鏂囷纴涓﹀鍒楀鍗€騫村害瑁滃姪瓚呴亷50钀€呭繀闋堥亱鐢ㄨ嚦灝?%鏂煎闀峰弮鑸囦簨闋咃纴浠ュ強澧炶ō?瀹墮暦璩囪▕鑸囪硣婧愪腑蹇?(Parental Information and Resource Centers,PIRCs)錛?001騫淬€婃矑鏈夊瀛愯惤寰?NCLB)銆嬫硶妗堟洿寮峰寲1118綃€瑕忓畾錛屼甫棣栨鐐?瀹墮暦鍙冭垏銆嶅畾緹?銆屽闀蜂互瀹氭湡鐨勩€侀洐钖戠殑銆佹湁鎰忕京鐨勬簼閫氭柟寮忓弮鑸囧鐢熷琛撳緲掑強鍏朵粬瀛告牎媧誨嫊銆嶃€?/P>
鐩墠2001騫寸増銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?鍗熾€婃矑鏈夊瀛愯惤寰屾硶妗堛€?(No Child Left Behind Act of 2001錛孭ublic Law 107-110))浠嶆槸緹庡湅瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏈€楂樻硶寰嬩緷鎿氾纴鍏朵富瑕佽瀹氬湪鏂肩涓€綃?鎻愬崌涓嶅埄铏曞瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨(TITLE I)絎珹閮ㄥ垎:鏀歸€插湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鍩烘湰璦堝妰鎴愭晥涔嬬1118綃€:瀹墮暦鍙冭垏銆傚叾閲嶉粸濡備笅(USDE,2001):
(a)鍦版柟鏁欒偛鐣跺眬鏀跨瓥-
鍦版柟鏁欒偛鐣跺眬渚濇湰闋呰瀹氳鍔冨強杈︾悊瀹墮暦鍙冭垏涔嬭▓鐣€佹椿鍕曪纴鍙敵璜嬭伅閭﹁鍔╋纴鍏惰▓鐣垏媧誨嫊涔嬭鍔冩噳鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氳瑭€傛瘡涓€鍊嬪湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳夎┎淇濈暀閫欎竴閮ㄥ垎(絎珹閮ㄥ垎鏀歸€插湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鍩烘湰璦堝妰鎴愭晥)綞撹不涓嶅皯鏂?%鐨勬暀鑲茬稉璨諱締鍩瘋鏈瘈瀹墮暦鍙冭垏璦堢暙錛屽寘鎷彁鍗囩埗姣嶈瓨瀛椼€佸闀瘋兘鍔涳紱鍏剁稉璨?5%鎳夋挜緄﹀鏍￠亱鐢ㄣ€?/P>
(b)瀛告牎瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥-
姣忓€嬪鏍￠兘鎳夎垏瀹墮暦钖堜綔瑕忓妰瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥錛屼甫锏肩鄲瀛哥敓瀹墮暦鏇擱潰鐨勫弮鑸囨斂絳栨浉闈㈡枃浠訛纴瑭寵級瀵︽柦鏂瑰紡錛屽闀鋒噳琚互鏄撴噦銆佷竴鑷寸殑褰㈠紡錛屼互瀹墮暦浣跨敤鐨勮獮璦€錛屽憡鐭ュ叾瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鐨勬斂絳栵纴鐩擱棞鏀跨瓥涓︽噳鎻愪緵璁撶ぞ鍗€鐬В錛屽畾鏈熸洿鏂頒互絎﹀悎瀹墮暦鑸囧鏍′箣闇€姹傘€?/P>
(c)鏀跨瓥鍙冭垏-
(1)瀛告牎鎳夊彫闁嬪勾搴﹀闀鋒渻璀幫纴閭€璜嬪強榧撳嫷鎵€鏈夊闀峰弮鍔狅纴浜嗚В鍏舵墍鍙弮鑸囦簨闋?BR>(2)瀛告牎鎳夋彁渚涗笉钖屾渻璀拌畵瀹墮暦鍙冭垏錛屽寘鎷棭涓婃垨鍌嶆櫄鏅傞枔鐨勬渻璀幫纴鎻愪緵浜ら€氥€佸厭绔ョ収璀楓€佸拰瀹跺涵璦晱絳夛纴浠ユ彁楂樺闀峰弮鑸?
(3)瀛告牎鎳夋湁緄勭箶鍦般€佹寔綰屾€у湴鑸囧闀鋒帴瑙革纴涓﹀畾鏈熻鍔冦€佷慨姝ｈ浼板闀峰弮鑸囩殑璦堢暙鑸囨斂絳栵纴涓︽彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囧鏍＄殑鍏ㄦ牎鎬ц▓鐣箣瑕忓妰;
(4)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹墮暦鎳夋湁璩囪▕-(A)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鍙冭垏璦堢暙媧誨嫊;(B)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹墮暦瀛告牎瑾茬▼鎻忚堪鍙婅В閲嬨€佸緲掕閲忓強鎴愬氨妯欐簴絳夎硣璦?(C)鎺ュ彈瀹墮暦鎻愯杈︾悊瀹氭湡鏈冭錛岃拹闆嗗緩璀板強灝嶆暀甯暀瀛哥殑鎰忚錛屼甫鐩￠€熷洖瑕?
(5)鑻ュ闀峰皪鍏ㄦ牎鎬ц▓鐣笉婊挎剰錛屾噳灝囧闀鋒剰瑕嬫彁鍑轟互淇璦堢暙銆?/P>
(d)寤虹珛楂樺鐢熷琛撴垚灝辯殑鍏變韓璨換(SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES)-
姣忓€嬪鏍℃噳鑸囧闀峰叡钖岀櫦灞曚竴鍊?瀛告牎-瀹墮暦钖堜綔鍗斿畾?(school-parent compact)錛岃鏄庡闀楓€佸鏍℃垚鍝°€佸鐢熷湪鎻愬崌瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨涓婃噳鏈夌殑鍏變韓璨換錛屼互鍙婂緩绔嬪ぅ浼撮棞淇傛噳鏈夌殑絳栫暐浣滄硶錛屼互閬斿埌钖勫窞鐨勫琛撴婧栵纴瑭插崝瀹氭噳鍖呮嫭:
(1)鎻忚堪瀛告牎鎻愪緵楂樺搧璩紼嬶纴浠ュ強鍦ㄦ敮鎸佺殑鏈夋晥鐨勫鏍＄挵澧冧笅鏁欏涔嬭鉑浠伙纴瀹墮暦鍓囨噳鍗斿姪璨犺搗鐫ｅ皫瀛╁瓙瀛哥繏銆佹簴鏅備笂瀛搞€佸畬鎴愬搴綔妤€佹摂浠葷彮绱氱京宸ワ纴閬╃暥鍙冭垏鑸囧鐢熸湁闂滀箣姹虹瓥鍙婅澶栨椿鍕曡鍔冪瓑;
(2)寮瘋鏁欏斧鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氱殑閲嶈鎬?
(A)灝忓闅庢錛岃嚦灝戝彫闁嬪勾搴﹀闀瘋垏鏁欏斧鏈冭錛岃◣璜栧悎浣滃崝瀹氫腑鑸囧鐢熷緲掓湁闂滅殑鍏у;(B)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鏈夐棞瀛哥敓鐨勯€叉鎯呭艦鍫卞憡;(C)鎻愪緵鑸囨暀镵峰摗閬╃暥鐨勭閬擄纴鎻愪緵姍熸渻鎿斾換緹╁伐鍙冭垏瀛哥敓瑾插爞媧誨嫊鏈冩暀瀹よ瀵熴€?/P>
(e)鎿村ぇ鍙冭垏鐨勭┖闁? 瀛告牎鑸囧湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳?BR>(1)鎻愪緵鍗斿姪浠ヨ畵瀹墮暦浜嗚В钖勫窞瀛歌鍏у妯欐簴銆佸鐢熷琛撴垚灝辨婧栥€佸窞鍙婂鍗€瑭曢噺錛屽浣曡瀵熷鐢熼€叉鎯呭艦銆佽垏鏁欏斧钖堜綔鎻愭槆瀛哥敓瀛哥繏;
(2)鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鏁欒偛涔嬬礌鏉愭垨璦撶反錛屼互浣垮叾瓚充互鍗斿姪瀛哥敓鎻愬崌瀛哥繏鎴愭晥錛屼緥濡傝瓨瀛楁暀鑲層€佺鎶€閬嬬敤瀛哥繏絳?
(3)鎳夋暀鑲叉暀甯€佹湇鍕欏鐢熶箣浜哄摗銆佹牎闀風瓑浣夸簡瑙ｅ闀峰弮鑸囩殑鎰忕京鑸囧児鍊鹼纴浠ュ強鏁欏皫濡備綍鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氥€佸緩绔嬪ぅ浼撮棞淇傘€佸煼琛屽闀峰弮鑸囪▓鐣箣鎶€宸?
(4)鑸囧闀峰悎浣滄帹鍕曡搗濮嬭▓鐣紙Head Start錛夈€侀柋璁€鍎厛(Reading First)銆佸強鏃╄搗濮嬭▓鐣紙Early Head Start錛夈€佸榻″墠鍏掔鐨勫搴寚灝庤▓鍔?Home Instruction Program For Preschool Youngsters)銆佸潎絳夎搗濮嬭▓鐣?(Even Start)銆佸闀蜂綔鐐烘暀甯▓鐣?the Parents as Teachers Program)絳夛纴浠ュ強鍏朵粬瀹墮暦璩囨簮涓績絳夐紦鑸炲闀峰弮鑸囦箣璦堢暙;
(5)紕轟繚钖勯瀛告牎鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囪硣璦婂潎鑳戒互瀹墮暦浜嗚В鐨勬柟寮忋€佽獮璦€鍌抽€侀€氱煡瀹墮暦;
(6)鏁欏斧銆佹牎闀峰強鍏朵粬鏁欒偛浜哄摗鐨勮〒綬翠害鍙個璜嬪闀峰弮鑸囷纴浠ユ彁鍗囨晥鐩?
(7)閬嬬敤鏈爡瑁滃姪綞撹不杈︾悊蹇呰鐨勫闀瘋瓨璁€鑳藉姏鏁欒偛;
(8)鎻愪緵鍦版柟瀹墮暦鍙冭垏媧誨嫊閬╃暥瑁滃姪錛屽寘鎷氦閫氥€佸绔ョ湅欏с€佷互璁撳闀峰緱浠ュ弮鑸囧鏍＄浉闂滄渻璀版垨璦撶反;
(9)钘夌敱鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鐩擱棞璦撶反浠ュ擠鍖栧叾浠栧闀風殑鍙冭垏;
(10)灝囧鏍℃渻璀版檪闁撳綀鎬у畨鎺掑湪涓嶅悓鏅傛錛屾垨杈︾悊鍦ㄥ鏈冭(in-home conferences)錛岃畵鐒℃硶鍒版牎鐨勫闀峰彲浠ユ湁鍏朵粬閬告搰錛屾摯澶у弮鑸?
(11)瑾挎暣鍙婂煼琛屽紼ā寮忎甫琛岀閬撲互鏀歸€插闀峰弮鑸?
(12)寤虹珛瀛稿崁瀹墮暦璜濮斿摗鏈冿纴浠ユ彁渚涘鍗€鏁欒偛涔嬫敮鎸佽垏寤鴻;
(13)锏煎睍紺懼崁鏈綅緄勭箶鍙婁紒妤湪鍗斿姪瀹墮暦鍙冭垏媧誨嫊鐨勯仼鐣惰镩?
(14)鎳夊湪鏈爡瑕忓畾涓嬮嚌灝嶅闀峰皪瀹墮暦鍙冭垏涔嬭姹傛彁渚涘繀瑕佹敮鎸併€?/P>
闅ㄨ憲瀹墮暦鍙冭垏澶氬厓鍖栵纴鍏剁瘎鍦嶆摯澶ц嚦瀹跺涵銆佺ぞ鍗€鑸囧鏍＄殑钖堜綔錛屽悇鐣岄枊濮嬩嬌鐢ㄣ€屽搴弮鑸?(family engagement)涓€瑭烇纴瑾嶇偤engagement姣攊nvolvement鏇存湁澶氬悜婧濋€氥€佸鍏冨弮鑸囧強钖堜綔澶ヤ即涔嬫剰銆傛瓙宸撮Μ鏀垮簻鏂?010騫?鏈?3鏃ユ彁鍑虹殑銆婃敼闈╃櫧鐨浉錛氬垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟淇妗堛€?A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act)錛屼究鎺＄敤銆屽搴弮鑸?(family engagement)錛屽擠瑾垮搴強紺懼崁鍙冭垏鏄彁鍗囧鏍″搧璩箣闂滈嵉錛屾暀鑲叉柦鏀挎噳鏇撮噸瑕栫當鏁撮€欎簺璩囨簮鐨勭瓥鐣ワ纴浠ユ彁鍗囨垚鏁堬纴淇鉆夋涓﹀緩璀版彁楂樺湴鏂規(guī)敮鎸佸搴弮鑸囩稉璨昏嚦2%(USDE,2010)銆傝┎淇妗堝湪2010騫?鏈?5鏃ラ€佸湅鏈冨璀幫纴鎯熻縿浠婃湭鑳介€氶亷淇銆?/P>
鍙冭€冩枃鐛?
Moles,O.& Fege, A.(2012).New Directions for Title I Family Engagement: Lessons From the Past. In Redding, S. , Murphy, M. , & Sheley, P. (Ed), Handbook on Family and Community Engagement. IL: Academic Development Institute. Retrieved October 17, 2012, from http://www.families-schools.org/downloads/FACEHandbook.pdf.
USDE(2001). No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html
USDE(2010).A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/index.html
(椐愮編鍦嬩唬琛ㄨ檿鏂囧寲緄勫嫉浣崇惓)
(出國留學網(wǎng)www.liuxue86.com)
銆屽闀峰弮鑸囥€?parent involvement)鐣跺墠鍦ㄧ編鍦嬩笉璜栨槸镵偊銆佸悇宸炴垨瀛稿崁銆佸鏍￠兘鏄暀鑲叉柦鏀塊噸瑕佷竴鐠幫纴闆栫劧1965騫寸殑銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?Elementary and Secondary Education Act)涓甫鏈彁鍒般€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€嶇殑瀛楃溂錛屼絾寰炵暥鏅傜殑鏀跨瓥璜栬警闁嬪錛屻€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€嶄究宸茶瑕栫偤瀵︾従紺炬渻姝ｇ京銆佹暀鑲插叕騫崇殑閲嶈閫斿緫銆?/P>
鏍規(guī)摎Moles & Fege(2012)鍒嗘瀽錛岀編鍦嬪闀峰弮鑸囨斂絳栨紨璁婃綞撲竷嬈°€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?ESEA)淇閬庣▼錛屽叾杞夋姌鍙垎鐐轟笁鍊嬫檪鏈?
涓€銆?965鑷?980騫達纴灝ゅ叾鏄?0騫翠唬錛屾槸銆屽闀蜂綔鐐鴻瑭㈣€呫€?parents as advisors)鏅傛湡:鍦?965騫淬€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆嬭◣璜栭亷紼嬩腑錛屽弮璀伴櫌鏁欒偛濮斿摗鏈冪殑Robert Kennedy鍙冭鍝′究鎻愬嚭镵偊鏈夎鉑浠葷⒑淇濆湴鏂規(guī)彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囨鏈冧互寮峰寲瀛告牎綹炬晥璨換錛屽挨鍏舵槸涓嶅埄铏曞瀛告牎(TITLE I)瀛哥敓涔嬪闀鳳紱1974騫淬€婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曚慨姝ｆ銆嬩腑渚垮鍒楄姹傚悇瀛稿崁钖戣伅閭︽彁浜ょ敵璜嬪墠鎳夋垚绔嬨€屽闀瘋瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?parent advisory councils, PACs)涔嬭瀹氾紱1978騫翠慨姝ｆ鏇磋瀹歍ITLE錛╁鏍＄殑璦堝妰璦傚畾鑸囧煼琛屾噳鏈夊闀峰弮鑸囥€?/P>
浜屻€?980鑷?988騫寸偤銆岃В闄ょ鍒跺強鍊掗€€銆?deregulation and push back)鏅傛湡:鐢辨柤闆鋒牴鏀垮簻鎺¤В闄ょ鍒舵斂絳栵纴瀹墮暦璜濮斿摗鏈?PACs)鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囩▼搴︽敼鐢卞湴鏂規(guī)焙瀹氾纴銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曘€嬬敱1981騫淬€屾暀鑲叉暣钖堣垏鏀歸€叉硶妗堛€嶏紙Education Consolidation and Improvement ACT錛孍CIA錛夊彇浠ｏ纴TITLE錛╁鏍¤畩鎴怌hapter I瀛告牎錛屽闀峰弮鑸囧彧淇濈暀闇€鍙枊Chapter I瀛告牎瀹墮暦騫村害鏈冭鐨勮瀹氾纴璦卞瀛稿崁鍥犺€屽彇娑堝闀瘋瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?/P>
涓夈€?988騫磋縿浠婄偤銆屽闀鋒仮寰╁弮鑸囧強灝嬫眰騫寵 銆嶆檪鏈?reemerge and search for balance):1988騫淬€岄湇閲戞柉-鍙蹭腹紱忓痙鍒濈瓑鍙婁腑絳夊鏍℃敼閫蹭慨姝ｆ銆嶏紙Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Act錛夎姹傚湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳夋湁紕轟繚瀹墮暦鍙冭垏TITLE錛╄▓鍔冨強鍩瘋涔嬫斂絳栵纴涓︽噳瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦璩囪▕錛?994騫淬€婃敼锽勭編鍦嬪鏍℃硶妗堛€?Improving America's Schools Act,IASA)灝囧師鏈鐣屽畾鍦ㄥ叕姘戞瑠鍒?civil right)鍙婂皪鎶楄缽紿?anti-poverty)涔嬪闀峰弮鑸囷纴杞夊寲鎴愩€岀偤瀛告牎锏煎睍紺炬渻璩囨湰銆?social capital)涔嬭镩插畾浣嶏纴闄ゅ歡綰?988騫存硶妗?118綃€涔嬪闀峰弮鑸囨鏂囷纴涓﹀鍒楀鍗€騫村害瑁滃姪瓚呴亷50钀€呭繀闋堥亱鐢ㄨ嚦灝?%鏂煎闀峰弮鑸囦簨闋咃纴浠ュ強澧炶ō?瀹墮暦璩囪▕鑸囪硣婧愪腑蹇?(Parental Information and Resource Centers,PIRCs)錛?001騫淬€婃矑鏈夊瀛愯惤寰?NCLB)銆嬫硶妗堟洿寮峰寲1118綃€瑕忓畾錛屼甫棣栨鐐?瀹墮暦鍙冭垏銆嶅畾緹?銆屽闀蜂互瀹氭湡鐨勩€侀洐钖戠殑銆佹湁鎰忕京鐨勬簼閫氭柟寮忓弮鑸囧鐢熷琛撳緲掑強鍏朵粬瀛告牎媧誨嫊銆嶃€?/P>
鐩墠2001騫寸増銆婂垵絳夊強涓瓑鏁欒偛娉曟銆?鍗熾€婃矑鏈夊瀛愯惤寰屾硶妗堛€?(No Child Left Behind Act of 2001錛孭ublic Law 107-110))浠嶆槸緹庡湅瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏈€楂樻硶寰嬩緷鎿氾纴鍏朵富瑕佽瀹氬湪鏂肩涓€綃?鎻愬崌涓嶅埄铏曞瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨(TITLE I)絎珹閮ㄥ垎:鏀歸€插湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鍩烘湰璦堝妰鎴愭晥涔嬬1118綃€:瀹墮暦鍙冭垏銆傚叾閲嶉粸濡備笅(USDE,2001):
(a)鍦版柟鏁欒偛鐣跺眬鏀跨瓥-
鍦版柟鏁欒偛鐣跺眬渚濇湰闋呰瀹氳鍔冨強杈︾悊瀹墮暦鍙冭垏涔嬭▓鐣€佹椿鍕曪纴鍙敵璜嬭伅閭﹁鍔╋纴鍏惰▓鐣垏媧誨嫊涔嬭鍔冩噳鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氳瑭€傛瘡涓€鍊嬪湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳夎┎淇濈暀閫欎竴閮ㄥ垎(絎珹閮ㄥ垎鏀歸€插湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鍩烘湰璦堝妰鎴愭晥)綞撹不涓嶅皯鏂?%鐨勬暀鑲茬稉璨諱締鍩瘋鏈瘈瀹墮暦鍙冭垏璦堢暙錛屽寘鎷彁鍗囩埗姣嶈瓨瀛椼€佸闀瘋兘鍔涳紱鍏剁稉璨?5%鎳夋挜緄﹀鏍￠亱鐢ㄣ€?/P>
(b)瀛告牎瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥-
姣忓€嬪鏍￠兘鎳夎垏瀹墮暦钖堜綔瑕忓妰瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥錛屼甫锏肩鄲瀛哥敓瀹墮暦鏇擱潰鐨勫弮鑸囨斂絳栨浉闈㈡枃浠訛纴瑭寵級瀵︽柦鏂瑰紡錛屽闀鋒噳琚互鏄撴噦銆佷竴鑷寸殑褰㈠紡錛屼互瀹墮暦浣跨敤鐨勮獮璦€錛屽憡鐭ュ叾瀹墮暦鍙冭垏鐨勬斂絳栵纴鐩擱棞鏀跨瓥涓︽噳鎻愪緵璁撶ぞ鍗€鐬В錛屽畾鏈熸洿鏂頒互絎﹀悎瀹墮暦鑸囧鏍′箣闇€姹傘€?/P>
(c)鏀跨瓥鍙冭垏-
(1)瀛告牎鎳夊彫闁嬪勾搴﹀闀鋒渻璀幫纴閭€璜嬪強榧撳嫷鎵€鏈夊闀峰弮鍔狅纴浜嗚В鍏舵墍鍙弮鑸囦簨闋?BR>(2)瀛告牎鎳夋彁渚涗笉钖屾渻璀拌畵瀹墮暦鍙冭垏錛屽寘鎷棭涓婃垨鍌嶆櫄鏅傞枔鐨勬渻璀幫纴鎻愪緵浜ら€氥€佸厭绔ョ収璀楓€佸拰瀹跺涵璦晱絳夛纴浠ユ彁楂樺闀峰弮鑸?
(3)瀛告牎鎳夋湁緄勭箶鍦般€佹寔綰屾€у湴鑸囧闀鋒帴瑙革纴涓﹀畾鏈熻鍔冦€佷慨姝ｈ浼板闀峰弮鑸囩殑璦堢暙鑸囨斂絳栵纴涓︽彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囧鏍＄殑鍏ㄦ牎鎬ц▓鐣箣瑕忓妰;
(4)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹墮暦鎳夋湁璩囪▕-(A)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鍙冭垏璦堢暙媧誨嫊;(B)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹墮暦瀛告牎瑾茬▼鎻忚堪鍙婅В閲嬨€佸緲掕閲忓強鎴愬氨妯欐簴絳夎硣璦?(C)鎺ュ彈瀹墮暦鎻愯杈︾悊瀹氭湡鏈冭錛岃拹闆嗗緩璀板強灝嶆暀甯暀瀛哥殑鎰忚錛屼甫鐩￠€熷洖瑕?
(5)鑻ュ闀峰皪鍏ㄦ牎鎬ц▓鐣笉婊挎剰錛屾噳灝囧闀鋒剰瑕嬫彁鍑轟互淇璦堢暙銆?/P>
(d)寤虹珛楂樺鐢熷琛撴垚灝辯殑鍏變韓璨換(SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES)-
姣忓€嬪鏍℃噳鑸囧闀峰叡钖岀櫦灞曚竴鍊?瀛告牎-瀹墮暦钖堜綔鍗斿畾?(school-parent compact)錛岃鏄庡闀楓€佸鏍℃垚鍝°€佸鐢熷湪鎻愬崌瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨涓婃噳鏈夌殑鍏變韓璨換錛屼互鍙婂緩绔嬪ぅ浼撮棞淇傛噳鏈夌殑絳栫暐浣滄硶錛屼互閬斿埌钖勫窞鐨勫琛撴婧栵纴瑭插崝瀹氭噳鍖呮嫭:
(1)鎻忚堪瀛告牎鎻愪緵楂樺搧璩紼嬶纴浠ュ強鍦ㄦ敮鎸佺殑鏈夋晥鐨勫鏍＄挵澧冧笅鏁欏涔嬭鉑浠伙纴瀹墮暦鍓囨噳鍗斿姪璨犺搗鐫ｅ皫瀛╁瓙瀛哥繏銆佹簴鏅備笂瀛搞€佸畬鎴愬搴綔妤€佹摂浠葷彮绱氱京宸ワ纴閬╃暥鍙冭垏鑸囧鐢熸湁闂滀箣姹虹瓥鍙婅澶栨椿鍕曡鍔冪瓑;
(2)寮瘋鏁欏斧鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氱殑閲嶈鎬?
(A)灝忓闅庢錛岃嚦灝戝彫闁嬪勾搴﹀闀瘋垏鏁欏斧鏈冭錛岃◣璜栧悎浣滃崝瀹氫腑鑸囧鐢熷緲掓湁闂滅殑鍏у;(B)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鏈夐棞瀛哥敓鐨勯€叉鎯呭艦鍫卞憡;(C)鎻愪緵鑸囨暀镵峰摗閬╃暥鐨勭閬擄纴鎻愪緵姍熸渻鎿斾換緹╁伐鍙冭垏瀛哥敓瑾插爞媧誨嫊鏈冩暀瀹よ瀵熴€?/P>
(e)鎿村ぇ鍙冭垏鐨勭┖闁? 瀛告牎鑸囧湴鏂規(guī)暀鑲茬暥灞€鎳?BR>(1)鎻愪緵鍗斿姪浠ヨ畵瀹墮暦浜嗚В钖勫窞瀛歌鍏у妯欐簴銆佸鐢熷琛撴垚灝辨婧栥€佸窞鍙婂鍗€瑭曢噺錛屽浣曡瀵熷鐢熼€叉鎯呭艦銆佽垏鏁欏斧钖堜綔鎻愭槆瀛哥敓瀛哥繏;
(2)鎻愪緵瀹墮暦鏁欒偛涔嬬礌鏉愭垨璦撶反錛屼互浣垮叾瓚充互鍗斿姪瀛哥敓鎻愬崌瀛哥繏鎴愭晥錛屼緥濡傝瓨瀛楁暀鑲層€佺鎶€閬嬬敤瀛哥繏絳?
(3)鎳夋暀鑲叉暀甯€佹湇鍕欏鐢熶箣浜哄摗銆佹牎闀風瓑浣夸簡瑙ｅ闀峰弮鑸囩殑鎰忕京鑸囧児鍊鹼纴浠ュ強鏁欏皫濡備綍鑸囧闀鋒簼閫氥€佸緩绔嬪ぅ浼撮棞淇傘€佸煼琛屽闀峰弮鑸囪▓鐣箣鎶€宸?
(4)鑸囧闀峰悎浣滄帹鍕曡搗濮嬭▓鐣紙Head Start錛夈€侀柋璁€鍎厛(Reading First)銆佸強鏃╄搗濮嬭▓鐣紙Early Head Start錛夈€佸榻″墠鍏掔鐨勫搴寚灝庤▓鍔?Home Instruction Program For Preschool Youngsters)銆佸潎絳夎搗濮嬭▓鐣?(Even Start)銆佸闀蜂綔鐐烘暀甯▓鐣?the Parents as Teachers Program)絳夛纴浠ュ強鍏朵粬瀹墮暦璩囨簮涓績絳夐紦鑸炲闀峰弮鑸囦箣璦堢暙;
(5)紕轟繚钖勯瀛告牎鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囪硣璦婂潎鑳戒互瀹墮暦浜嗚В鐨勬柟寮忋€佽獮璦€鍌抽€侀€氱煡瀹墮暦;
(6)鏁欏斧銆佹牎闀峰強鍏朵粬鏁欒偛浜哄摗鐨勮〒綬翠害鍙個璜嬪闀峰弮鑸囷纴浠ユ彁鍗囨晥鐩?
(7)閬嬬敤鏈爡瑁滃姪綞撹不杈︾悊蹇呰鐨勫闀瘋瓨璁€鑳藉姏鏁欒偛;
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鍙冭€冩枃鐛?
Moles,O.& Fege, A.(2012).New Directions for Title I Family Engagement: Lessons From the Past. In Redding, S. , Murphy, M. , & Sheley, P. (Ed), Handbook on Family and Community Engagement. IL: Academic Development Institute. Retrieved October 17, 2012, from http://www.families-schools.org/downloads/FACEHandbook.pdf.
USDE(2001). No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html
USDE(2010).A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/index.html
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