? 考研英語(yǔ)推理題型重在考查的是在細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理的能力,要求指出作者想說(shuō)而實(shí)際未明確說(shuō)出的話,出國(guó)留學(xué)考研網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)專家祝老師提醒考生在答題過(guò)程中要根據(jù)作者的思路來(lái)進(jìn)行推理,而不要主觀套上個(gè)人自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和想象。經(jīng)常積累自己的閱讀視野,做這類(lèi)題型的同時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)包含一定的模糊詞匯選項(xiàng)往往是正確選項(xiàng),因?yàn)橥评淼倪^(guò)程是一個(gè)從已知到未知的過(guò)程。
推理題
1. 題型特點(diǎn)
該題型最大的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)文章中往往沒(méi)有答題的依據(jù);(2)一旦文中有依據(jù),往往A,B,C,D表面上都對(duì),很難判斷誰(shuí)是誰(shuí)非。
2.題型 標(biāo)志
題干中出現(xiàn)下列詞匯之一:infer,conclude,imply,suggest,learn等。
3.題型 命題模式
狹義的推理引申題題干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,conclude等詞出現(xiàn),常見(jiàn)的命題模式有:
(1)It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that...
(2)We can infer (assume, deduce) that .
(3)Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?
(4)It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .
(5)By... the author implies (suggests, indicates )that .
(6)The passage implies in the passage that .
(7)The author suggests(indicates)in the passage that .
(8)It can be concluded from the passage that .
(9)From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that .
(10)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?
4. 做題步驟
推理題的答案一般是這么編寫(xiě)的:
(1)將原文的某句話換個(gè)說(shuō)法,如換成同義詞。
(2)將原文幾句話或一段話歸納一下,就是說(shuō)以段落主題或句群的論點(diǎn)為答案。
(3)由構(gòu)成對(duì)比的一方推斷另一方。如果原文中提到兩個(gè)事物,二者形成對(duì)比,而且已知其中一個(gè)事物的特點(diǎn),那么可以推斷另一事物的特點(diǎn)。所以,找推理題的答案時(shí)要特別注意原文表示對(duì)比、比較或有轉(zhuǎn)折的地方,這些往往是出推理題的地方。
(4)根據(jù)作者的態(tài)度進(jìn)行推理。推理題如果涉及態(tài)度,一般應(yīng)與作者的態(tài)度一致。正確答案應(yīng)該支持作者的觀點(diǎn)或駁斥與作者相反的觀點(diǎn)。
5. 注意事項(xiàng)
(1)考生在瀏覽全文時(shí),一要留意那些似乎話中有話的間接表達(dá)句。它們往往采用說(shuō)半句、打比喻、反過(guò)來(lái)講的方式,留有讓考生自己作結(jié)論或推理的余地。二是留意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句型??忌鷮?duì)作者表達(dá)的意思不能一下子看透,它們往往是命題點(diǎn)所在。
(2)根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞迅速搜索定位以便確定推理依據(jù)的范圍,利用語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)境線索,了解單句的含義,弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,然后按題意進(jìn)行推理。題目可能要求考生對(duì)某句話或數(shù)句話進(jìn)行正確理解或釋義,也可能從某句話或某段話中深刻理解,分析一些細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。
正確項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):(1)不是文中明確說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)榧词狗显模瑳](méi)有引申或歸納總結(jié)的內(nèi)容就不是正確選項(xiàng);(2)如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全能憑常識(shí)判斷,其中含義深刻的是正確選項(xiàng),有時(shí)唯一不是常識(shí)項(xiàng)的是正確選項(xiàng)。
干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn):(1)只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)成間接推理;(2)看似從原文推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,例如把原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果,把原文的手段變成了選項(xiàng)中的目的;(3)根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的,然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推理而得出的觀點(diǎn),因此,考生要注意不能根據(jù)自己的主觀想法或生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)去推理,因?yàn)槊}者考查的是考生理解作者意圖的能力;(4)雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù),但推理過(guò)頭,概括過(guò)度;(5)有部分選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬編造,無(wú)中生有。
抓住三錯(cuò)一對(duì)的關(guān)系,即有三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾,只有一個(gè)符合原文的意思。
6、舉例分析:
(1)推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思
Example
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.(2001年 Passage 4)
From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition
命題者設(shè)置的難點(diǎn)是第二句中定語(yǔ)從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預(yù)料,數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會(huì)再次對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成威脅。100年前美國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散,就是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它會(huì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)構(gòu)成威脅”,由此引申推理可知[D]項(xiàng)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成過(guò)威脅”。此外,考生還需要注意,might have threatened是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。
熱點(diǎn)推薦:2014年考研英語(yǔ)試題及答案閱讀理解(匯總)??
? ? ? ? ? ?2014年考研英語(yǔ)試題及答案(匯總)??
重點(diǎn)推薦:2014年中國(guó)人民大學(xué)考研招生簡(jiǎn)章匯總?
推理題
1. 題型特點(diǎn)
該題型最大的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)文章中往往沒(méi)有答題的依據(jù);(2)一旦文中有依據(jù),往往A,B,C,D表面上都對(duì),很難判斷誰(shuí)是誰(shuí)非。
2.題型 標(biāo)志
題干中出現(xiàn)下列詞匯之一:infer,conclude,imply,suggest,learn等。
3.題型 命題模式
狹義的推理引申題題干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,conclude等詞出現(xiàn),常見(jiàn)的命題模式有:
(1)It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that...
(2)We can infer (assume, deduce) that .
(3)Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?
(4)It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .
(5)By... the author implies (suggests, indicates )that .
(6)The passage implies in the passage that .
(7)The author suggests(indicates)in the passage that .
(8)It can be concluded from the passage that .
(9)From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that .
(10)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?
4. 做題步驟
推理題的答案一般是這么編寫(xiě)的:
(1)將原文的某句話換個(gè)說(shuō)法,如換成同義詞。
(2)將原文幾句話或一段話歸納一下,就是說(shuō)以段落主題或句群的論點(diǎn)為答案。
(3)由構(gòu)成對(duì)比的一方推斷另一方。如果原文中提到兩個(gè)事物,二者形成對(duì)比,而且已知其中一個(gè)事物的特點(diǎn),那么可以推斷另一事物的特點(diǎn)。所以,找推理題的答案時(shí)要特別注意原文表示對(duì)比、比較或有轉(zhuǎn)折的地方,這些往往是出推理題的地方。
(4)根據(jù)作者的態(tài)度進(jìn)行推理。推理題如果涉及態(tài)度,一般應(yīng)與作者的態(tài)度一致。正確答案應(yīng)該支持作者的觀點(diǎn)或駁斥與作者相反的觀點(diǎn)。
5. 注意事項(xiàng)
(1)考生在瀏覽全文時(shí),一要留意那些似乎話中有話的間接表達(dá)句。它們往往采用說(shuō)半句、打比喻、反過(guò)來(lái)講的方式,留有讓考生自己作結(jié)論或推理的余地。二是留意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句型??忌鷮?duì)作者表達(dá)的意思不能一下子看透,它們往往是命題點(diǎn)所在。
(2)根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞迅速搜索定位以便確定推理依據(jù)的范圍,利用語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)境線索,了解單句的含義,弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,然后按題意進(jìn)行推理。題目可能要求考生對(duì)某句話或數(shù)句話進(jìn)行正確理解或釋義,也可能從某句話或某段話中深刻理解,分析一些細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。
正確項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):(1)不是文中明確說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)榧词狗显模瑳](méi)有引申或歸納總結(jié)的內(nèi)容就不是正確選項(xiàng);(2)如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全能憑常識(shí)判斷,其中含義深刻的是正確選項(xiàng),有時(shí)唯一不是常識(shí)項(xiàng)的是正確選項(xiàng)。
干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn):(1)只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)成間接推理;(2)看似從原文推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,例如把原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果,把原文的手段變成了選項(xiàng)中的目的;(3)根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的,然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推理而得出的觀點(diǎn),因此,考生要注意不能根據(jù)自己的主觀想法或生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)去推理,因?yàn)槊}者考查的是考生理解作者意圖的能力;(4)雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù),但推理過(guò)頭,概括過(guò)度;(5)有部分選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬編造,無(wú)中生有。
抓住三錯(cuò)一對(duì)的關(guān)系,即有三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾,只有一個(gè)符合原文的意思。
6、舉例分析:
(1)推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思
Example
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.(2001年 Passage 4)
From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition
命題者設(shè)置的難點(diǎn)是第二句中定語(yǔ)從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預(yù)料,數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會(huì)再次對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成威脅。100年前美國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散,就是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它會(huì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)構(gòu)成威脅”,由此引申推理可知[D]項(xiàng)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成過(guò)威脅”。此外,考生還需要注意,might have threatened是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。
熱點(diǎn)推薦:2014年考研英語(yǔ)試題及答案閱讀理解(匯總)??
? ? ? ? ? ?2014年考研英語(yǔ)試題及答案(匯總)??
重點(diǎn)推薦:2014年中國(guó)人民大學(xué)考研招生簡(jiǎn)章匯總?
考研英語(yǔ)大綱 | 考研英語(yǔ)詞匯 | 英語(yǔ)作文萬(wàn)能句子 | 考研英語(yǔ)真題 | 考研英語(yǔ)作文 | 考研復(fù)試英語(yǔ) |