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The meanings of “science”and“technology”have changedsignificantly from one generation to another. More similarities thandifferences, however, can be found between the terms, (46)Both scienceand technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causalrelationships in the material world, and both employ an experimentalmethodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified byrepetition. (47)Science, at least in theory, is less concerned withthe practicality of its results and more concerned with the development ofgeneral laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involvedwith each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed inthe historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers,physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists.Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, andtypes of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals,contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities ofscientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure”science havemade many practical as well as theoretical contributions.
(48) Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas fortechnological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for anysignificant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Mostof the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to thelaboratory. Fundamental tools and processes inthe fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics weredeveloped before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steamengine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamicselucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.
In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitteropponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more thanscience. (49) For these people , science may be perceived as a serene,objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas thepractical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them tobe out of control.
(50) Many historians of science argue not only that technology is anessential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rateof technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, withoutrespect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems,frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can beconceived as both a creative and a destructive process.
答案
46.科學(xué)與技術(shù)都包含有一種思維的過(guò)程，兩者都涉及到物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系，兩者都運(yùn)用了一套實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法論，這種方法論所產(chǎn)生的是能夠通過(guò)重復(fù)得以驗(yàn)證的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的實(shí)證結(jié)果。
47.至少在理論上，科學(xué)較少地關(guān)心其研究成果的實(shí)用性，而更多地關(guān)注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)與技術(shù)卻相互關(guān)聯(lián)，無(wú)法割裂。
48.人們認(rèn)為科學(xué)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新提供理念，因此，對(duì)于工業(yè)文明中的任何一次意義重大的進(jìn)步，純理論的研究是必不可少的，當(dāng)然，這種觀念其實(shí)是個(gè)神話。
49.對(duì)于這些人來(lái)說(shuō)，科學(xué)或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，而如今在他們看來(lái)，現(xiàn)代世界里技術(shù)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用似乎已失去控制。
50.許多科學(xué)史家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)不僅是先進(jìn)的工業(yè)文明必不可少的條件，而且在最近的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，技術(shù)變革的速度已形成了自身的勢(shì)頭。
總體分析
本文介紹了科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的關(guān)系以及對(duì)人類(lèi)的影響。
第一段：科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的相似性要大于差異性，它們之間的相互影響反映在各個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展中。
第二段：技術(shù)的發(fā)展不依賴科學(xué)的發(fā)展，兩者之間的價(jià)值分歧越來(lái)越尖銳。而且，現(xiàn)在很多人對(duì)技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對(duì)科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。
第三段：技術(shù)的發(fā)展既有創(chuàng)造性也有毀滅性。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：嵌套式定語(yǔ)從句、抽象名詞。
本句是由and連接的三個(gè)并列句，都以both開(kāi)頭。第三個(gè)分句的主干是：both employ an experimental methodology，賓語(yǔ)methodology后接有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)，該定語(yǔ)從句中又嵌套了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句(demonstrations)can be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定語(yǔ)從句，因此需要采用拆譯法，從第一個(gè)that開(kāi)始單獨(dú)成句。
詞匯方面：imply意為“暗示，意味;必然包含”;be concerned with意為“與……有關(guān)，涉及;關(guān)注，感興趣”;empirical意為“以實(shí)驗(yàn)(或經(jīng)驗(yàn))為根據(jù)的，經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的”;demonstration意為“證明，論證，說(shuō)明，證實(shí)”，由于它是抽象名詞，可按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，采用加譯法，譯成“論證的結(jié)果”。verify意為“檢驗(yàn)，查證，核實(shí)”。
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