Guide to Types of University in the US
    美國大學(xué)的類型指南
    If you’re not familiar with the US university system, things can get a little confusing, particularly when it comes to working out how much your studies are likely to cost. Here’s a quick overview of the main different types of university you can expect to encounter in the US. For more information about studying in the US, visit our country guide, or ask a question in the comments section below.
    如果你不熟悉美國大學(xué)系統(tǒng)，這些事可能會有點(diǎn)令人困惑，尤其你要計(jì)算你的留學(xué)將花費(fèi)多少。下面是出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)www.liuxue86.com為大家整理的在美國可能遇到的大學(xué)主要的不同類型概述。有關(guān)在美國留學(xué)或其他國家留學(xué)的詳細(xì)信息，請瀏覽出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)www.liuxue86.com
    Public (state) universities
    Public universities in the US, also often called state universities, receive some level of public-sector funding, via the state government. You may also find them alluded to as public or state colleges or schools, though both “college” and “school” are also used when referring to a single department or faculty within the university, such as the Law School or College of Engineering.
    State universities are often (but not always) part of a state university system. This is a collection of public universities which operate separately, in different locations of the state, but with some shared management and administration. An example is the State University System of New York (SUNY), one of the largest state university systems, which comprises more than 60 campuses spread across the state of New York.
    As state universities are supported by public funding, they usually charge lower tuition fees than private universities – though the actual amount students pay can vary vastly, especially once financial aid is considered. You’ll find two bands of fees listed: a lower rate for “resident” or “in-state” students (students from within the same state), and a higher rate for “non-resident” or “out-of-state” applicants. International students either pay the same fees as out-of-state students, or a separate international rate.
    譯文：
    公立(國立)大學(xué)
    在美國的公立大學(xué)通常也被稱為國立大學(xué)，學(xué)校通過州政府接受某種程度的公共部門資金。你也可以在包含公立或國立大學(xué)、學(xué)校找到他們，雖然學(xué)院和學(xué)校都是指的在大學(xué)中的單個(gè)部門，比如法律學(xué)院或工程學(xué)院。
    國立大學(xué)通常 (但并非總是)是州大學(xué)系統(tǒng)的一部分。是分開運(yùn)營的公立大學(xué)的聚集，在州的不同位置，但有部分共享的管理和行政。例如紐約國立大學(xué)系統(tǒng) (SUNY)，最大的國家大學(xué)系統(tǒng)之一，包括整個(gè)紐約有超過60個(gè)校園。
    國立大學(xué)是由公共資金支持，所以他們通常收取比私立大學(xué)低的學(xué)費(fèi) — — 雖然每個(gè)學(xué)生的具體學(xué)費(fèi)會發(fā)生不同，尤其是有金融援助的情況下。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩種不同的費(fèi)用:"居民"或"本州"學(xué)生的相對較低的費(fèi)用 (在同一州內(nèi)的學(xué)生)，和"非居民"或"非本州"的申請人的相對較高的費(fèi)用。國際學(xué)生的學(xué)費(fèi)要么同非本州居民，要么有單獨(dú)的國際學(xué)生費(fèi)用。
    Community colleges
    Also referred to as junior colleges, community collegesare also supported by state funding. They typically offer the chance to complete an associate’s degree, an undergraduate-level qualification which takes two years to complete. For this reason, community colleges are also often called “two-year colleges”, while other types of university in the US may be referred to as “four-year colleges”.
    An associate’s degree can be beneficial and career-boosting in its own right, and can often also be used as the foundation for a bachelor’s degree, by completing a further two years’ study at another US university or college.
    Community colleges tend to be on the smaller side, and their tuition fees are typically much lower than those at other types of university in the US. Like public universities, they’re sometimes grouped into state “systems”. The largest of these is the California Community Colleges System (CCCS), which governs more than 100 community colleges across the state.
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    社區(qū)大學(xué)
    也稱為初級大學(xué)，社區(qū)大學(xué)同樣也有國家資金支持。他們通常提供一個(gè)完成學(xué)士學(xué)位的機(jī)會，一個(gè)本科水平的人需要兩年時(shí)間完成。因此，社區(qū)大學(xué)也通常被稱為"兩年制大學(xué)"，而其他類型的美國大學(xué)可能被稱為"四年制大學(xué)"。
    一個(gè)副學(xué)位是有益并促進(jìn)職業(yè)發(fā)展的，也經(jīng)常用于學(xué)士學(xué)位的基礎(chǔ)，再通過在另一個(gè)美國大學(xué)或?qū)W院完成為期兩年的學(xué)習(xí)。
    社區(qū)大學(xué)往往規(guī)模較小，社區(qū)大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)通常遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于美國其他類型的大學(xué)。像公立大學(xué)一樣，它們有時(shí)被分為州"系統(tǒng)"。其中最大的是加利福尼亞州社區(qū)學(xué)院系統(tǒng) (CCCS)，全州有超過 100 的社區(qū)大學(xué)。
    Private non-profit US universities
    While the majority of students in the US attend public universities and colleges, private universities account for a significant proportion of enrolments – and many of the country’s most elite and globally famed institutions. This includes the likes of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Stanford, Caltech, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and many more.
    While private universities do tend to dominate at the top of national (and international) rankings tables, it’s worth pointing out that they don’t have a complete monopoly. Leading public universities in the US, such as the University of Michigan and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) are held in equal esteem and are just as competitive when it comes to gaining admission.
    Overall, fees at private universities tend to be higher than those at public universities and colleges. However, the initial “sticker price” is often significantly lower once financial aid is factored in, and the most prestigious institutions tend to also have the largest budgets available for providing scholarships and other funding.
    譯文：
    私立非營利的美國大學(xué)
    雖然在美國的大部分學(xué)生參加公立大學(xué)和學(xué)院，私立大學(xué)也占很大一部分入學(xué)率 — — 以及許多國家的大多數(shù)精英和全球著名的機(jī)構(gòu)。這包括麻省理工學(xué)院 (MIT)、 哈佛大學(xué)、 耶魯大學(xué)、 普林斯頓大學(xué)、 斯坦福大學(xué)、 加州理工學(xué)院、 哥倫比亞、 康奈爾、 約翰 · 霍普金斯大學(xué)，等等。
    而私立大學(xué)往往占國家 (和國際) 排名表前列的主導(dǎo)地位，但值得指出的是他們沒有完全壟斷。頂尖的美國公立大學(xué)，如密歇根大學(xué)和加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校(UCLA) 也獲得了同樣的尊重，并且爭取學(xué)生入學(xué)的時(shí)候也很有競爭力。
    總體來看，私立大學(xué)的費(fèi)用往往要高于公立大學(xué)和學(xué)院。但是，一旦有金融援助，最初的"標(biāo)價(jià)"往往是顯著降低，而最負(fù)盛名的機(jī)構(gòu)往往也擁有最大的預(yù)算，可用于提供獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和其他資金。
    Liberal arts colleges
    A type of university which is especially prevalent and popular in the US, liberal arts colleges focus on teaching undergraduate-level courses in the liberal artsand sciences (although some also offer graduate-level programs and more vocational subjects such as medicine, business administration or law). They tend to be fairly small in terms of both overall enrolments and class sizes, and allow students to choose a subject to specialize in (a “major”), while also taking courses in a range of other fields.
    Historically, liberal arts colleges have been known for their strong focus on teaching, individual student development, and the more academic (as opposed to vocational) side of higher education. The majority are run privately (as non-profits), though there are a few examples of public universities which are essentially liberal arts colleges, such as the University of Mary Washington, in the state of Virginia.
    譯文：
    文理學(xué)院
    是美國特別是普遍和流行的大學(xué)類型，文理學(xué)院集中在文科與科學(xué)的本科課程 (有些也提供研究生水平的課程以及更多的職業(yè)專業(yè)，如醫(yī)學(xué)、 工商管理或法律)。他們傾向于少的總?cè)雽W(xué)率和小的班級規(guī)模，讓學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)專業(yè)來專攻 ，同時(shí)也考慮一系列其他領(lǐng)域的課程。
    從歷史上看，文理學(xué)院眾所周知，他們把重點(diǎn)放在教學(xué)、 學(xué)生個(gè)體發(fā)展和高等教育的學(xué)術(shù)方面 (而不是職業(yè))。大多數(shù)為私人運(yùn)作 (非盈利組織)，有少數(shù)幾個(gè)公立大學(xué)其本質(zhì)是文理學(xué)院，如在弗吉尼亞州瑪麗.華盛頓大學(xué)。
    For-profit US universities and colleges
    While most of the best-known universities in the US are classified as either “public” or “non-profit” organizations, the past few decades have seen a growth in the number of for-profit private universities and colleges. Unlike other types of university, for-profits operate as business ventures, aiming to make money for their shareholders as well as providing a good education for their students.
    The trend towards more for-profit universities has generated significant controversy, with critics calling for stricter regulations to ensure students and families are ensured a good return on their investment. In the past few years, a stream of negative publicity has been followed by a decline in enrolments at for-profit universities, but they continue to play a significant role in the US higher education sector.
    譯文：
    以營利為目的的美國大學(xué)和學(xué)院
    在美國，絕大多數(shù)著名大學(xué)被列為"公立"或"非營利"的組織，過去幾十年?duì)I利性的私立大學(xué)和院校的數(shù)量得到增長。不同于其他類型的大學(xué)，就像生意經(jīng)營一樣，致力于為股東賺錢，以及為學(xué)生提供良好的教育。
    更多的營利性大學(xué)的趨勢產(chǎn)生了重大爭議，批評人士呼吁更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，確保學(xué)生和家庭良好的投資回報(bào)。在過去的幾年中，營利性大學(xué)的入學(xué)率下降帶來了一連串的負(fù)面宣傳，但他們繼續(xù)在美國高等教育部門中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。
    有關(guān)在美國留學(xué)或其他國家留學(xué)的詳細(xì)信息，請瀏覽出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)www.liuxue86.com