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    2021考研英語：句子翻譯的轉(zhuǎn)化方式
    由于英漢兩種語言在語法和表達(dá)方式等方面存在著許多差異，因此英譯漢時(shí)常常有必要改變表達(dá)方式，使譯文通順流暢、地道可讀。這種變通技巧就是轉(zhuǎn)換法(shift of perspective)。轉(zhuǎn)換的形式多種多樣，大體可分為7種：①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換，③表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換，④自然語序與倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換;⑤正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換，⑥主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)換，⑦分句轉(zhuǎn)換。
    一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換
    詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一詞類譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一詞類。
    (一)英語名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語動(dòng)詞
    (1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，對(duì)于一個(gè)從事社會(huì)活動(dòng)的人來講，培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的情趣方式，乃是至關(guān)重要的對(duì)策。
    (2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風(fēng)英勇前進(jìn)。
    (3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大家都沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到這番經(jīng)驗(yàn)卻是一次個(gè)性的考驗(yàn)，最初的興奮過去以后，又覺得自己已經(jīng)干得不錯(cuò)了，理應(yīng)受到贊揚(yáng)。
    (4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到車站不一會(huì)兒，他便出現(xiàn)在她的身旁，聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方，表情嚴(yán)峻。
    (5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.然而，對(duì)所有這兩種類型的人來說，變換一下看法、改變一下環(huán)境和轉(zhuǎn)換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
    (6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亞，她接到了父親去世并由她本人繼承王位的消息。
    (二)英語動(dòng)詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語名詞、形容詞
    (1) The inflammation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。
    (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。
    (3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關(guān)心海外華僑。
    (4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。
    (5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計(jì)，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。
    (三)英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞、副詞
    (1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說："我理解并尊重他們的看法，但我深信我的決定是正確的。"
    (2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。
    二、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換
    句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語之間展開。例如：
    (1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會(huì)上人們常?？梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為表語;謂語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)
    (2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)
    (3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能干、熱情，總是想方設(shè)法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語)
    (4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮(zhèn)靜，一時(shí)卻又找不出話可說。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)
    (5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個(gè)人還有那么點(diǎn)詩意呢。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語;介詞賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)