本文來自雅思作文網(wǎng)liuxue86.com《剖析大作文主體段擴(kuò)展方式》。
雅思大作文段落擴(kuò)展有很多方法，比如列舉法、舉例法、對(duì)比法、因果法、讓步法、定義法、類比法等，但是在實(shí)際運(yùn)用的時(shí)候很多考生的局限性很強(qiáng)，從而限制了分?jǐn)?shù)的進(jìn)一步提高。在接下來的章節(jié)里，出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)雅思頻道（liuxue86.com）的特聘專家諸瑞琪將會(huì)系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)目前雅思大作文主體段的主要擴(kuò)展方式及各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn)：
一、舉例法
舉例法主要用于通過擺事實(shí)引用數(shù)據(jù)等對(duì)論點(diǎn)加以說明，從而增加論證的說服力，同時(shí)也是增加段落字?jǐn)?shù)的一種簡單的方法。目前的大作文若一個(gè)例子都不舉的話是很難得到高分的，而且單純的說理會(huì)使得文章顯得很“空”，舉例子既是一種知識(shí)面的展示，更是寫作功底的體現(xiàn)。我們?cè)谑褂门e例法時(shí)常用的連接詞有：for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有時(shí)候我們還可以用一些句子來拖例子，比如This is true given the example of … ; 還能用一些副詞來接續(xù)后面的例子，比如indeed, today, nowadays…等。但是目前比較主流的舉例子是用賓語從句引導(dǎo)，比如A recent survey shows that…。以下我們來剖析一下舉例法的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
1. Secondly, air transport is the biggest environment killer. A recent survey conducted by Chicago University shows that the plane air pollution is at least three times as the vehicle. With the increase of greenhouse effect, shouldn’t we improve our environment protection concept?
2. Firstly, the traffic jam caused by the increasing number of cars is a nightmare for all drivers. A recent survey reveals that Beijing citizens spend averagely about 65 minutes on road every day. Billions of dollars are being wasted on the road in many big cities all over the world, such as London, New York, Paris and Tokyo, but we could do nothing to change it till now.
在這2個(gè)主體段的片段中，作者用賓語從句來引導(dǎo)例子，尤其在第一個(gè)例子中他還增加了調(diào)查問卷的來源，從而增加了一定的權(quán)威性和學(xué)術(shù)性。我們一般可以用一些高等學(xué)府，或者科研機(jī)構(gòu)或權(quán)威雜志來作為這些研究調(diào)查問卷的來源。類似的用法我們還可以來看以下的例子：
The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution says bits of the country, notably southeast England, are under pressure on waste and water use. But simply aiming to reduce population size will have little impact, it says. This is the final report from the 40-year-old commission, which is being abolished under spending cuts. It is two-year investigation looked at issues such as water supplies, waste, urban pollution and wildlife.
The report, Demographic Change and the Environment, concludes that increasing consumption, the concentration of population in areas that are ill-equipped to supply its needs, and the trend towards single-person households - which increases energy demand - all matter more than the simple size of the UK's population.
3. This is sometimes true given the examples of many gifted athletes who failed to win the finals, such as the football team of the Netherlands which was always regarded as the expected winner of the World Cup but often disappointed the world in the end. Lack team spirit and cohesion lead to the frequent failure of their games.
在這個(gè)段落中，我們使用的這個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)舉例，這個(gè)句子的使用規(guī)則是將表語作為先行詞，然后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句。
4. However, there are significant social, economic, and environmental drawbacks gained by purchasing imported food products. Examples of proposed environmental downsides include increased packaging, increased impact of transportation, higher livestock densities, etc.
在這個(gè)段落中，我們使用的舉例子結(jié)構(gòu)是前一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的“縮寫”形式，直接引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主謂賓的簡單句，對(duì)于快速成文也是很有幫助的。
5. In many places, cultural traditions are destroyed because they are being commercialized for profits. For example, the moment a tourist sets foot on a place of attraction, he is always first welcomed by a crowd of peddlers selling souvenirs that are always fake and overpriced.
6. Furthermore, mass tourism is inevitably damaging the local environment. Take ` wild tourism` as an example, it has resulted in such many serious problems as rivers or lakes being polluted, trees being cut down and animals lost their habitats and went extinct, etc.
一般我們?cè)谑褂门e例法的時(shí)候，都是用主謂賓或者主系表的簡單句作為基本的引導(dǎo)句型，然后根據(jù)后續(xù)是否還可以導(dǎo)出一個(gè)結(jié)論，靈活搭配定語從句或者是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)來擴(kuò)展。
7. The mushroomed fast foods have very negative effects on societies. Since hundred years ago, the traditional foods have become one of the most important symbols of a culture. As we mentioning some countries, we can associate them with their famous foods, Peking duck of China, Sashimi of Japan, and Rome Pizza of Italy. But the international fast foods are occupying every corner of the whole world nowadays. In the near future, we can tell that all cultures will have a same famous food – McDonald’s. Such a normal kind of food is actually a culture aggression of most countries.
我們?cè)谂e例子時(shí)，還可以用表示時(shí)間的連詞來引導(dǎo)例子，而不需要很機(jī)械式的用for instance之類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式的舉例連詞。
8. The UK needs to consume less and share people around the country more equally in order to tackle its environmental problems, a report recommends.
9. Academic subjects, such as reading and writing, play a vital role in the education system.
在這個(gè)句子里，such as是部分舉例，倘若遇到全部舉例時(shí)，只需將連接詞換成namely即可。
二、因果論述法
因果法其實(shí)分為2個(gè)層面，一是先因后果，二是先果后因，2者皆屬于因果法，此法也是所有論述手法中最主要的一種，也幾乎是每篇文章必然會(huì)使用的方法?？偨Y(jié)了一些因果法常用的連接詞如下：therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to等。因果法尤其在“分析解決型”大作文中是主要的段落論述手法。
1. However, others who claim that users should pay for the cost find their origins in economics. For a variety of different reasons, many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively, which results in both the increasing load of the road and the environmental pollution. If the users are charged to pay for the road geared to the size of the car they use, they might become wise to buy more environmentally friendly cars or choose public transport. Additionally, users might have the right to involve in designing roads in a more pragmatic way as a result of paying for the fees. That way, the financial burden of the government will be eased.
2. Many instances of juvenile delinquency have been attributed to the violent or pornographic content of some TV shows and video games. Now we are confronted with a proliferation of blood and nudity on TV, the computer and the Internet. As a consequence, many youngsters, especially boys, get addicted to such scenes. The increase of juvenile crime rate is symbiotically connected with the rise of adult crime rate in society. For instance, many youths are tempted by evil adults into committing crimes and others who are victims of adult offenses become criminals themselves because of their revenge on society.
在第2個(gè)段落中，作者充分利用了因果法的技巧，從導(dǎo)致青少年犯罪的間接原因，最后得出直接原因，這種因果內(nèi)的原因切換的技巧在分析解決型文章里是非常實(shí)用并且高效的。
三、對(duì)比論述法
對(duì)比論述法是通過對(duì)2個(gè)以上事物或者人物的對(duì)比對(duì)論點(diǎn)加以說明，對(duì)比法常用的連接詞有：likewise, similarly, at the same time, in contrast, nevertheless, still, instead, rather, on the contrary, after all, unlike, while, whilst等，有時(shí)候可以用條件狀語從句來進(jìn)行對(duì)比，也可以用介賓短語來引導(dǎo)對(duì)比。
1. Stability also contributes to the proliferation of fossil fuels in both industrial production and household application. A power station fuelled by coal is able to generate electricity constantly, whilst the production of a wind power station largely depends on the weather. Similarly, a household solar geyser can not work properly in rainy days when people will have to use gas water heater.
2. Teachers help students focus on what they are learning. If they are learning something by themselves, it is easy to become distracted and go on to other activities. Also, it is tempting to skip parts of the learning process they think they don’t need, which can hinder their ability to really understand the subject. By comparison, teachers keep their attention on the subject and also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time.
在上述的第一個(gè)段落中，通過火力發(fā)電站和風(fēng)力發(fā)電站的對(duì)比，突出化石能源較之可再生能源在能量提供的持續(xù)性上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外，作者繼續(xù)用了第2個(gè)對(duì)比來進(jìn)一步說明這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，在2個(gè)對(duì)比的使用中，請(qǐng)大家特別注意similarly這個(gè)連詞的使用，在表示類比的時(shí)候我們經(jīng)常會(huì)用到這個(gè)連詞。而在第二個(gè)段落中，作者又通過有老師在和沒有老師在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的2種境況做了橫向比較，從而突出老師對(duì)于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
在對(duì)比論述法中，還有一種高級(jí)的論述方式，叫做“否定假設(shè)法”，這種論述手法使用的理論是假設(shè)某個(gè)條件不存在，會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么樣的后果，一般用without來引導(dǎo)，主句中多使用虛擬語氣。下面我們來看一個(gè)例子：
Many medical treatment and procedures have been developed from experiments on animals. Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams practice new operating techniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe.
我們?cè)谑褂眠@種發(fā)展手法時(shí)，一般是用在論述的最后，用來最后增強(qiáng)語氣，其實(shí)我們只要將without換成with的話，否定假設(shè)法一下子就變成了肯定條件法，大家不妨可以舉一反三。
四、列舉論述法
列舉論述法用于列舉觀點(diǎn)、理由等，是五段式大作文主體段的主題句以及四段式大作文分論點(diǎn)常用的擴(kuò)展方式。朗閣海外考試研究中心將列舉法常用的連接詞總結(jié)如下：initially, apart from, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, for one thing…for another, on the other hand等。此外，有時(shí)候我們還可以用諸如from a helicopter view來進(jìn)行大類視角的切換，這種也屬于列舉，以下我們來看幾個(gè)例子：
1. Homework has many pluses. Apart from helping students do better on tests, homework helps students review and practice what has been taught in class. Homework helps improve retention and understanding; furthermore, it helps students hone their time management and organizational skills.
請(qǐng)注意在使用apart from或者in addition to這2個(gè)連詞的時(shí)候，一般后面接續(xù)次要觀點(diǎn)，而將主要觀點(diǎn)放在主句中。上面的例子中，幫助學(xué)生考試考出好成績和幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)以及練習(xí)上課的知識(shí)點(diǎn)都是屬于回家作業(yè)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是作者認(rèn)為后者更重要，因此將前者放在了這個(gè)連詞后面。這種用法我們?cè)谒亩问酱笞魑闹黧w段中經(jīng)常會(huì)用到，大家務(wù)必引起重視。
2. However, reaching the conclusion that other subjects are no longer important is biased, the obvious benefits of subjects like music and sports for students cannot be denied. For one thing, learning music can cultivate one’s temperament and foster patience and consistency which are both coveted traits for the students. For another, sports energizes students, hence, they are able to plough into their studies enthusiastically and with confidence.
在使用“一方面...另一方面”這個(gè)連詞時(shí)，首先要注意的是必須同時(shí)使用，不能單獨(dú)使用;其次，這個(gè)連詞一般是用來連接論點(diǎn)的2個(gè)不同方面或者2個(gè)不同論點(diǎn)的相似方面。
3. From a helicopter view, in countries, particularly developing ones, the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals.
在這段文字中，作者從”微觀”，切換到了”宏觀”，“宏觀”一般指的是社會(huì)、國家等大范圍，即所謂的大類視角切換，也同屬于列舉法的范疇，因此我們?cè)谟昧信e法發(fā)展段落時(shí)，同時(shí)要注意理由、觀點(diǎn)的類別，在發(fā)展的時(shí)候要注意層次感，使用的連接詞要準(zhǔn)確。一般建議在列舉時(shí)從”小”寫到”大”。
列舉論述法在分析解決型大作文提供解決方案的主體段中經(jīng)常會(huì)使用，下面我們來看一個(gè)例子：
4. I feel that there are three ways that crime can be reduced. Firstly, most developed countries have a large and well-paid police force. However, they spend most of the time in cars. They need to be more visible on the street. Secondly, young people need to be educated about how they can contribute to society. Finally, parents should be more responsible. They have children, yet they do not control their behaviors. Consequently, the children grow up without learning the rules of society.
五、讓步法
讓步法主要有2個(gè)層面，一個(gè)是讓步段，另一個(gè)是局部讓步，前者目前使用的較多的是賓語從句引導(dǎo)，而后者可以用讓步狀語從句或者是轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞簡單的引導(dǎo)。
5. Those against the use of animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animal in experiments.I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults. Even if it were possible, it would also take much longer to see potential effects, because of the length of time we live compared to laboratory animals such as rats or rabbits.
這個(gè)讓步段中作者還使用了2次讓步法，即劃線的最后一個(gè)句子，這種2次讓步法在高分范文中是一個(gè)非常實(shí)用的論述手法，只要注意用虛擬語氣表達(dá)即可。
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雅思大作文段落擴(kuò)展有很多方法，比如列舉法、舉例法、對(duì)比法、因果法、讓步法、定義法、類比法等，但是在實(shí)際運(yùn)用的時(shí)候很多考生的局限性很強(qiáng)，從而限制了分?jǐn)?shù)的進(jìn)一步提高。在接下來的章節(jié)里，出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)雅思頻道（liuxue86.com）的特聘專家諸瑞琪將會(huì)系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)目前雅思大作文主體段的主要擴(kuò)展方式及各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn)：
一、舉例法
舉例法主要用于通過擺事實(shí)引用數(shù)據(jù)等對(duì)論點(diǎn)加以說明，從而增加論證的說服力，同時(shí)也是增加段落字?jǐn)?shù)的一種簡單的方法。目前的大作文若一個(gè)例子都不舉的話是很難得到高分的，而且單純的說理會(huì)使得文章顯得很“空”，舉例子既是一種知識(shí)面的展示，更是寫作功底的體現(xiàn)。我們?cè)谑褂门e例法時(shí)常用的連接詞有：for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有時(shí)候我們還可以用一些句子來拖例子，比如This is true given the example of … ; 還能用一些副詞來接續(xù)后面的例子，比如indeed, today, nowadays…等。但是目前比較主流的舉例子是用賓語從句引導(dǎo)，比如A recent survey shows that…。以下我們來剖析一下舉例法的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
1. Secondly, air transport is the biggest environment killer. A recent survey conducted by Chicago University shows that the plane air pollution is at least three times as the vehicle. With the increase of greenhouse effect, shouldn’t we improve our environment protection concept?
2. Firstly, the traffic jam caused by the increasing number of cars is a nightmare for all drivers. A recent survey reveals that Beijing citizens spend averagely about 65 minutes on road every day. Billions of dollars are being wasted on the road in many big cities all over the world, such as London, New York, Paris and Tokyo, but we could do nothing to change it till now.
在這2個(gè)主體段的片段中，作者用賓語從句來引導(dǎo)例子，尤其在第一個(gè)例子中他還增加了調(diào)查問卷的來源，從而增加了一定的權(quán)威性和學(xué)術(shù)性。我們一般可以用一些高等學(xué)府，或者科研機(jī)構(gòu)或權(quán)威雜志來作為這些研究調(diào)查問卷的來源。類似的用法我們還可以來看以下的例子：
The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution says bits of the country, notably southeast England, are under pressure on waste and water use. But simply aiming to reduce population size will have little impact, it says. This is the final report from the 40-year-old commission, which is being abolished under spending cuts. It is two-year investigation looked at issues such as water supplies, waste, urban pollution and wildlife.
The report, Demographic Change and the Environment, concludes that increasing consumption, the concentration of population in areas that are ill-equipped to supply its needs, and the trend towards single-person households - which increases energy demand - all matter more than the simple size of the UK's population.
3. This is sometimes true given the examples of many gifted athletes who failed to win the finals, such as the football team of the Netherlands which was always regarded as the expected winner of the World Cup but often disappointed the world in the end. Lack team spirit and cohesion lead to the frequent failure of their games.
在這個(gè)段落中，我們使用的這個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)舉例，這個(gè)句子的使用規(guī)則是將表語作為先行詞，然后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句。
4. However, there are significant social, economic, and environmental drawbacks gained by purchasing imported food products. Examples of proposed environmental downsides include increased packaging, increased impact of transportation, higher livestock densities, etc.
在這個(gè)段落中，我們使用的舉例子結(jié)構(gòu)是前一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的“縮寫”形式，直接引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主謂賓的簡單句，對(duì)于快速成文也是很有幫助的。
5. In many places, cultural traditions are destroyed because they are being commercialized for profits. For example, the moment a tourist sets foot on a place of attraction, he is always first welcomed by a crowd of peddlers selling souvenirs that are always fake and overpriced.
6. Furthermore, mass tourism is inevitably damaging the local environment. Take ` wild tourism` as an example, it has resulted in such many serious problems as rivers or lakes being polluted, trees being cut down and animals lost their habitats and went extinct, etc.
一般我們?cè)谑褂门e例法的時(shí)候，都是用主謂賓或者主系表的簡單句作為基本的引導(dǎo)句型，然后根據(jù)后續(xù)是否還可以導(dǎo)出一個(gè)結(jié)論，靈活搭配定語從句或者是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)來擴(kuò)展。
7. The mushroomed fast foods have very negative effects on societies. Since hundred years ago, the traditional foods have become one of the most important symbols of a culture. As we mentioning some countries, we can associate them with their famous foods, Peking duck of China, Sashimi of Japan, and Rome Pizza of Italy. But the international fast foods are occupying every corner of the whole world nowadays. In the near future, we can tell that all cultures will have a same famous food – McDonald’s. Such a normal kind of food is actually a culture aggression of most countries.
我們?cè)谂e例子時(shí)，還可以用表示時(shí)間的連詞來引導(dǎo)例子，而不需要很機(jī)械式的用for instance之類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式的舉例連詞。
8. The UK needs to consume less and share people around the country more equally in order to tackle its environmental problems, a report recommends.
9. Academic subjects, such as reading and writing, play a vital role in the education system.
在這個(gè)句子里，such as是部分舉例，倘若遇到全部舉例時(shí)，只需將連接詞換成namely即可。
二、因果論述法
因果法其實(shí)分為2個(gè)層面，一是先因后果，二是先果后因，2者皆屬于因果法，此法也是所有論述手法中最主要的一種，也幾乎是每篇文章必然會(huì)使用的方法?？偨Y(jié)了一些因果法常用的連接詞如下：therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to等。因果法尤其在“分析解決型”大作文中是主要的段落論述手法。
1. However, others who claim that users should pay for the cost find their origins in economics. For a variety of different reasons, many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively, which results in both the increasing load of the road and the environmental pollution. If the users are charged to pay for the road geared to the size of the car they use, they might become wise to buy more environmentally friendly cars or choose public transport. Additionally, users might have the right to involve in designing roads in a more pragmatic way as a result of paying for the fees. That way, the financial burden of the government will be eased.
2. Many instances of juvenile delinquency have been attributed to the violent or pornographic content of some TV shows and video games. Now we are confronted with a proliferation of blood and nudity on TV, the computer and the Internet. As a consequence, many youngsters, especially boys, get addicted to such scenes. The increase of juvenile crime rate is symbiotically connected with the rise of adult crime rate in society. For instance, many youths are tempted by evil adults into committing crimes and others who are victims of adult offenses become criminals themselves because of their revenge on society.
在第2個(gè)段落中，作者充分利用了因果法的技巧，從導(dǎo)致青少年犯罪的間接原因，最后得出直接原因，這種因果內(nèi)的原因切換的技巧在分析解決型文章里是非常實(shí)用并且高效的。
三、對(duì)比論述法
對(duì)比論述法是通過對(duì)2個(gè)以上事物或者人物的對(duì)比對(duì)論點(diǎn)加以說明，對(duì)比法常用的連接詞有：likewise, similarly, at the same time, in contrast, nevertheless, still, instead, rather, on the contrary, after all, unlike, while, whilst等，有時(shí)候可以用條件狀語從句來進(jìn)行對(duì)比，也可以用介賓短語來引導(dǎo)對(duì)比。
1. Stability also contributes to the proliferation of fossil fuels in both industrial production and household application. A power station fuelled by coal is able to generate electricity constantly, whilst the production of a wind power station largely depends on the weather. Similarly, a household solar geyser can not work properly in rainy days when people will have to use gas water heater.
2. Teachers help students focus on what they are learning. If they are learning something by themselves, it is easy to become distracted and go on to other activities. Also, it is tempting to skip parts of the learning process they think they don’t need, which can hinder their ability to really understand the subject. By comparison, teachers keep their attention on the subject and also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time.
在上述的第一個(gè)段落中，通過火力發(fā)電站和風(fēng)力發(fā)電站的對(duì)比，突出化石能源較之可再生能源在能量提供的持續(xù)性上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外，作者繼續(xù)用了第2個(gè)對(duì)比來進(jìn)一步說明這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，在2個(gè)對(duì)比的使用中，請(qǐng)大家特別注意similarly這個(gè)連詞的使用，在表示類比的時(shí)候我們經(jīng)常會(huì)用到這個(gè)連詞。而在第二個(gè)段落中，作者又通過有老師在和沒有老師在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的2種境況做了橫向比較，從而突出老師對(duì)于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
在對(duì)比論述法中，還有一種高級(jí)的論述方式，叫做“否定假設(shè)法”，這種論述手法使用的理論是假設(shè)某個(gè)條件不存在，會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么樣的后果，一般用without來引導(dǎo)，主句中多使用虛擬語氣。下面我們來看一個(gè)例子：
Many medical treatment and procedures have been developed from experiments on animals. Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams practice new operating techniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe.
我們?cè)谑褂眠@種發(fā)展手法時(shí)，一般是用在論述的最后，用來最后增強(qiáng)語氣，其實(shí)我們只要將without換成with的話，否定假設(shè)法一下子就變成了肯定條件法，大家不妨可以舉一反三。
四、列舉論述法
列舉論述法用于列舉觀點(diǎn)、理由等，是五段式大作文主體段的主題句以及四段式大作文分論點(diǎn)常用的擴(kuò)展方式。朗閣海外考試研究中心將列舉法常用的連接詞總結(jié)如下：initially, apart from, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, for one thing…for another, on the other hand等。此外，有時(shí)候我們還可以用諸如from a helicopter view來進(jìn)行大類視角的切換，這種也屬于列舉，以下我們來看幾個(gè)例子：
1. Homework has many pluses. Apart from helping students do better on tests, homework helps students review and practice what has been taught in class. Homework helps improve retention and understanding; furthermore, it helps students hone their time management and organizational skills.
請(qǐng)注意在使用apart from或者in addition to這2個(gè)連詞的時(shí)候，一般后面接續(xù)次要觀點(diǎn)，而將主要觀點(diǎn)放在主句中。上面的例子中，幫助學(xué)生考試考出好成績和幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)以及練習(xí)上課的知識(shí)點(diǎn)都是屬于回家作業(yè)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是作者認(rèn)為后者更重要，因此將前者放在了這個(gè)連詞后面。這種用法我們?cè)谒亩问酱笞魑闹黧w段中經(jīng)常會(huì)用到，大家務(wù)必引起重視。
2. However, reaching the conclusion that other subjects are no longer important is biased, the obvious benefits of subjects like music and sports for students cannot be denied. For one thing, learning music can cultivate one’s temperament and foster patience and consistency which are both coveted traits for the students. For another, sports energizes students, hence, they are able to plough into their studies enthusiastically and with confidence.
在使用“一方面...另一方面”這個(gè)連詞時(shí)，首先要注意的是必須同時(shí)使用，不能單獨(dú)使用;其次，這個(gè)連詞一般是用來連接論點(diǎn)的2個(gè)不同方面或者2個(gè)不同論點(diǎn)的相似方面。
3. From a helicopter view, in countries, particularly developing ones, the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals.
在這段文字中，作者從”微觀”，切換到了”宏觀”，“宏觀”一般指的是社會(huì)、國家等大范圍，即所謂的大類視角切換，也同屬于列舉法的范疇，因此我們?cè)谟昧信e法發(fā)展段落時(shí)，同時(shí)要注意理由、觀點(diǎn)的類別，在發(fā)展的時(shí)候要注意層次感，使用的連接詞要準(zhǔn)確。一般建議在列舉時(shí)從”小”寫到”大”。
列舉論述法在分析解決型大作文提供解決方案的主體段中經(jīng)常會(huì)使用，下面我們來看一個(gè)例子：
4. I feel that there are three ways that crime can be reduced. Firstly, most developed countries have a large and well-paid police force. However, they spend most of the time in cars. They need to be more visible on the street. Secondly, young people need to be educated about how they can contribute to society. Finally, parents should be more responsible. They have children, yet they do not control their behaviors. Consequently, the children grow up without learning the rules of society.
五、讓步法
讓步法主要有2個(gè)層面，一個(gè)是讓步段，另一個(gè)是局部讓步，前者目前使用的較多的是賓語從句引導(dǎo)，而后者可以用讓步狀語從句或者是轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞簡單的引導(dǎo)。
5. Those against the use of animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animal in experiments.I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults. Even if it were possible, it would also take much longer to see potential effects, because of the length of time we live compared to laboratory animals such as rats or rabbits.
這個(gè)讓步段中作者還使用了2次讓步法，即劃線的最后一個(gè)句子，這種2次讓步法在高分范文中是一個(gè)非常實(shí)用的論述手法，只要注意用虛擬語氣表達(dá)即可。
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