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    托福閱讀經(jīng)典長難句解析
    1、Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.
    (定語后置in some ways…)
    【譯句】由于完全沒有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對(duì)人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險(xiǎn)惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。
    分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
    分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
    分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
    分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
    分句2修飾分句1結(jié)尾的短語intense pressures，
    分句1是分句3的狀語
    分句3是整個(gè)長句子的主句
    分句4是分句3的后置定語，修飾分句3的a hostile environment to humans
    主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分，但是本句其實(shí)不是復(fù)合句。句子的核心意思是深海對(duì)于人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境。
    2、Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.
    (倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Basic to any understanding…is…)
    要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。
    分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
    分句2：is
    分句3：the country's impressive population growth
    分句1，2，3共同構(gòu)成倒裝句，正常的語序應(yīng)該是3，2，1，即：該句的正常語序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.
    本句是一個(gè)簡單句，只不過使用了倒裝，謂語動(dòng)詞是is.
    3、As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
    (同位語從句claims that…)
    結(jié)果，那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康的觀點(diǎn)廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。
    分句1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health
    分句2： claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
    分句1作為分句2主語 "claim" 的同位語從句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句2. 同位語從句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：吃有機(jī)食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康。
    4、There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like.
    (并列同位語從句reports that…，that…，that…)
    關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報(bào)道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實(shí)。
    分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports
    分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
    分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
    分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
    分句1是整個(gè)長句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系，共同構(gòu)成分句1的同位語從句。本句的意思是有很多沒有經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報(bào)道，然后并列了三個(gè)未經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報(bào)道的從句。
    5、The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly.
    (同位語從句fact that…)
    南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建(盡管不像南方那么引人注目)這一事實(shí)顯得不太重要。
    分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
    分句2. that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
    分句3. though less spectacularly (省略)
    分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位語從句。
    分句3是分句2中的讓步狀語從句，并有省略現(xiàn)象存在，完整的說法是： though the reconstruction is less spectacular.
    6、The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.
    (賓語從句what we now know as)
    現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個(gè)大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計(jì)劃擴(kuò)展的現(xiàn)象。
    分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled
    分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl
    分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是賓語從句，主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過精簡應(yīng)該是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.
    整句話的謂語動(dòng)詞是 sparked 和 fueled, 兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞。
    本句的理解困難還來自于抽象詞fuel，它作為名詞的含義廣為人知，是能源、燃料，作為動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候的意思就可以引申為(供給燃料)激發(fā)，促使、造成。
    7、But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
    (Of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)
    但這些因素并不能解釋這個(gè)有趣的問題：為何在一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)會(huì)如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。
    分句1： But these factors do not account for the interesting question
    分句2： of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
    分句1中嵌套著分句2.
    分句2是of結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語修飾說明question的內(nèi)容。
    8、Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out.
    (同位語從句rumors that…)
    當(dāng)時(shí)有一些傳言，說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動(dòng)，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個(gè)地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達(dá)80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。
    分句1：Amid rumors
    分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region
    分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
    分句4：the two captains set out.
    整個(gè)句子的主句是分句4.
    "Amid" 表示“在 ......之中", 是介詞，它引導(dǎo)的分句1嵌套著分句2和分句3，并且在整句話中作狀語。 而分句2和分句3是并列關(guān)系的同位語從句來修飾分句1中的rumors，作rumors的同位語從句，用來說明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。
    9、In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.
    (同位語a supremacy)
    17世紀(jì)時(shí)風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員，這種至高無上的地位一直由它們保持，直到18世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。
    分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，
    分句2：a supremacy
    分句3：they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
    分句2是分句1的同位語，用來修飾說明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group，分句3是省略了 "that" 的定語從句，修飾分句2.
    10、A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.
    (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語)
    持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器——這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。
    分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;
    分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;
    分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;
    分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;
    分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;
    分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
    本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修飾說明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.
    11、The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more.
    【譯句】最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為Pueblo Bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個(gè)五層梯式樓，有800多間房子，能夠容納1 000人以上。
    分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more;
    分句2：later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish。
    分句1嵌套了分句2，分句1的主語是the largest, 這是“the + 形容詞”表示一個(gè)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于“the largest one" 的省略的說法。
    分句2是省略了“which was" 的定語從句，用來修飾分句1的主語the largest, 分句1內(nèi)部是由三個(gè)并列的謂語構(gòu)成的句子。
    12、Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent.
    (倒裝accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)
    【譯句】雖然我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無聲電影”，但是就“無聲’’這個(gè)詞的完整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。
    分句1：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”;
    分句2：the film has never been silent;
    分句3：in the full sense of the word;
    本句的難點(diǎn)是在分句1是倒裝句，正常語序是Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 分句3是一個(gè)插入語，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句真正強(qiáng)調(diào)的核心是the film has never been silent.
    13、For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
    (特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not…SO much as…——與其說…不如說…)
    【譯句】在好些年內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長手中，而通常擔(dān)任這種職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個(gè)人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。
    分句1：.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra;
    分句2：and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces;
    分句1 和分句2是兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的分句，分句2的難點(diǎn)在于not…… so much as的結(jié)構(gòu)。
    14、Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
    (倒裝coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)
    【譯句】在對(duì)物種和動(dòng)物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時(shí)，人們也越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到生物多樣化，即一個(gè)特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對(duì)地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。
    此句是完全倒裝句，謂語動(dòng)詞是 has been，真正的主語是has been 后面的內(nèi)容。Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats是表語。
    原來的正常語序是： A growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being has been coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats
    其中 the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入語，作為同位語出現(xiàn)，用來解釋說明biological diversity。
    在這句話真正的主語中有一個(gè) " the importance of A to B" 的結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)該翻譯為“A對(duì)B的重要性”。 原句中就是 "the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being " 叫做“生物多樣性對(duì)于地球和人類幸福健康的重要性"。
    15、The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
    (同位語從句fact that…;定語從句that comprise the bulk…)
    【譯句】考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實(shí)看起來并不令人吃驚。
    分句1：The fact does not seem surprising.
    分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests
    分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects
    分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species
    分句1中嵌套著分句2，分句2解釋說明分句1的主語the fact, 是同位語從句;分句3是主句的狀語，分句4是定語從句，修飾分句3的the huge numbers of insects
    16、To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small.
    (特殊結(jié)構(gòu)it helps to…做…有幫助)
    【譯句】要充分認(rèn)識(shí)海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。
    目的狀語：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,主句： it helps to think small. (這里的it是形式主語，沒有實(shí)際意義)
    17、Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
    (特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not any more than像…一樣不…)
    【譯句】科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實(shí)不能被叫做科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。
    分句1： Science is built with facts
    分句2： just as a house is built with bricks,
    分句3： but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
    這句話的難點(diǎn)在于“not ... any more than 像…一樣不…”，相當(dāng)于“a pile of bricks cannot be called a house"
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