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        2012gre寫作寶典:厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象

        字號:

        GRE寫作成為橫在中國學生的理想和現(xiàn)實之間的一大障礙,因此,如何攻克寫作這道屏障,成為擺在我們面前的首要任務。
            Therecent,apparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofEINino-thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalong(5)thePacificcoastofSouthAmerica-hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknespointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeastern(10)equatorialPacific.Nonetheless,untilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheother,ashappensintheperiodicoscillations(15)betweenappearancesofthewarmEINinoandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNino.Theanswer,atleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereis(20)correct,istobefoundintheocean.IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNino,twoconditionsexist:(1)unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacific,principallyalongthe(25)coastsofEcuadorandPeru,and(2)windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmer(30)surfacewaterinta"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeeper,coldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwater,thusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.Thecontributionof(35)themodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNino,whichraisesealevelinthecast,simultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.Accordingtothemodel,thatsignalisgenerated(40)asanegativeRossbywave,awaveofdepressed,ornegative,sealevel,thatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacific,Rossby(45)wavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasin,whichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchains,suchas,thePhilippinesandIndonesia.
            (50)Whenthewavesmeetthewesternboundary,theyarereflected,andthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegative(55)sea-levelsignal.Theseeventuallyshoottowardtheequator,andthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.When(60)enoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacific,theirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevel,andtheybegin(65)todrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwinds,onethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestward,wavesthatwilleventually(70)returnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwaves,beginninganotherwarmingcycle.
            數(shù)學模型最近對“厄爾尼諾”(ElNino)的出現(xiàn)所作出的顯然是成功的預測使研究者們興奮不已。所謂厄爾尼諾,即一股沿南美洲太平洋海岸周期性發(fā)展的海洋暖流。早在20年之前,雅各·皮葉克尼斯(JacobBjerknes)指出了風何以可能在東部赤道太平洋地區(qū)形成反常溫暖或反常寒冷的水域。雖然如此,在上述數(shù)學模型得以發(fā)展之前,還沒有任何人能夠解釋情況為什么應該有規(guī)律地從一種轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N,正如在暖厄爾尼諾和冷厄爾尼諾(或所謂的反厄爾尼諾)出現(xiàn)之間周期性的交替變化中所發(fā)生的那樣。問題的答案——至少如果目前將海洋的行為與大氣層的行為聯(lián)系起來的模型是正確的話——應從海洋中尋找。
            長期以來眾所周知,在厄爾尼諾出現(xiàn)期間,兩個條件必須存在:(1)格外溫暖的水流沿著東太平洋延伸,主要是沿厄瓜多爾和秘魯海岸;(2)風從西部吹向在東部溫暖的海水上空升起的較暖的空氣。這些風傾向于造成一種反饋機制,迫使較為溫暖的表層水形成一“堆狀物”,阻擋住東部較深層的、寒冷的水的正常上涌,并進一步使東部的水溫度上升,從而更進一步增強風的力度。該模型的貢獻是旨在證明,致使海平面在東部海域升高的厄爾尼諾水流的風會同步向西部海域發(fā)送一信號,導致海平面降低。按照該模型,那一信號作為一種負羅斯比波(Rossby)而被產(chǎn)生形成,即一種致使海平面沉降、或負增長的波浪,此波浪會以每天85公里的速度平行于赤道西行,此海盆被模擬為一堵平滑的墻,但實際上卻是由極不規(guī)則的群島系列構(gòu)成,如菲律賓群島和印度尼西亞群島。
            當這些波浪抵達西部邊緣時,它們被反彈回來,該模型預測,羅斯比波將會被分解成為諸多沿海岸流動的Kelvin波,攜帶著同樣的負海平面信號。這些波最終涌向赤道,然后在地球旋轉(zhuǎn)力量的推動下沿赤道以每天250公里的速度往東前進,當足夠數(shù)量帶有充分幅度的Kelvin波自西太平洋水域到達時,它們的負海面信號會壓服那個傾向于提高海面的反饋機制,它們開始迫使整個系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)入相反的寒冷模式。這導致產(chǎn)生風向的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)折變化,這一轉(zhuǎn)折變化最終將正海面羅斯比波送往西部,這些羅斯比波將最終作為寒冷的、終結(jié)整個周期的正Kelvin波回來,從而引發(fā)另一個增溫周期。 感謝您閱讀《厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象 》一文,出國留學網(wǎng)(liuxue86.com)編輯部希望本文能幫助到您。