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    2017年8月25日GRE閱讀題目解析
    題目
    短篇閱讀
    Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
    The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
    A. conducted their research at approximately the same time
    B. sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
    C. sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
    D. studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
    E. studied reproduction in the same animal species
    答案：C
    解析：定位到文章最后一句話,結合文章主旨直接得出答案。A. 新內容,same time; B. 新內容,manipulate;(注：sought是seek(尋求)的過去式;)C. 答案;D. 新內容,game theory(實際上該文是由長閱讀截取的,未保留的部門是有涉及博弈論的內容的), later development; E. 雖然貌似一直都在說reproduction,但是文章主旨是強調sex ratios.
    長篇閱讀
    Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.
    This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.
    1. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with
    A. deep skepticism
    B. strong indignation
    C. marked indifference
    D. moderate amusement
    E. sharp derision
    答案：A
    解析：
    A.深表懷疑【正確選項，作者不認為科學和藝術是一回事并且舉例說明】
    B.十分不滿，義憤填膺【反，但帶有作者個人情緒，本文中作者并未抨擊，只是持反對意見】
    C.明顯的無所謂【顯然是一種中立的態(tài)度】
    D.適度的興趣(即有點興趣)【正向評價，不選】
    E. 尖銳的嘲笑【與B選項同理，作者只是不同意，但并沒有嘲笑】
    2. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
    A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
    B. is accepted immediately by the scientific com- munity
    C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data
    D. presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
    E. introduces a new valid generalization
    答案：E
    解析：
    a. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.
    這個是關于science的說明，大致想表明的就是innovative science produce new propositions 但是跟D選項的discover new scientific fact意思上還是有點差距的。因為文中的propositions主要是關于各種現象之間的關聯性。并沒說發(fā)現一個新的事實之類的。
    b. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.
    這個就說的更加明顯了，既然強調了藝術和科學的區(qū)別，然后說藝術并不是produce a new generalization，那么可以推斷出就是科學produce a new generalization了。
    3. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
    A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
    B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?
    C. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
    答案：A B
    解析：A. 定位第一句話
    B. 定位最后一句話，「貝多芬實際是一位無人匹及的策略家，他以非凡的原創(chuàng)方式，把他從海頓、莫扎特和巴赫這樣的前輩們那里繼承來的規(guī)則、模式和約定發(fā)揮到了極致?！?BR>    C. 選項是說同時 embody new principle 和 have high aesthetic value 的人有哪些。而整個最后一段，都在將講「有創(chuàng)新和高價值不一定相關」(has little bearing) ，先是舉Florentine Camerata 說創(chuàng)新不一定意味著 masterpiece ，然后說莫扎特《費加羅的婚禮》雖然沒什么創(chuàng)新，仍被認為很杰出。最后講貝多芬的意思是，大家覺得貝多芬很成功，好像是因為打破了藩籬，但他其實并沒有什么顛覆性的創(chuàng)新。所以后面列舉的人，都和「同時」?jié)M足兩個條件無關。
    邏輯閱讀
    Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists that women's position within the family is one of the central factors determining women's social position, some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement. These historians contend that nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and, hence, less important than, for example, the moral reform movement or domestic feminism—two nineteenth-century movements in which women struggled for more power and autonomy within the family. True, by emphasizing these struggles, such historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism, but they do a historical disservice to suffragism. Nineteenth-century feminists and anti-feminist alike perceived the suffragists' demand for enfranchisement as the most radical element in women's protest, in part because suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family, women's traditional sphere.
    The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the historians discussed in the passage EXCEPT
    A. They rely too greatly on the perceptions of the actual participants in the events they study.
    B. Their assessment of the significance of nineteenth- century suffragism differs considerably from that of nineteenth-century feminists.
    C. They devote too much attention to nineteenth- century suffragism at the expense of more radical movements that emerged shortly after the turn of the century.
    答案：AC
    解析：A錯是因為那些historians被20世紀的女權運動者影響了，而不是十九世紀的女權運動者。c錯是因為事實剛好相反，他們覺得suffrage 后面的movement更radical和更important。所以他們不會pay too much attentions 在suffrage上。B對是因為historians是站在20世紀的女權主義者角度講的，所以和當時十九世紀的女權主義者想的不一樣。