1)Characteristics of American education:
①formal education in the US consistes of elementary, secondary and higher education.②Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory③public and private schools:Public schools are created, financially supported and governed by states or communities, and private ones by religious groups, or nonreligious private organizations or individuals.④the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution said education was included among the responsibilities which were "reserved to the states or the people", This makes it clear that education is a function of the state, not the federal government.⑤diversity and sameness in educational policy and practice.
1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.構(gòu)成公共教育的初、中等教育是免費(fèi)和義務(wù)的;3.公立和私立學(xué)校：公立學(xué)校由州或社區(qū)創(chuàng)建、資助和管理，私立由宗教團(tuán)體、或非宗教性質(zhì)的個(gè)人或組織來(lái)創(chuàng)建;4.《憲法第十修正案》把教育包括在‘只屬于州和人民’的職責(zé)中，這清晰表明教育是州的職能，并非聯(lián)邦政府的;5.教育政策和教學(xué)實(shí)踐的多樣性和類(lèi)同性
2)Elementary and secondary educationin the US
Elementary schools: In some states the elementary school covers grades 1-8, but in some other states it covers grades 1-5 or 6. so it takes 5,6or 8 years to finish the elementary school in the United Stetes. The elementary school curriculum mainly consists of mastery of the "basics"(基礎(chǔ)課) ， such as reading, writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.
一些州小學(xué)包括1-8年級(jí)，但另一些是1-5或6年級(jí)。所以在美國(guó)小學(xué)要花5，6或8年完成。小學(xué)的課程重要包括‘基本知識(shí)’的掌握，比如閱讀，寫(xiě)作，和算術(shù)或數(shù)學(xué)。
Secondary Schools: Secondary schools are also called high schools in the United Stetes, covering grades 9-12,the junior high school 6or 7-9,and the high school 10-12. High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks. There are 21000 public secondary schools and a number of private secondary schools in the US.
中學(xué)包括9-12年級(jí)或初中6或7到9，高中10-12。中學(xué)包括不同教學(xué)任務(wù)的綜合性學(xué)校，普通文化課學(xué)校和職業(yè)和技術(shù)學(xué)校。共有21000所公立中學(xué)和一些私立中學(xué)。
3)Different types of colleges and universities:
①research universities②doctoral universities ③master's comprehensive colleges and universities.④Liberal arts colleges ⑤junior colleges ⑥specialized institutions.
學(xué)院和大學(xué)的區(qū)別：1.研究性大學(xué);2.博士學(xué)位大學(xué);3.碩士學(xué)位綜合大學(xué)和學(xué)院;4.文科學(xué)院;5.兩年專(zhuān)科學(xué)院;6.專(zhuān)科學(xué)院
Famous universities:Harvard,Yale,Princeton,Columbia and MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),Stanford,Berkeley.
哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓，哥倫比亞，麻省理工學(xué)院，斯坦福，伯克利。
4)the admission system in US univerisities: The general standards for admission include successl completion of high school(高中畢業(yè)), high school grade point average(GPA)( 高中年紀(jì)平均積分點(diǎn)成績(jī)) and class rank (在班級(jí)名次),results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SIA)(學(xué)生技能測(cè)試) and American College Testing Program's(美國(guó)大學(xué)考試計(jì)劃) examination. But some universities practise open admission(敞開(kāi)招生): they admit all high school graduates and all residents of the state(州內(nèi)所有居民) 。
大學(xué)的入學(xué)體系：入學(xué)的普遍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括中學(xué)的順利畢業(yè)，GPA，班級(jí)名次，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)驗(yàn)的成績(jī)就像SAT和ACTP。但是一些大學(xué)也實(shí)行開(kāi)放式入學(xué)：他們?cè)试S所有中學(xué)畢業(yè)生或所有本州的所有居民。
The role of the community college:①they prepare students for transferring to a BA program at a four-year institution. ②they provide vocational training;③they give remedial instruction(補(bǔ)習(xí)課) to students. ④they offer recreational, cultural activities for adults. ⑤they absorb students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program.
社會(huì)學(xué)院的作用：1.為學(xué)生攻讀4年制院校學(xué)士學(xué)位做準(zhǔn)備;2.提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn);3.補(bǔ)習(xí)指導(dǎo);4.為成人提供文化娛樂(lè)活動(dòng);5.將不適應(yīng)4年制學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生吸收到較低一級(jí)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中。
5) Adult education
some colleges and universities offer "continuing education" program of associate degrees, graduate studies or professional development.under such system,a worker may continue his study even on a part-time basis.一些學(xué)院和大學(xué)提供繼續(xù)教育,授予準(zhǔn)學(xué)士學(xué)位，研究生課程或?qū)I(yè)培訓(xùn)。在這樣的體制下，工人可以在業(yè)余時(shí)間繼續(xù)其學(xué)業(yè)。
6)Education reform in the 1980s and early 1990s.教育改革
①"a Nation At Risk" report in 1983 put forward five proposals(P.328) to improve American education;the education reforms had two focuses: the raising of the standards of teaching and learning; the restructuring of the schools.1983年，一篇名為〈處于危機(jī)中的國(guó)家〉的報(bào)道，提出了5條建議改善美國(guó)的教育;教育改革有兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)：提高教學(xué)水平，調(diào)整學(xué)校結(jié)構(gòu)。
②in 1991,President Bush issued his plan "America 2000: An Education Strategy". It set six goals(P.330) and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of the goals.
1991年，布什總統(tǒng)公布了他的〈2000年的美國(guó)：一項(xiàng)教育策略〉計(jì)劃。確定了6個(gè)目標(biāo)和有效達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)的一系列建議。
①formal education in the US consistes of elementary, secondary and higher education.②Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory③public and private schools:Public schools are created, financially supported and governed by states or communities, and private ones by religious groups, or nonreligious private organizations or individuals.④the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution said education was included among the responsibilities which were "reserved to the states or the people", This makes it clear that education is a function of the state, not the federal government.⑤diversity and sameness in educational policy and practice.
1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.構(gòu)成公共教育的初、中等教育是免費(fèi)和義務(wù)的;3.公立和私立學(xué)校：公立學(xué)校由州或社區(qū)創(chuàng)建、資助和管理，私立由宗教團(tuán)體、或非宗教性質(zhì)的個(gè)人或組織來(lái)創(chuàng)建;4.《憲法第十修正案》把教育包括在‘只屬于州和人民’的職責(zé)中，這清晰表明教育是州的職能，并非聯(lián)邦政府的;5.教育政策和教學(xué)實(shí)踐的多樣性和類(lèi)同性
2)Elementary and secondary educationin the US
Elementary schools: In some states the elementary school covers grades 1-8, but in some other states it covers grades 1-5 or 6. so it takes 5,6or 8 years to finish the elementary school in the United Stetes. The elementary school curriculum mainly consists of mastery of the "basics"(基礎(chǔ)課) ， such as reading, writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.
一些州小學(xué)包括1-8年級(jí)，但另一些是1-5或6年級(jí)。所以在美國(guó)小學(xué)要花5，6或8年完成。小學(xué)的課程重要包括‘基本知識(shí)’的掌握，比如閱讀，寫(xiě)作，和算術(shù)或數(shù)學(xué)。
Secondary Schools: Secondary schools are also called high schools in the United Stetes, covering grades 9-12,the junior high school 6or 7-9,and the high school 10-12. High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks. There are 21000 public secondary schools and a number of private secondary schools in the US.
中學(xué)包括9-12年級(jí)或初中6或7到9，高中10-12。中學(xué)包括不同教學(xué)任務(wù)的綜合性學(xué)校，普通文化課學(xué)校和職業(yè)和技術(shù)學(xué)校。共有21000所公立中學(xué)和一些私立中學(xué)。
3)Different types of colleges and universities:
①research universities②doctoral universities ③master's comprehensive colleges and universities.④Liberal arts colleges ⑤junior colleges ⑥specialized institutions.
學(xué)院和大學(xué)的區(qū)別：1.研究性大學(xué);2.博士學(xué)位大學(xué);3.碩士學(xué)位綜合大學(xué)和學(xué)院;4.文科學(xué)院;5.兩年專(zhuān)科學(xué)院;6.專(zhuān)科學(xué)院
Famous universities:Harvard,Yale,Princeton,Columbia and MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),Stanford,Berkeley.
哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓，哥倫比亞，麻省理工學(xué)院，斯坦福，伯克利。
4)the admission system in US univerisities: The general standards for admission include successl completion of high school(高中畢業(yè)), high school grade point average(GPA)( 高中年紀(jì)平均積分點(diǎn)成績(jī)) and class rank (在班級(jí)名次),results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SIA)(學(xué)生技能測(cè)試) and American College Testing Program's(美國(guó)大學(xué)考試計(jì)劃) examination. But some universities practise open admission(敞開(kāi)招生): they admit all high school graduates and all residents of the state(州內(nèi)所有居民) 。
大學(xué)的入學(xué)體系：入學(xué)的普遍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括中學(xué)的順利畢業(yè)，GPA，班級(jí)名次，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)驗(yàn)的成績(jī)就像SAT和ACTP。但是一些大學(xué)也實(shí)行開(kāi)放式入學(xué)：他們?cè)试S所有中學(xué)畢業(yè)生或所有本州的所有居民。
The role of the community college:①they prepare students for transferring to a BA program at a four-year institution. ②they provide vocational training;③they give remedial instruction(補(bǔ)習(xí)課) to students. ④they offer recreational, cultural activities for adults. ⑤they absorb students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program.
社會(huì)學(xué)院的作用：1.為學(xué)生攻讀4年制院校學(xué)士學(xué)位做準(zhǔn)備;2.提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn);3.補(bǔ)習(xí)指導(dǎo);4.為成人提供文化娛樂(lè)活動(dòng);5.將不適應(yīng)4年制學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生吸收到較低一級(jí)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中。
5) Adult education
some colleges and universities offer "continuing education" program of associate degrees, graduate studies or professional development.under such system,a worker may continue his study even on a part-time basis.一些學(xué)院和大學(xué)提供繼續(xù)教育,授予準(zhǔn)學(xué)士學(xué)位，研究生課程或?qū)I(yè)培訓(xùn)。在這樣的體制下，工人可以在業(yè)余時(shí)間繼續(xù)其學(xué)業(yè)。
6)Education reform in the 1980s and early 1990s.教育改革
①"a Nation At Risk" report in 1983 put forward five proposals(P.328) to improve American education;the education reforms had two focuses: the raising of the standards of teaching and learning; the restructuring of the schools.1983年，一篇名為〈處于危機(jī)中的國(guó)家〉的報(bào)道，提出了5條建議改善美國(guó)的教育;教育改革有兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)：提高教學(xué)水平，調(diào)整學(xué)校結(jié)構(gòu)。
②in 1991,President Bush issued his plan "America 2000: An Education Strategy". It set six goals(P.330) and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of the goals.
1991年，布什總統(tǒng)公布了他的〈2000年的美國(guó)：一項(xiàng)教育策略〉計(jì)劃。確定了6個(gè)目標(biāo)和有效達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)的一系列建議。