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        介詞用法精講 - 四級(jí)語(yǔ)法

        字號(hào):

        介詞是英語(yǔ)用詞中的一大項(xiàng),涉及面較廣且用法也較靈活,所以記起來(lái)很是麻煩,下面我把一些習(xí)慣用的介詞作了一個(gè)小節(jié),供以參考。
            早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、點(diǎn)與分?!?BR>    年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周,陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒in。 
            將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后,小處at大處in?!?BR>    有形with無(wú)形by,語(yǔ)言、單位、材料in?!?BR>    特征、方面與方式,心情成語(yǔ)慣用in。 
            介詞at和to表方向,攻擊、位置、惡、善分。 
            日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚, 
            收音、農(nóng)場(chǎng)、值日on,關(guān)于、基礎(chǔ)、靠、著論?!?BR>    著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,準(zhǔn)?!?BR>    特定時(shí)日和"一……就",on后常接動(dòng)名詞?!?BR>    年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。 
            步行、驢、馬、玩笑on,cab,carriage則用in?!?BR>    at山腳、門(mén)口、在當(dāng)前,速、溫、日落、價(jià)、核心?! ?BR>    如大體掌握上面介詞用法口訣,就不易出錯(cuò)。當(dāng)然,至于介詞的詳盡用法,同形詞又是連詞及副詞等內(nèi)容此篇不講。下面對(duì)該口訣分別舉例幫助你理解消化?!?BR>    早、午、晚要用in
            in the evening 在晚上 
            in the day 在白天
            例: in the afternoon 在下午 
            in the morning 在早上
            at黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分 
            例? at dawn? at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候 
            at night 在夜間
            at noon 在中午
            at midnight 在午夜 
            以上短語(yǔ)都不用冠詞 
            at nine o'clock 在9點(diǎn)鐘 
            at 8:30 seven thirty? 在8點(diǎn)半 
            at half past ten 在10點(diǎn)半 
            at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15分 
            at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10點(diǎn)30分 
            也可以寫(xiě)成 
            seven to five 5點(diǎn)差7分半小時(shí)以上? 
            five minutes after two 2點(diǎn)過(guò)5分 
            at the weekend 在周末 
            at a quarter to two 1點(diǎn)45分 
            年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周 
            即在"來(lái)年",在"某月",在"某年某月" 但在某年某月某日則用on?,在四季,在第幾周等都要用in。
            例:in 1989 在1989年 
            in 1927 在1927年 
            in March 在三月
            in April 在四月 
            in December 1986 在1986年12月 
            in July l984 在1984年7月  
            in the first week of this semester這學(xué)期的
            第一周 
            in the third week 在第三周 
            in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 
            in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
            陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒 in
            即在陽(yáng)光下,在燈下,在樹(shù)陰下,穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in?!?BR>    例:Don't write in dim light.切勿在暗淡的燈光
            下寫(xiě)字?!?BR>    They are reviewing their lessons in the
            bright light.他們?cè)诿髁恋臒艄庀聫?fù)習(xí)功課。
            They are playing in the shade of a tree. 
             他們坐在樹(shù)陰下玩耍?!?BR>    a prisoner in irons 帶著鐐銬的囚犯 
            He went in the rain to meet me at the
            station. 他冒雨到車(chē)站去接我。
            The poor in rags in old society. 舊社會(huì)窮
            人們衣衫襤褸. 
            以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽(yáng)光下 
            a merchant in disguise 喬裝的商人 
            the woman in white black? red? yellow?
            穿著白黑、紅、黃?色衣服的婦女 
            in uniform 穿著制服 
            in mourning 穿著喪服 
            in red shoes 穿著紅色鞋 
            in his shirt sleeves 穿著襯衫 
            將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后 
            例? They will come back in 10 days. 
               他們將10天以后回來(lái)。 
            I'll come round in a day or two.
             我一兩天就回來(lái)?!?BR>    We'll be back in no time. 
             我們一會(huì)兒就回來(lái)?!?BR>    Come and see me in three days' time. 
             三天后來(lái)看我。從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始? 
            after... 從過(guò)去開(kāi)始? 
            小處at大處in 
            例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound? all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到達(dá)黑山縣,一切很好,勿念。 
            I live in a great city big city?? my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn),而我的父母則住在農(nóng)村。 
            I'm in Liaoning? at Ashcan. 我住在遼寧省鞍山市. 
            有形with無(wú)形by,語(yǔ)言 、單位、材料in 
            例:The workers are paving a road with stone.
            工人們正用石子鋪路。有形? 
            The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。有形? 
            ″Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy″ is a good opera. 《智取威虎山》是一出好戲。無(wú)形? 
            The product is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil. 這種產(chǎn)品是用蒸餾分離出氣油和粗柴油?!”硎痉绞健⑹侄?、方法,無(wú)形? 
            I really can't express my idea in English freely indeed. 我確實(shí)不能用英語(yǔ)流利地表達(dá)我的思想?!”硎灸撤N語(yǔ)言用in? 
            I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄語(yǔ)寫(xiě)了一本小說(shuō)。同上? 
            The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度單位?!”硎径?、量、衡單位的用in ? 
            The length is measured in meter? kilometer? and centimeter. 長(zhǎng)度是以米、公里、厘米為單位來(lái)計(jì)算的。同上? 
            This board was cast in bronze not in silver . 這個(gè)牌匾是銅鑄的,不是銀制的。 
            特征、方面與方式、心情、成語(yǔ)慣用in 
            特征或狀態(tài): 
            例? They found the patient in a coma. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)病人處于昏迷狀態(tài)?!?BR>    The Democratic Party was then in power. 那時(shí)民主黨執(zhí)政。
            He has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來(lái)身體一直不好?!?BR>    Many who came in despair went away in hope. 許多人帶著絕望情緒而來(lái),卻滿懷希望而去?!?BR>    The house was in ruins. 這房屋成了廢墟?!?BR>    The poor girl was in tears. 這個(gè)可憐的女孩淚流滿面?!?BR>    Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了?!?BR>    His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
            I only said it in fun. 我說(shuō)這話只是開(kāi)玩笑的。 
            She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 與其說(shuō)她講得很氣憤,不如說(shuō)她講得很傷心?!?BR>    還有一些短語(yǔ)也用in,如: 
            in jest 詼諧地,in joke 開(kāi)玩笑地,in fairness 公正地,in spite 惡意地, in revenge 報(bào)復(fù)? in mercy 寬大,in sorrow 傷心地等?!?BR>    His mind was in great confusion. 他腦子里很亂?!?BR>    Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都興高采烈,沒(méi)有一個(gè)情緒低落的。 
            She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同學(xué)都正值妙齡。 
            The campaign was in full swing. 運(yùn)動(dòng)正值高潮中?!?BR>    方面: 
            例:we accepted the item in principle. 我們?cè)谠瓌t上接受了這個(gè)條款?!?BR>    The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 這個(gè)落后的地區(qū)在糧食方面已能自給。 
            A good teacher must be an example in study. 一個(gè)好的教師必須是學(xué)習(xí)的模范。
            They are never backward in giving their views. 他們從來(lái)不怕發(fā)表自己的意見(jiàn)。
            方式: 
            例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有報(bào)告都用速記記錄下來(lái)了?!?BR>    The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 黨一貫以愛(ài)國(guó)主義和國(guó)際主義精神教育我們。 
            如下成語(yǔ)慣用in 
            例: in all 總計(jì) 
            in advance 事前 
            in addition to 除......以外
            in the meantime 與此同時(shí) 
            in place 適當(dāng)?shù)亍?BR>    in hopes of或in the hope of?懷著.......希望 
            in connection with 和......有關(guān) 
            in contact with 和......聯(lián)系 
            in case of 倘若,萬(wàn)一 
            in conflict with 和......沖突 
            in force 有效的,大批 
            in depth 徹底地 
            in regard to 關(guān)于 
            in the neighborhood of 大約、鄰近 
            in retrospect 回顧,一想起 
            in alarm 驚慌、擔(dān)心
            in behalf of 代表......利益 
            in the least 一點(diǎn),絲毫 
            in the opinion of 據(jù)......見(jiàn)解 
            in the long run 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)說(shuō)來(lái) 
            in one's opinion 在......看來(lái) 
            in a word 總之 
            in word 口頭上 
            in vain 無(wú)益地? 白白地 
            in case 如果,萬(wàn)一,以防 
            in detail 詳細(xì)地 
            in haste 急急忙忙地 
            in conclusion 總之 
            in spite of 盡管 
            in other words... 換句話說(shuō) 
            in love 戀愛(ài)中 
            in debt 負(fù)債 
            in fun jest、joke? 玩笑地 
            in hesitation 猶豫不決 
            in wonder 在驚奇中
            in return 作為回報(bào) 
            in the name of 以......名義 
            be confident in 對(duì)......有信心 
            be interested in 對(duì)......感興趣 
            in doubt 懷疑 
            in public secret? 公開(kāi)他秘密地? 
            in a good humor 心情情緒?好 
            介詞at、to表方向,攻擊、位置、善、惡、分
            介詞at和to都可以表示方向。用at表示方向時(shí),側(cè)重于攻擊的目標(biāo),往往表示惡意;用to表示方向時(shí),突出運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置或動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,側(cè)重表示善意。試比較下列各句: 
            1. A. She came at me. 她向我撲過(guò)來(lái)。
            B. She came to me. 她向我走過(guò)來(lái)?!?BR>    2. A. Jake ran at John. 杰克向約翰撲過(guò)去。
            B. Jake ran to John. 杰克朝約翰跑去。
            3. A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 
                他拿著劍向那婦女撲過(guò)去。
            B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 
                他帶著劍向那婦女跑過(guò)去?!?BR>    4. A. She shouted at the old man. 
                她大聲喝斥那老人。
            B. He shouted to the old man. 
                他大聲向那老人說(shuō) 
            5. A. I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 
                我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在抱怨小李。
            B. I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 
            我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在同小李低聲說(shuō)話?!?BR>    6. A. He talked at you just now. 
            他剛才還說(shuō)你壞話呢。
            B. She talked to you just now. 
            她剛才還同你談話呢.。
            7. A. She threw a bone at the dog. 
            她用一塊骨頭砸狗。
            B. She threw a bone to the dog. 
            她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃。 
            8. A. He presented a pistol at me. 
            他用手槍對(duì)著我。
            B. He presented a pistol to me. 
            他贈(zèng)送我一支手槍?!?BR>    日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚
            以下皆用on
            例?on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
            on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月
             13日
            on May the first 5月1日 
            on the sixteenth 16號(hào)
            on the first 1號(hào) 
            on the second of January 或 
             on January the second 1月2日 
            on a summer evening 在夏天的一個(gè)夜晚 
            on Boxing Day 在節(jié)禮日圣誕節(jié)次日? 
            on New Year's Day 在元旦 
            on my birthday 在我的生日 
            但 in the Christmas holidays在圣誕節(jié)假期? in the eighteenth century 在十八世紀(jì)? in ancient times 在古代? in earlier times 在早期? in modern times 在現(xiàn)代,則用in,the present time 現(xiàn)在,at the present day當(dāng)今則用at?!?BR>    on May Day 在"五·一節(jié) 
            on winter day 在冬天 
            on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日 
            on Monday 在星期一 
            on Sunday 在星期天 
            on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨 
            on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午 
            on Friday evening 星期五晚上 
            但last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上? on time準(zhǔn)時(shí),in time及時(shí),等則不同?!?BR>    年月日,加早午晚,of之前on代in 
            例: on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
            on the evening of 4th  4日晚上
            On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a farewell speech. 他們?cè)谂R行前夕舉行了告別宴會(huì),他們的團(tuán)長(zhǎng)發(fā)表了告別講話。 
            收音、農(nóng)場(chǎng),值日on 
            例:Did your supervisor like the story over or on? the radio last night﹖ 您的導(dǎo)師喜歡昨天從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到的故事嗎﹖ 
            I heard the news over or on? the radio. 我從收音機(jī)里聽(tīng)到了這一條消息。 
            talk over the radio 由無(wú)線電播音 
            on TV 從電視里...... 
            Hear something on the wireless 
            在無(wú)線電里聽(tīng)到 
            My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一個(gè)軍墾農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作?!?BR>    The students are working on a school farm. 學(xué)生們正在校辦農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)?!?BR>    This is a farmer's house on a farm. 
            這是農(nóng)場(chǎng)的農(nóng)舍?!?BR>    Who is on duty? today﹖ 今天誰(shuí)值日﹖
            We go on duty at 8 a.m. 
            我們上午8點(diǎn)鐘上班?!?BR>    關(guān)于、基礎(chǔ)、靠、著論
            例? This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我們要聽(tīng)關(guān)于國(guó)際形勢(shì)的報(bào)告?!?BR>    Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America. 沈教授將給我們做關(guān)于美國(guó)之行的報(bào)告?!?BR>    You are wrong on all these issues. 在這些問(wèn)題上你的看法都錯(cuò)了?!?BR>    The belief is based on practical experience. 這種信念是以實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的?!?BR>    Theory must be based on practice. 理論必須以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)?!?BR>    The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米??? 
            The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活?!?BR>    You can't afford luxuries? on an income of 100 Yuan a month. 靠月薪100元的收入,你是買(mǎi)不起奢侈品的?!?BR>    Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精飼料喂養(yǎng)她心愛(ài)的狗?!?BR>    He is just a scrounger? who lives on other people. 他正是一個(gè)小偷,專(zhuān)靠損害別人過(guò)日子?!?BR>    Keep the kettle on the boil =boiling?. 讓水壺的水一直開(kāi)著。 
            The enemy are on the run =running?. 敵人在逃跑。 
            on后接the加上一個(gè)作名詞的動(dòng)詞.其意義與現(xiàn)在分詞所表達(dá)的相近。類(lèi)似例子很多如: 
            on the march在行軍中,on the mend 在好轉(zhuǎn)中,on the prowl徘徊,on the move活動(dòng)中,on the scrounge巧取豪奪埋語(yǔ)?,on the go活躍,忙碌,on the lookout注意,警戒,on the watch監(jiān)視著。on the hop趁不備抓住某人等等。 
            on the People's Democratic Dictatorship《實(shí)踐論》和《矛盾論》 
            on the People's Democratic Dictatorship《論人民民主專(zhuān)政》 
            ″on Coalition Government″ 《論聯(lián)合政府》
            著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、準(zhǔn)
            注:口訣中的著指著火,罷指罷工,偷指偷偷地,公指出差、辦公事;假指休假,準(zhǔn)指準(zhǔn)時(shí)?!?BR>    例:The house next to mine was on fire. 我鄰居的房子著火了?!?BR>    The workers of the railway station were on strike. 鐵路工人罷工了?!?BR>    Grapes and big water melons from Sin kiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了?!?BR>    do something on the sly quiet?. 秘密地暗地里,偷偷地?做某事?!?BR>    I've come here on business. 我是有公事來(lái)的?!?BR>    They went to Bern on a mission. 他們到伯爾尼去執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)使命。 
            They has been away on a long trip. 他們出去做長(zhǎng)途旅行?!?BR>    I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我將休假回家。 
            I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的,不是不告面別?!?BR>    She came to see you on purpose. 她是專(zhuān)程來(lái)看你的。 
            He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到這來(lái)是要與你討論這件事的。
            This lunch is on me. 
            ″No. let's go Dutch.″ 
            "這頓午飯我付錢(qián)。"
            "不,還是各付各的" 
            On the contrary? it was very easy to understand. 相反,這事兒很容易理解?!?BR>    P1ease come on time. on schedule?. 請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)。
            注:in time是"及時(shí)"的意思?!?BR>    The train arrived on schedule. 火車(chē)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
            特定時(shí)間和"一......就",左右on后動(dòng)名詞 
            例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 氣體加熱時(shí)膨脹,冷卻時(shí)收縮。特定時(shí)間? 
            On entering the room? he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一進(jìn)屋,他就發(fā)現(xiàn)他的朋友們?cè)谟淇斓靥?。?BR>    On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就給老楊打了一個(gè)電話。
            I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的來(lái)信就給他寫(xiě)信。一......就? 
            以及on the left? right向左向右,on the stair在臺(tái)階上等。 
            步行、驢、馬、玩笑on,cab,carriage用in 
            例:On foot步行? on horse騎馬? 
            on donkey 騎驢?!?BR>    He rode on? blood flowing from his side. 他騎著馬,鮮血從腰部流下來(lái)?!?BR>    The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 為趕上部隊(duì),那位八路軍戰(zhàn)士騎馬日行百里?!?BR>    Go on horse back? 騎馬去! 
            You are having me on? 你和我開(kāi)玩笑呢?
            in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carriage?!?BR>    at山腳、門(mén)口在當(dāng)前,速、溫、日落價(jià)核心 
            即在山腳下、在門(mén)口、在目前,速度、以......速率、溫度、在日落時(shí)、在......核心要用at?!?BR>    例:At the foot of the mountain? there are 
            thirty of our comrades. 在山腳下,有我們30個(gè)同志。
            There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山腳下有一個(gè)美麗的湖。 
            At the gate of the house there are many children playing glass ball. 門(mén)口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球?!?BR>    Who's standing there at the door﹖ 誰(shuí)站在門(mén)口﹖ 
            I don't need the dictionary at present. 我現(xiàn)在還不需要這本詞典。 
            He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在華盛頓。 
            The train runs at fifty kilometers an hour. 火車(chē)每小時(shí)行駛50公里?!?BR>    We built the plant at top speed and minimum cost. 我們以低的投資,高的速度修建了該工廠。 
            at home 在國(guó)內(nèi),在家里 
            at ten degrees centigrade 在攝氏10度 
            at minus ten degrees centigrade 攝氏零下10度
            Water freezes at 0°centigrade.水在攝氏零度結(jié)冰。
            Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在攝氏l00度沸騰?!?BR>    at the rate of 49 miles an hour 
            at full speed 全速 
            at zero 在零度
            at a good price 高價(jià) 
            at a low cost 低成本 
            at a great cost 花了很大代價(jià) 
            at that time 在當(dāng)時(shí) 
            Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. 蒸發(fā)在任何溫度下都能發(fā)生。 
            at 100RPM revolution per minute? 每分鐘100轉(zhuǎn) 
            at a high speed 高速 
            The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 戰(zhàn)士們?cè)谌章鋾r(shí)對(duì)敵人發(fā)起了攻擊。
            at daybreak 日出時(shí) 
            The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們事業(yè)的核心力量是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨?!?BR>    The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一個(gè)原子核?!?BR>    At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 這學(xué)期開(kāi)始,我們的班主任老師對(duì)我們要求非常嚴(yán)格。