三、代詞使用錯誤
代詞的主要功能是指代已出現(xiàn)的名詞、詞組或一個意群，因此代詞的出現(xiàn)必有所指，而且形、數(shù)等必須與前面所代的部分相符，這是代詞的改錯的核心。代詞錯誤是短文改錯中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的幾類錯誤之一，幾乎每套試題都有，主要涉及如下幾種情況：
1 . 指代錯誤。主要是第三人稱代詞指代的誤用；不定代詞 one 和 those 與人稱代詞 you 和 them 的混用及人于指物的誤用等。
2. 關(guān)系代詞的誤用。主要為 that 與 which ， who 與 which ， as 與 which 的誤用； what 與 that 的混用。
3. 形式代詞 it 與 this ， that 的誤用。如： find this important to preview the lesson （這里的 this 應(yīng)改為形式賓語 it ）。
4. 不定代詞的誤用。主要為不定代詞與指示代詞 these 或人稱代詞的誤用； someone/somebody ， everyone/everybody 被誤用作復(fù)數(shù)指代； some- ， any- 集合成代詞與 no- 類合成代詞的混用等。
例 1
A knowledge of several languages is essential to
other majors’ study because without them one 1.__________
can read books only in translation.
本句中 without them 指的是：沒有幾們語言的知識。這里錯誤地使用了 them 來指代 a knowledge of several languages ，因為其中 knowledge 是中心詞，所以要把 them 改為 it 。
例 2
To be frank, that is a great relief to have the task 1.__________
fulfilled in so short a time.
本句中 that 指的是“ to have the task fulfilled in so short a time ”，前者是后者的形式主語，而形式主語只能是 it ，因此必須把 that 改為 it 。
例 3
The teacher asked them who had completed their 1.__________
tests to leave the room as quietly as possible.
這句話看似沒有錯誤，結(jié)果也十分完整，然而，它將代詞賓格 them 與指示代詞 those 的用法混淆了。因為一般來說，人稱代詞后面應(yīng)該保留有修飾成分，如果保留 them ，那么這句話則必須改為： The teacher asked them to leave the room as quietly as possible. 這不符合修改的規(guī)則，故只能將 them 改為 those ，此時 those 作為指示代詞，后面可以接有從句成分。
例 4
Western culture tends to ignore or take it for granted 1.__________
the non-verbal part of conversations, defining good
communication as " speaking well" .
本句中， it 作為形式主語，一般用于結(jié)構(gòu)“ take it for granted that… ”，然而本句中沒有出現(xiàn)從句，而只有名詞短語“ the non-verbal part of conversation ”作為賓語，因此不需要形式賓語，應(yīng)該將 it 刪去。
通過上述例題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語代詞雖然數(shù)量不多，但是種類卻不少，且各種代詞有性、數(shù)、格、人稱之別，必須在平時學(xué)習(xí)多注意總結(jié)和歸納，才可以正確的把握其用法。下面通過一些練習(xí)題來加深印象。
練習(xí)題
1 First and most important is its extraordinary receptive
and adaptable heterogeneousness --- the ease
and readiness with that has taken to itself material 1.__________
from almost everywhere in the world and has made
the old elements of language its own.
2 In most advanced English courses, time is usually
set aside for conversation lessons. This can be 2.__________
the most difficult and most rewarding of all
the lessons the teacher is called upon to conduct.
3 They gain such mental food that few companions 3.__________
can supply. Even while resting from their labors
they are, through the books they read, equipping
themselves to perform those labors more inefficiently.
4 Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed
that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth
than small one, because Aristotle said so. 4.__________
5 But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower
of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones, and proved to some
friends, he had brought there to see his experiment, 5.__________
that Aristotle was in error.
6 Deep in the dense forest these tourists finally
found the place where they visited ten years ago. 6.__________
7 It was a beautifully decorated ancient house which 7.__________
door opened to the east.
8 What has been left was a table in one corner of
the living-room which two legs were broken. 8.__________
9 Some people think of the protection of our
environment as the mere protection of a few
animals and flowers. Actually natural conversation
is far from that some people imagine to be. 9.__________
10 It has become a question of whether man can
survive at all in the world in which he is creating. 10.__________
答案解析：
1.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為which?！皌hat”不能作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞，而只能使用which。
2.本題中應(yīng)該將this改為these。根據(jù)上下文可知此處應(yīng)該指代為conversation lessons。
3.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為as或者刪去such。此句中that引導(dǎo)后面定語從句修飾前面mental food，然后卻不能和such一起使用，因此必須修改其中一處。“such…as…”也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句的固定搭配，因此可將that改為as。另一種辦法是刪去such，原句則變?yōu)閠hat引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
4.本題中應(yīng)該將one改為ones。該處one根據(jù)文意應(yīng)該指代的是bodies。
5.本題中應(yīng)該在he之后加上關(guān)系代詞whom。根據(jù)上下文可知，這里“he had brought there to see his experiment”為前面“some friends”的非限定性定語從句，然后卻沒有關(guān)系代詞，使得句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，顯然，必須在he前面加上人稱關(guān)系代詞whom。
6.本題中應(yīng)該將where改為that或者which。該處where為關(guān)系副詞，而原句中缺少一個關(guān)系代詞，既指代前文的“the place”，又作為“visited”的賓語。
7.本題中應(yīng)該將which改為whose。原句中“which door”并非指代先行詞“house”，而是屬于其中的部分之一，應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系代詞的所有格形式whose。
8.本題中應(yīng)該將which改為whose。道理同上。
9.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為what。原句中“some people imagine to be”結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，缺少主語，而that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時只起引導(dǎo)作用，不在句中作任何成分。
10.本題中應(yīng)該將in刪去。定語從句引導(dǎo)詞“which”在引導(dǎo)后面定語從句“he is creating”時充當(dāng)其賓語成分，因為create為及物動詞，后面必須接賓語才可以符合語法規(guī)則。
代詞的主要功能是指代已出現(xiàn)的名詞、詞組或一個意群，因此代詞的出現(xiàn)必有所指，而且形、數(shù)等必須與前面所代的部分相符，這是代詞的改錯的核心。代詞錯誤是短文改錯中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的幾類錯誤之一，幾乎每套試題都有，主要涉及如下幾種情況：
1 . 指代錯誤。主要是第三人稱代詞指代的誤用；不定代詞 one 和 those 與人稱代詞 you 和 them 的混用及人于指物的誤用等。
2. 關(guān)系代詞的誤用。主要為 that 與 which ， who 與 which ， as 與 which 的誤用； what 與 that 的混用。
3. 形式代詞 it 與 this ， that 的誤用。如： find this important to preview the lesson （這里的 this 應(yīng)改為形式賓語 it ）。
4. 不定代詞的誤用。主要為不定代詞與指示代詞 these 或人稱代詞的誤用； someone/somebody ， everyone/everybody 被誤用作復(fù)數(shù)指代； some- ， any- 集合成代詞與 no- 類合成代詞的混用等。
例 1
A knowledge of several languages is essential to
other majors’ study because without them one 1.__________
can read books only in translation.
本句中 without them 指的是：沒有幾們語言的知識。這里錯誤地使用了 them 來指代 a knowledge of several languages ，因為其中 knowledge 是中心詞，所以要把 them 改為 it 。
例 2
To be frank, that is a great relief to have the task 1.__________
fulfilled in so short a time.
本句中 that 指的是“ to have the task fulfilled in so short a time ”，前者是后者的形式主語，而形式主語只能是 it ，因此必須把 that 改為 it 。
例 3
The teacher asked them who had completed their 1.__________
tests to leave the room as quietly as possible.
這句話看似沒有錯誤，結(jié)果也十分完整，然而，它將代詞賓格 them 與指示代詞 those 的用法混淆了。因為一般來說，人稱代詞后面應(yīng)該保留有修飾成分，如果保留 them ，那么這句話則必須改為： The teacher asked them to leave the room as quietly as possible. 這不符合修改的規(guī)則，故只能將 them 改為 those ，此時 those 作為指示代詞，后面可以接有從句成分。
例 4
Western culture tends to ignore or take it for granted 1.__________
the non-verbal part of conversations, defining good
communication as " speaking well" .
本句中， it 作為形式主語，一般用于結(jié)構(gòu)“ take it for granted that… ”，然而本句中沒有出現(xiàn)從句，而只有名詞短語“ the non-verbal part of conversation ”作為賓語，因此不需要形式賓語，應(yīng)該將 it 刪去。
通過上述例題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語代詞雖然數(shù)量不多，但是種類卻不少，且各種代詞有性、數(shù)、格、人稱之別，必須在平時學(xué)習(xí)多注意總結(jié)和歸納，才可以正確的把握其用法。下面通過一些練習(xí)題來加深印象。
練習(xí)題
1 First and most important is its extraordinary receptive
and adaptable heterogeneousness --- the ease
and readiness with that has taken to itself material 1.__________
from almost everywhere in the world and has made
the old elements of language its own.
2 In most advanced English courses, time is usually
set aside for conversation lessons. This can be 2.__________
the most difficult and most rewarding of all
the lessons the teacher is called upon to conduct.
3 They gain such mental food that few companions 3.__________
can supply. Even while resting from their labors
they are, through the books they read, equipping
themselves to perform those labors more inefficiently.
4 Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed
that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth
than small one, because Aristotle said so. 4.__________
5 But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower
of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones, and proved to some
friends, he had brought there to see his experiment, 5.__________
that Aristotle was in error.
6 Deep in the dense forest these tourists finally
found the place where they visited ten years ago. 6.__________
7 It was a beautifully decorated ancient house which 7.__________
door opened to the east.
8 What has been left was a table in one corner of
the living-room which two legs were broken. 8.__________
9 Some people think of the protection of our
environment as the mere protection of a few
animals and flowers. Actually natural conversation
is far from that some people imagine to be. 9.__________
10 It has become a question of whether man can
survive at all in the world in which he is creating. 10.__________
答案解析：
1.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為which?！皌hat”不能作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞，而只能使用which。
2.本題中應(yīng)該將this改為these。根據(jù)上下文可知此處應(yīng)該指代為conversation lessons。
3.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為as或者刪去such。此句中that引導(dǎo)后面定語從句修飾前面mental food，然后卻不能和such一起使用，因此必須修改其中一處。“such…as…”也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句的固定搭配，因此可將that改為as。另一種辦法是刪去such，原句則變?yōu)閠hat引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
4.本題中應(yīng)該將one改為ones。該處one根據(jù)文意應(yīng)該指代的是bodies。
5.本題中應(yīng)該在he之后加上關(guān)系代詞whom。根據(jù)上下文可知，這里“he had brought there to see his experiment”為前面“some friends”的非限定性定語從句，然后卻沒有關(guān)系代詞，使得句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，顯然，必須在he前面加上人稱關(guān)系代詞whom。
6.本題中應(yīng)該將where改為that或者which。該處where為關(guān)系副詞，而原句中缺少一個關(guān)系代詞，既指代前文的“the place”，又作為“visited”的賓語。
7.本題中應(yīng)該將which改為whose。原句中“which door”并非指代先行詞“house”，而是屬于其中的部分之一，應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系代詞的所有格形式whose。
8.本題中應(yīng)該將which改為whose。道理同上。
9.本題中應(yīng)該將that改為what。原句中“some people imagine to be”結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，缺少主語，而that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時只起引導(dǎo)作用，不在句中作任何成分。
10.本題中應(yīng)該將in刪去。定語從句引導(dǎo)詞“which”在引導(dǎo)后面定語從句“he is creating”時充當(dāng)其賓語成分，因為create為及物動詞，后面必須接賓語才可以符合語法規(guī)則。