介詞是一種結(jié)構(gòu)詞,不能單獨(dú)擔(dān)任句子成分。介詞的作用是表示它后面的賓語(yǔ)同句中其它詞語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。介詞與它的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)可以充當(dāng)多種句子成分。如:
The cost of food is rising. (定語(yǔ))
She was ill during the meeting. (狀語(yǔ))
I found him in very good shape. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
通常介詞可分為四類:
簡(jiǎn)單介詞:at, in, from, on;
復(fù)合介詞:upon, inside, outside;
雙重介詞:from behind, from among;
短語(yǔ)介詞:in case of, according to.
介詞的意義
1.表示時(shí)間的介詞
in表示“在某一時(shí)間段”,或“在……某一時(shí)候”,如用在月、季、年份、時(shí)代、世紀(jì)等時(shí)間名詞的前面,或用來(lái)泛指一天的某一段時(shí)間。
in July / summer / 2000 / ancient times / the 1999‘s
in the morning / afternoon / evening
in也可以指“在……之后”,表示從說(shuō)話起的若干時(shí)間內(nèi),如:
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
on表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于帶有修飾語(yǔ)的一天的某個(gè)時(shí)間段之前。如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
at表示“在某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,或用來(lái)表示不確定的時(shí)間和短期的假日、時(shí)節(jié)等。如:
at six o‘clock, at Easter
介詞over, through(out)兩者均指“經(jīng)過(guò)的全部時(shí)間”。
Stay over the Christmas.
介詞for, since for表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的全部時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度,為“長(zhǎng)達(dá)……”之意;since
用于指從過(guò)去特定的某個(gè)時(shí)刻到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間;兩者往往用于完成時(shí)。
I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
during指“在……時(shí)期/時(shí)間內(nèi)”,必須以表示一段時(shí)間的詞或詞組作賓語(yǔ)。
She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
介詞above, over, on, on top of.Above和below分別表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指
垂直方向上的上下;over和under分別表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of和
beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接觸”意義上的上下。以上三對(duì)介詞互為反義詞。
The temple stands on top of the hill.
The pen is beneath the book.
There is a lamp over the desk.
介詞at指小地點(diǎn)或集會(huì)場(chǎng)合;on表示線或面上的位置;in表示在立體、區(qū)域或環(huán)境內(nèi),
特別是那些較大,能夠容納相應(yīng)事物的環(huán)境。
He works at Peking University.
Your radio is on the desk.
The boat is in the lake.
介詞in, on, off, to表示相當(dāng)于某個(gè)區(qū)域或某個(gè)物體的位置關(guān)系:in表示在區(qū)域的里面;on表示在區(qū)域的邊界附近,可以是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分或相互接壤;off也表示在區(qū)域的
邊界附近,但一般不是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分;to表示在區(qū)域的邊界更遠(yuǎn)些的附近,所以不是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分或不相互接壤。
Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.
Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.
介詞between用來(lái)說(shuō)明“在……兩者之間”或“三個(gè)以上人物或事物中的兩者之間的相互關(guān)系”;among用來(lái)說(shuō)明“在……兩者以上之間”的相互關(guān)系;amid(amidst)和among都可
以用來(lái)表示沒(méi)有確定數(shù)目的物體之間的相互關(guān)系,amid多用于正式文體。
There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
介詞about, (all) over, (all) through, throughout都可以表示“在……范圍內(nèi)到處”,“遍布”
的意義。
After meal I wandered alone about the town.
介詞in front of和behind指前、后的相對(duì)位置。
She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
介詞round, pass指“繞過(guò)”;其中pass指“從……旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)”;through指“從……之中
穿過(guò)“。
The movie theater is round the corner.
He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
3.表示原因的介詞
for常常表示褒貶、獎(jiǎng)懲的原因或心理原因。
They will reward you for your help.
due to常常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)形容詞性的短語(yǔ),作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
from和out of常常表示動(dòng)機(jī)或原因;through表示消極或間接的原因。
He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4.表示目的的介詞
for表示擬定的接收人或目的;to表示實(shí)際的接收人或目的。
I bought the gift for my little sister.
I gave the gift to my little sister.
for和to都可以引導(dǎo)目的地。For跟在含有出發(fā)或開(kāi)始意義的動(dòng)詞后,如:leave, set out,
start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有來(lái)來(lái)往往地行動(dòng)的意義的動(dòng)詞后,如:go, come, run ,walk,
move, fly, drive, ride等。
We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America via Hong Kong.
at表示起因;on表示依據(jù)。
She is quite pleased at his help.
Ken was arrested on a charge of that.
at還可引導(dǎo)行為的目標(biāo)或精力的集中點(diǎn)。
He shot at the bird.
5.表示“關(guān)于……”的介詞
一般about用于比較隨便的談話或非正式的文體;on用于正式的講話、著作或報(bào)告中;of用于動(dòng)詞talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如:
What are you talking about?
A paper on serfdom in Russian
In terms of natural resources
6.表示原料的介詞
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性質(zhì);with表示制成產(chǎn)品的一種成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性質(zhì);in表示制成品的材料的色調(diào)或特殊性。
His house was built of brick.
She made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
A fruitcake is made with fruit.
Steel is made from iron.
We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
7.表示價(jià)格的介詞
at和for都可表示價(jià)格,at僅表示價(jià)格,for還表示“交換”,如:
Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
I bought it for five pounds.
8.表示其它意義的介詞
in spite of, despite, for(all…), with(all…)等表示讓步意義的介詞。其中:despite較為正式,
in spite of較為普遍,for/with(all…)較為口語(yǔ)化。
In spite of / despite the bad weather 盡管天氣不好
For / with all his shortcomings 盡管他有許多缺點(diǎn)
Except和but表示不包含的意義,只是單純地將其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一個(gè)集體的名詞或代詞后作定語(yǔ)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday.
Who would do such a thing but Peter?
Except for和apart from表示不包含的意義,所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),主要用于狀語(yǔ),以修飾全句,意為“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一個(gè)相反的細(xì)節(jié)或原因,因而部分
地修正了全句的主要意思。
Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
Except for和but for表示不包含的意義,可以引導(dǎo)有否定意義的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Except for / But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
except 指從整體中除去一部分,而besides則表示“除……之外還有……”的意義。
Nobody was late except me.
He had few friends besides us.
表示超過(guò)或不足的介詞有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如:
beyond description 難以形容
below / under the average 低于平均水平
表示狀態(tài)的介詞有:at, off, in, under, out of等,如:
on fire 著火
off duty 下班
out of fashion 過(guò)時(shí)
表示支持的with, for和表示反對(duì)的against.
I‘m with you in all you say.
Are you for or against the plan?
介詞的搭配
1.介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配
同一介詞可以與不同的動(dòng)詞搭配,表示不同的意思。以of為例:
Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him. (使……想起)
Have you ever heard of such a thing? (聽(tīng)說(shuō))
She often spoke of her life in China. (談起)
The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (搶劫)
Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
同一動(dòng)詞可以與不同的介詞搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look為例:
Look after the children. (照顧)
He looked at the timetable. (看)
What are you looking for? (尋找)
The police are looking into the case. (調(diào)查)
在許多動(dòng)詞 + 介詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞實(shí)際上是動(dòng)詞的一部分,與動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
2.介詞與形容詞的搭配
介詞短語(yǔ)是形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的一種,下面介紹幾個(gè)常與形容詞搭配的介詞。
at⑴ 表示對(duì)某種因素在情緒上的反應(yīng),如:I am angry at their not telling me. 這類形容詞還有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等;⑵表示在某方面的能力,如: He‘s good at tennis. 這類形容詞還有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
in表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.這類形容詞還有:lacking, interested, efficient, lucky等。
about表示對(duì)象,如:I am curious about her motives.這類形容詞還有:certain, careful,
careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
to表示目標(biāo),如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.這類形容詞還有:acceptable,
answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
with 表示伴隨,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.這類形容詞還有:complete, content, angry ,busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
for⑴表示對(duì)象,如:We are eager for news.這類形容詞還有:bound, adequate, famous, fit,
necessary, sorry, ready等;⑵表示分離,如:She was absent from the meeting.這類形容詞還有:
free, different, separate, safe等。
3.介詞與名詞的搭配
介詞與名詞的搭配常常用在由動(dòng)詞、形容詞等轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的名詞的后面。如:
We can‘t ignore their concern for the matter.
His absence from school was caused by illness.
The cost of food is rising. (定語(yǔ))
She was ill during the meeting. (狀語(yǔ))
I found him in very good shape. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
通常介詞可分為四類:
簡(jiǎn)單介詞:at, in, from, on;
復(fù)合介詞:upon, inside, outside;
雙重介詞:from behind, from among;
短語(yǔ)介詞:in case of, according to.
介詞的意義
1.表示時(shí)間的介詞
in表示“在某一時(shí)間段”,或“在……某一時(shí)候”,如用在月、季、年份、時(shí)代、世紀(jì)等時(shí)間名詞的前面,或用來(lái)泛指一天的某一段時(shí)間。
in July / summer / 2000 / ancient times / the 1999‘s
in the morning / afternoon / evening
in也可以指“在……之后”,表示從說(shuō)話起的若干時(shí)間內(nèi),如:
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
on表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于帶有修飾語(yǔ)的一天的某個(gè)時(shí)間段之前。如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
at表示“在某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,或用來(lái)表示不確定的時(shí)間和短期的假日、時(shí)節(jié)等。如:
at six o‘clock, at Easter
介詞over, through(out)兩者均指“經(jīng)過(guò)的全部時(shí)間”。
Stay over the Christmas.
介詞for, since for表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的全部時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度,為“長(zhǎng)達(dá)……”之意;since
用于指從過(guò)去特定的某個(gè)時(shí)刻到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間;兩者往往用于完成時(shí)。
I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
during指“在……時(shí)期/時(shí)間內(nèi)”,必須以表示一段時(shí)間的詞或詞組作賓語(yǔ)。
She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
介詞above, over, on, on top of.Above和below分別表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指
垂直方向上的上下;over和under分別表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of和
beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接觸”意義上的上下。以上三對(duì)介詞互為反義詞。
The temple stands on top of the hill.
The pen is beneath the book.
There is a lamp over the desk.
介詞at指小地點(diǎn)或集會(huì)場(chǎng)合;on表示線或面上的位置;in表示在立體、區(qū)域或環(huán)境內(nèi),
特別是那些較大,能夠容納相應(yīng)事物的環(huán)境。
He works at Peking University.
Your radio is on the desk.
The boat is in the lake.
介詞in, on, off, to表示相當(dāng)于某個(gè)區(qū)域或某個(gè)物體的位置關(guān)系:in表示在區(qū)域的里面;on表示在區(qū)域的邊界附近,可以是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分或相互接壤;off也表示在區(qū)域的
邊界附近,但一般不是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分;to表示在區(qū)域的邊界更遠(yuǎn)些的附近,所以不是屬于這個(gè)區(qū)域的一部分或不相互接壤。
Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.
Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.
介詞between用來(lái)說(shuō)明“在……兩者之間”或“三個(gè)以上人物或事物中的兩者之間的相互關(guān)系”;among用來(lái)說(shuō)明“在……兩者以上之間”的相互關(guān)系;amid(amidst)和among都可
以用來(lái)表示沒(méi)有確定數(shù)目的物體之間的相互關(guān)系,amid多用于正式文體。
There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
介詞about, (all) over, (all) through, throughout都可以表示“在……范圍內(nèi)到處”,“遍布”
的意義。
After meal I wandered alone about the town.
介詞in front of和behind指前、后的相對(duì)位置。
She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
介詞round, pass指“繞過(guò)”;其中pass指“從……旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)”;through指“從……之中
穿過(guò)“。
The movie theater is round the corner.
He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
3.表示原因的介詞
for常常表示褒貶、獎(jiǎng)懲的原因或心理原因。
They will reward you for your help.
due to常常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)形容詞性的短語(yǔ),作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
from和out of常常表示動(dòng)機(jī)或原因;through表示消極或間接的原因。
He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4.表示目的的介詞
for表示擬定的接收人或目的;to表示實(shí)際的接收人或目的。
I bought the gift for my little sister.
I gave the gift to my little sister.
for和to都可以引導(dǎo)目的地。For跟在含有出發(fā)或開(kāi)始意義的動(dòng)詞后,如:leave, set out,
start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有來(lái)來(lái)往往地行動(dòng)的意義的動(dòng)詞后,如:go, come, run ,walk,
move, fly, drive, ride等。
We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America via Hong Kong.
at表示起因;on表示依據(jù)。
She is quite pleased at his help.
Ken was arrested on a charge of that.
at還可引導(dǎo)行為的目標(biāo)或精力的集中點(diǎn)。
He shot at the bird.
5.表示“關(guān)于……”的介詞
一般about用于比較隨便的談話或非正式的文體;on用于正式的講話、著作或報(bào)告中;of用于動(dòng)詞talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如:
What are you talking about?
A paper on serfdom in Russian
In terms of natural resources
6.表示原料的介詞
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性質(zhì);with表示制成產(chǎn)品的一種成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性質(zhì);in表示制成品的材料的色調(diào)或特殊性。
His house was built of brick.
She made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
A fruitcake is made with fruit.
Steel is made from iron.
We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
7.表示價(jià)格的介詞
at和for都可表示價(jià)格,at僅表示價(jià)格,for還表示“交換”,如:
Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
I bought it for five pounds.
8.表示其它意義的介詞
in spite of, despite, for(all…), with(all…)等表示讓步意義的介詞。其中:despite較為正式,
in spite of較為普遍,for/with(all…)較為口語(yǔ)化。
In spite of / despite the bad weather 盡管天氣不好
For / with all his shortcomings 盡管他有許多缺點(diǎn)
Except和but表示不包含的意義,只是單純地將其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一個(gè)集體的名詞或代詞后作定語(yǔ)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday.
Who would do such a thing but Peter?
Except for和apart from表示不包含的意義,所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),主要用于狀語(yǔ),以修飾全句,意為“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一個(gè)相反的細(xì)節(jié)或原因,因而部分
地修正了全句的主要意思。
Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
Except for和but for表示不包含的意義,可以引導(dǎo)有否定意義的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Except for / But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
except 指從整體中除去一部分,而besides則表示“除……之外還有……”的意義。
Nobody was late except me.
He had few friends besides us.
表示超過(guò)或不足的介詞有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如:
beyond description 難以形容
below / under the average 低于平均水平
表示狀態(tài)的介詞有:at, off, in, under, out of等,如:
on fire 著火
off duty 下班
out of fashion 過(guò)時(shí)
表示支持的with, for和表示反對(duì)的against.
I‘m with you in all you say.
Are you for or against the plan?
介詞的搭配
1.介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配
同一介詞可以與不同的動(dòng)詞搭配,表示不同的意思。以of為例:
Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him. (使……想起)
Have you ever heard of such a thing? (聽(tīng)說(shuō))
She often spoke of her life in China. (談起)
The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (搶劫)
Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
同一動(dòng)詞可以與不同的介詞搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look為例:
Look after the children. (照顧)
He looked at the timetable. (看)
What are you looking for? (尋找)
The police are looking into the case. (調(diào)查)
在許多動(dòng)詞 + 介詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞實(shí)際上是動(dòng)詞的一部分,與動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
2.介詞與形容詞的搭配
介詞短語(yǔ)是形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的一種,下面介紹幾個(gè)常與形容詞搭配的介詞。
at⑴ 表示對(duì)某種因素在情緒上的反應(yīng),如:I am angry at their not telling me. 這類形容詞還有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等;⑵表示在某方面的能力,如: He‘s good at tennis. 這類形容詞還有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
in表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.這類形容詞還有:lacking, interested, efficient, lucky等。
about表示對(duì)象,如:I am curious about her motives.這類形容詞還有:certain, careful,
careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
to表示目標(biāo),如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.這類形容詞還有:acceptable,
answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
with 表示伴隨,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.這類形容詞還有:complete, content, angry ,busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
for⑴表示對(duì)象,如:We are eager for news.這類形容詞還有:bound, adequate, famous, fit,
necessary, sorry, ready等;⑵表示分離,如:She was absent from the meeting.這類形容詞還有:
free, different, separate, safe等。
3.介詞與名詞的搭配
介詞與名詞的搭配常常用在由動(dòng)詞、形容詞等轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的名詞的后面。如:
We can‘t ignore their concern for the matter.
His absence from school was caused by illness.