Why Antarctica Is Being Explored為什么要勘探南極洲
1. When the United States was born, the continent of Antarctica was as remote as the moon—more so, in a way, because the moon was clearly visible and the very existence of Antarctica was uncertain. But now that remote land area is so attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use. The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies.
1、在美國誕生之時，對人們來說南極洲就像月球一樣遙遠—從某種角度說，甚至更遠，因為月亮清楚可見，而南極大陸是否真實存在還無法確定。但是今天，這塊遙遠的陸地已變得如此觸之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一個國際公約的保護，使其免于成為國家間競相搶奪的對象，而是對所有國家開放，供大家共同開發(fā)和利用。這個公約甚至被視為一個范本，適用于月球和其他天體的開發(fā)。
2. Yet many people, thinking of the distant continent only as a bleak, rocky, cold and inhospitable land mass, may wonder: Why all the fuss? Why protect something so unpromising?
2、至今仍有很多人認為這塊遙遠的大陸僅僅是一大片荒涼、寒冷、巖石林立、根本無法居住的土地。他們可能很奇怪：為什么如此小題大做?為什么要保護這樣一塊毫無前途的土地?
3. The answer lies in a number of factors, not the least of which is isolation itself. Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface, but—until recent years—was the least studied. More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.
3、這些問題的答案由許多因素所決定，并不僅僅是這塊大陸本身與世隔絕這么簡單。南極洲是地球表面上一塊巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人類的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南極洲對全人類來說都非常重要。
4. A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate the significance of this peculiar continent. The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere is preponderantly water—the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific, the unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world. Although much of South America, parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator, most of the world's land lies north of the line.
4、仔細觀察地球儀也許能幫助我們了解這個神奇大陸的重要性。地球儀顯示，水在整個南半球占絕對優(yōu)勢—包括大西洋和太平洋最廣闊的部分以及環(huán)抱地球的南極海洋。盡管絕大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整個澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陸地還是分布在赤道以北。
5. Antarctica stood in splendid—even awesome—isolation from the rest of the world for countless years. Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know. On the continent itself are a few insects, some lichens and mosses, but nothing else that is land supported. However, there are amphibious penguins and seals and a rich marine life, ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the biggest creature the world has ever known, the blue whale.
5、南極洲的壯麗引人敬畏，在無數(shù)的歲月里，它就這樣孤獨傲立于世界。和人們已熟知的北極區(qū)域一樣，它那令人難以親近的氣候和狂野的海浪使得陸地動物無法遷移至此和繁衍。依附于南極洲陸地生存的只有很少的一些昆蟲、地衣和苔蘚。然而，這里卻有著兩棲的企鵝和海豹以及豐富的海洋生命—包括從被稱為浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上的動物藍鯨。、
6. The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas （the high seas excepted） below latitude 60 degrees south. This line, running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself, just misses the lower tip of South America, and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent, but the waters here are known to mariners as "the screaming Sixties" because there is so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.
6、《南極洲公約》適用于除公海以外位于南緯60度以南的所有區(qū)域。南緯60度線距南極點大約2000英里，它環(huán)繞地球，剛好錯過南美洲的最南端，遠在好望角和新西蘭之南。該線和南極洲之間分布著一些小島，但是，這里的海域被水手們稱為“狂嘯的60度”，因為這里障礙物很少，阻擋不了“世界環(huán)風”。
7. In contrast, in the northern hemisphere, the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia, Siberia and Alaska, all of Greenland and Iceland, with a total population of several million. Great mountains help subdue the winds; a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region. This, and the presence of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass, give the area a markedly different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole.
7、與之相對的北半球，北緯60度平行線以北區(qū)域，包括斯堪的納維亞半島、西伯利亞和阿拉斯加的大部分地區(qū)，以及格陵蘭島和冰島的全部，人口總數(shù)幾百萬。高山阻礙了風的前進；墨西哥灣流和部分日本洋流使這里的極地寒冷空氣有所緩和；再加上北冰洋又處在大塊陸地的中央。這一切使得這塊區(qū)域相對于地球另一端來說，在構(gòu)架和氣候方面存在顯著的不同。
8. Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock, filled and overflowing with a load of ice. In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of the Alps, yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.
8、南極洲看似一個巨大的石盆，被冰所覆蓋。大陸的中心幾乎與阿爾卑斯山等高，然而，超聲探測顯示，巖石底部的許多地點都低于海平面。
9. Actually, the ice accumulation is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago. Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was, and as a result there are patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland. They were scoured clear of soil ages ago, but one may sometimes find moss or lichens growing, though virtually no flowering plants.
9、事實上，與1000年前相比，這些冰的堆積物減少了許多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已經(jīng)不像以前那么多了，在海岸邊和陸地上留下一片片*露的巖石。很多年前這里的土壤已經(jīng)被沖刷干凈，實際上已找不到開花植物的蹤影，但有時還能發(fā)現(xiàn)地衣和苔蘚。
10. In all this barrenness and cold, what is there of value? First, Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents. Coal—much of it of poor quality—has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst. A writer has found a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper. These finds are important only as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile, and such a systematic effort has begun under SCAR （the Special Committee on Antarctic Research）. This group is an outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year （I.G.Y.）; but its program has broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology.
10、這樣一個空曠寒冷的地方，到底有什么價值?首先，南極洲的地下一定有能與其它幾個主要大陸相媲美的礦產(chǎn)資源。在被稱為南極大地壘的山脈附近，沿線2000英里范圍內(nèi)已有多處找到了煤，盡管大多數(shù)質(zhì)量很差。一名作家還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個不大的錳礦堆積體和一些粘染有鈾痕跡或者帶著銅綠斑痕的礦石標本。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性在于它表明在這一地區(qū)進行深入的勘探是很有價值的，并且在“南極洲研究特別委員會（SCAR）”的指導下，系統(tǒng)的工作已經(jīng)開始了。這個組織是國際地球物理學年會（LGY）的一個派生機構(gòu)，但是它的項目已經(jīng)從地球物理學拓展到地圖測繪和生物學。
11. There are other possible economic values. Several intercontinental air routes lie across portions of Antarctica. Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas; the Russians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea "farming."
11、除此之外還有其他的經(jīng)濟價值。有數(shù)條洲際航線經(jīng)過南極上空；在南極海洋的浮游植物里已發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些前所未知的抗生素；據(jù)報道，俄國人要將鯡魚苗倒進海洋，嘗試在南極“放養(yǎng)”。
12. But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research—from the common cold to problems of outer space. The former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound, where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.
12、但是，就近期看來，南極洲的重要價值卻存在于其他的研究領域：從普通的感冒到外層空間的問題。對于感冒的研究已經(jīng)在位于麥克默多灣（McMurdo Sound）的生物學實驗室里緊鑼密鼓地進行，一群完全與外界隔絕的科學組織的人員正從流行病學的角度尋找一些特殊的病毒。
13. Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being pressed. There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator; some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.
13、對于氣候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速進行。毫無疑問，在氣候方面南極洲扮演著一個重要的角色，與生活在赤道以南的人們息息相關；甚至有人認為它的影響也同樣波及到了北半球。
14. As to space research, there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation. Here is a firmly fixed point, in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole; from it all directions are north, and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point directly overhead. The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y. and has maintained it ever since.
14、在空間研究方面，南極是地球上最適宜的進行觀察的地方。與北極上；覆蓋的漂流浮冰相比，這里是一個穩(wěn)定的點。這里所有的方向都是北，在長達六個月的黑夜中，星星圍繞的中心點就在頭頂。1957年，美國為國際地球物理學年會在此處建立了一個觀測站，并且一直維持至今。
15. Now it is an ideal space tracking station. Any vehicle on a mission in the southern half of the heavens remains continuously "visible" to an antenna at the pole. Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.
15、現(xiàn)在，這里是最理想的空間跟蹤站。在南半球的太空中執(zhí)行任務的所有飛行器都可被極點上的天線持續(xù)追蹤。同時，這個觀測站還在監(jiān)視兩極軌道上的地球衛(wèi)星方面發(fā)揮不可替代的作用。
16. Such satellites—maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them—cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation, communications and other tasks. The South Pole would be the check point on each circuit, snatching the data from space, processing them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.
16、這些衛(wèi)星處在平穩(wěn)旋轉(zhuǎn)的地球上空，幾乎可以對全球的所有地區(qū)進行穩(wěn)定的掃描，因此能很好地完成氣象觀察、通訊以及其它任務。南極點將成為這些衛(wèi)星環(huán)球軌跡的檢查站，從太空采集數(shù)據(jù)、通過電腦在幾秒鐘之內(nèi)處理數(shù)據(jù)，并傳送到世界各地。
17. On all these counts, the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed. But essentially their argument is a simple one. The great continent to the south is still largely unknown. In the quest for fundamental knowledge, which is the heart and soul so all science, it cannot be ignored.
17、綜上所述，科學家們認為應當進行南極勘探，同時需要大量的資金。但是，他們最根本的論據(jù)很簡單：南方的這塊大陸在很大程度上仍是個迷。為了探索基礎知識—而探索基礎知識也正是科學的核心和靈魂所在—這個地區(qū)不容忽視。
1. When the United States was born, the continent of Antarctica was as remote as the moon—more so, in a way, because the moon was clearly visible and the very existence of Antarctica was uncertain. But now that remote land area is so attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use. The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies.
1、在美國誕生之時，對人們來說南極洲就像月球一樣遙遠—從某種角度說，甚至更遠，因為月亮清楚可見，而南極大陸是否真實存在還無法確定。但是今天，這塊遙遠的陸地已變得如此觸之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一個國際公約的保護，使其免于成為國家間競相搶奪的對象，而是對所有國家開放，供大家共同開發(fā)和利用。這個公約甚至被視為一個范本，適用于月球和其他天體的開發(fā)。
2. Yet many people, thinking of the distant continent only as a bleak, rocky, cold and inhospitable land mass, may wonder: Why all the fuss? Why protect something so unpromising?
2、至今仍有很多人認為這塊遙遠的大陸僅僅是一大片荒涼、寒冷、巖石林立、根本無法居住的土地。他們可能很奇怪：為什么如此小題大做?為什么要保護這樣一塊毫無前途的土地?
3. The answer lies in a number of factors, not the least of which is isolation itself. Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface, but—until recent years—was the least studied. More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.
3、這些問題的答案由許多因素所決定，并不僅僅是這塊大陸本身與世隔絕這么簡單。南極洲是地球表面上一塊巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人類的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南極洲對全人類來說都非常重要。
4. A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate the significance of this peculiar continent. The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere is preponderantly water—the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific, the unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world. Although much of South America, parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator, most of the world's land lies north of the line.
4、仔細觀察地球儀也許能幫助我們了解這個神奇大陸的重要性。地球儀顯示，水在整個南半球占絕對優(yōu)勢—包括大西洋和太平洋最廣闊的部分以及環(huán)抱地球的南極海洋。盡管絕大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整個澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陸地還是分布在赤道以北。
5. Antarctica stood in splendid—even awesome—isolation from the rest of the world for countless years. Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know. On the continent itself are a few insects, some lichens and mosses, but nothing else that is land supported. However, there are amphibious penguins and seals and a rich marine life, ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the biggest creature the world has ever known, the blue whale.
5、南極洲的壯麗引人敬畏，在無數(shù)的歲月里，它就這樣孤獨傲立于世界。和人們已熟知的北極區(qū)域一樣，它那令人難以親近的氣候和狂野的海浪使得陸地動物無法遷移至此和繁衍。依附于南極洲陸地生存的只有很少的一些昆蟲、地衣和苔蘚。然而，這里卻有著兩棲的企鵝和海豹以及豐富的海洋生命—包括從被稱為浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上的動物藍鯨。、
6. The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas （the high seas excepted） below latitude 60 degrees south. This line, running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself, just misses the lower tip of South America, and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent, but the waters here are known to mariners as "the screaming Sixties" because there is so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.
6、《南極洲公約》適用于除公海以外位于南緯60度以南的所有區(qū)域。南緯60度線距南極點大約2000英里，它環(huán)繞地球，剛好錯過南美洲的最南端，遠在好望角和新西蘭之南。該線和南極洲之間分布著一些小島，但是，這里的海域被水手們稱為“狂嘯的60度”，因為這里障礙物很少，阻擋不了“世界環(huán)風”。
7. In contrast, in the northern hemisphere, the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia, Siberia and Alaska, all of Greenland and Iceland, with a total population of several million. Great mountains help subdue the winds; a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region. This, and the presence of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass, give the area a markedly different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole.
7、與之相對的北半球，北緯60度平行線以北區(qū)域，包括斯堪的納維亞半島、西伯利亞和阿拉斯加的大部分地區(qū)，以及格陵蘭島和冰島的全部，人口總數(shù)幾百萬。高山阻礙了風的前進；墨西哥灣流和部分日本洋流使這里的極地寒冷空氣有所緩和；再加上北冰洋又處在大塊陸地的中央。這一切使得這塊區(qū)域相對于地球另一端來說，在構(gòu)架和氣候方面存在顯著的不同。
8. Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock, filled and overflowing with a load of ice. In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of the Alps, yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.
8、南極洲看似一個巨大的石盆，被冰所覆蓋。大陸的中心幾乎與阿爾卑斯山等高，然而，超聲探測顯示，巖石底部的許多地點都低于海平面。
9. Actually, the ice accumulation is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago. Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was, and as a result there are patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland. They were scoured clear of soil ages ago, but one may sometimes find moss or lichens growing, though virtually no flowering plants.
9、事實上，與1000年前相比，這些冰的堆積物減少了許多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已經(jīng)不像以前那么多了，在海岸邊和陸地上留下一片片*露的巖石。很多年前這里的土壤已經(jīng)被沖刷干凈，實際上已找不到開花植物的蹤影，但有時還能發(fā)現(xiàn)地衣和苔蘚。
10. In all this barrenness and cold, what is there of value? First, Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents. Coal—much of it of poor quality—has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst. A writer has found a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper. These finds are important only as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile, and such a systematic effort has begun under SCAR （the Special Committee on Antarctic Research）. This group is an outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year （I.G.Y.）; but its program has broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology.
10、這樣一個空曠寒冷的地方，到底有什么價值?首先，南極洲的地下一定有能與其它幾個主要大陸相媲美的礦產(chǎn)資源。在被稱為南極大地壘的山脈附近，沿線2000英里范圍內(nèi)已有多處找到了煤，盡管大多數(shù)質(zhì)量很差。一名作家還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個不大的錳礦堆積體和一些粘染有鈾痕跡或者帶著銅綠斑痕的礦石標本。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性在于它表明在這一地區(qū)進行深入的勘探是很有價值的，并且在“南極洲研究特別委員會（SCAR）”的指導下，系統(tǒng)的工作已經(jīng)開始了。這個組織是國際地球物理學年會（LGY）的一個派生機構(gòu)，但是它的項目已經(jīng)從地球物理學拓展到地圖測繪和生物學。
11. There are other possible economic values. Several intercontinental air routes lie across portions of Antarctica. Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas; the Russians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea "farming."
11、除此之外還有其他的經(jīng)濟價值。有數(shù)條洲際航線經(jīng)過南極上空；在南極海洋的浮游植物里已發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些前所未知的抗生素；據(jù)報道，俄國人要將鯡魚苗倒進海洋，嘗試在南極“放養(yǎng)”。
12. But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research—from the common cold to problems of outer space. The former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound, where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.
12、但是，就近期看來，南極洲的重要價值卻存在于其他的研究領域：從普通的感冒到外層空間的問題。對于感冒的研究已經(jīng)在位于麥克默多灣（McMurdo Sound）的生物學實驗室里緊鑼密鼓地進行，一群完全與外界隔絕的科學組織的人員正從流行病學的角度尋找一些特殊的病毒。
13. Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being pressed. There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator; some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.
13、對于氣候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速進行。毫無疑問，在氣候方面南極洲扮演著一個重要的角色，與生活在赤道以南的人們息息相關；甚至有人認為它的影響也同樣波及到了北半球。
14. As to space research, there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation. Here is a firmly fixed point, in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole; from it all directions are north, and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point directly overhead. The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y. and has maintained it ever since.
14、在空間研究方面，南極是地球上最適宜的進行觀察的地方。與北極上；覆蓋的漂流浮冰相比，這里是一個穩(wěn)定的點。這里所有的方向都是北，在長達六個月的黑夜中，星星圍繞的中心點就在頭頂。1957年，美國為國際地球物理學年會在此處建立了一個觀測站，并且一直維持至今。
15. Now it is an ideal space tracking station. Any vehicle on a mission in the southern half of the heavens remains continuously "visible" to an antenna at the pole. Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.
15、現(xiàn)在，這里是最理想的空間跟蹤站。在南半球的太空中執(zhí)行任務的所有飛行器都可被極點上的天線持續(xù)追蹤。同時，這個觀測站還在監(jiān)視兩極軌道上的地球衛(wèi)星方面發(fā)揮不可替代的作用。
16. Such satellites—maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them—cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation, communications and other tasks. The South Pole would be the check point on each circuit, snatching the data from space, processing them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.
16、這些衛(wèi)星處在平穩(wěn)旋轉(zhuǎn)的地球上空，幾乎可以對全球的所有地區(qū)進行穩(wěn)定的掃描，因此能很好地完成氣象觀察、通訊以及其它任務。南極點將成為這些衛(wèi)星環(huán)球軌跡的檢查站，從太空采集數(shù)據(jù)、通過電腦在幾秒鐘之內(nèi)處理數(shù)據(jù)，并傳送到世界各地。
17. On all these counts, the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed. But essentially their argument is a simple one. The great continent to the south is still largely unknown. In the quest for fundamental knowledge, which is the heart and soul so all science, it cannot be ignored.
17、綜上所述，科學家們認為應當進行南極勘探，同時需要大量的資金。但是，他們最根本的論據(jù)很簡單：南方的這塊大陸在很大程度上仍是個迷。為了探索基礎知識—而探索基礎知識也正是科學的核心和靈魂所在—這個地區(qū)不容忽視。