第五節(jié)六級(jí)作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
六級(jí)考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級(jí)為100詞)。從近幾年實(shí)考看,四、六級(jí)均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個(gè)英文標(biāo)題下面用漢語(yǔ)給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
六級(jí)考試作文評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(一) 評(píng)分原則
1. CET是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求,對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。
2. CET作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。
3. 從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。
(二) 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 本題滿分為15分。
2 閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。
3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分,若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分);若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
4 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
5分——基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
8分——基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,文字勉強(qiáng)連貫;語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多,其中有一些是嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
11分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
14分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給0分]
5 字?jǐn)?shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)CET4〖〗CET6扣分99~99〖〗110~119〖〗180~89〖〗100~109〖〗270~79〖〗90~99〖〗360~69〖〗80~89〖〗550~59〖〗70~79〖〗7<49〖〗<69〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。
2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?,F(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當(dāng)于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當(dāng)于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗1得分率〖〗100〖〗94〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
1 作文分低分定為6分。
2 考生作文分為0分時(shí),若總分高于60分,一律按59分報(bào)道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報(bào)道。
3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時(shí),則按下列公式報(bào)道成績(jī):
后報(bào)道分=原計(jì)算總分-6分+實(shí)得作文分。
應(yīng)試技巧
(一) 審題與構(gòu)思
拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標(biāo)題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對(duì)標(biāo)題中某個(gè)詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語(yǔ)提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實(shí)考評(píng)卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標(biāo)題中的某個(gè)詞,造成偏離題目的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。其實(shí)只要細(xì)心點(diǎn),這種情況就不會(huì)發(fā)生??辞鍢?biāo)題之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(diǎn)(句),段落之間如何過(guò)渡等。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(二) 開(kāi)端
文章的開(kāi)端很重要,俗話說(shuō)“萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難”,一個(gè)好的起始句往往能夠打開(kāi)思路。由于四、六級(jí)作文多為議論文和說(shuō)明文,且為短文,“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”直入話題為使用多開(kāi)篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點(diǎn),請(qǐng)參閱四、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開(kāi)頭?!伴_(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對(duì)跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開(kāi)頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個(gè)有點(diǎn)新意的開(kāi)頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開(kāi)頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財(cái)) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays, many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個(gè)不同凡響的開(kāi)頭,這篇作文已給評(píng)卷者一個(gè)很好的印象。當(dāng)然,除了“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”式的開(kāi)頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開(kāi)頭。比如,我們可以用一個(gè)具體事例開(kāi)頭或描述一個(gè)場(chǎng)景開(kāi)頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語(yǔ)提綱“有人認(rèn)為幸運(yùn)數(shù)字能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)”這句話翻譯了一下作為開(kāi)端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個(gè)比較生動(dòng)的開(kāi)頭。總之文無(wú)定法,文章的開(kāi)頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目?jī)?nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開(kāi)頭方式。
(三) 展開(kāi)
有了一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點(diǎn),展開(kāi)段落。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段的提綱就像一個(gè)主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說(shuō)明闡釋。四、六級(jí)考試的作文是短文,不需要長(zhǎng)篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點(diǎn),想好每段要寫的幾個(gè)句子。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段只需寫4~5句即可達(dá)到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。有些考生以為寫得長(zhǎng)就是好,盲目追求字?jǐn)?shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達(dá)意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評(píng)分,主要在于文章句子的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,字?jǐn)?shù)的多少并不成為評(píng)分時(shí)的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)。依實(shí)考評(píng)卷的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,除非考生作文字?jǐn)?shù)明顯太少,一般很少因?yàn)樽謹(jǐn)?shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字?jǐn)?shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點(diǎn)的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
(四) 遣詞造句
考生在寫作時(shí),要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認(rèn)真考慮寫好每一個(gè)句子。這是清楚表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。四、六級(jí)作文考的是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力,評(píng)分從語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實(shí)際操作中更加偏重于從語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量角度評(píng)判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá),避免詞不達(dá)意,減少出錯(cuò)的頻率。如果表達(dá)時(shí)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)詞匯不會(huì)或想不起來(lái),不如換一種說(shuō)法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達(dá)的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問(wèn)句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z(yǔ),詞組可為文章增加亮點(diǎn)。
(五) 復(fù)查與修改
這是寫作考試時(shí)一個(gè)必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時(shí),考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無(wú)語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯(cuò)誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤等明顯的錯(cuò)誤,都可以通過(guò)復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解
大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),平時(shí)多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語(yǔ),就能夠在相對(duì)短的時(shí)間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們?cè)诜治鰵v年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
(一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
模式之一:1有人認(rèn)為…
2有人認(rèn)為(不同式相反的觀點(diǎn))
3我的觀點(diǎn)
這是六級(jí)考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對(duì)某種問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對(duì)此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)或評(píng)述。如1999年6月作文題:
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
1有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇
2有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書
3我的看法
由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個(gè)套路來(lái)構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
參考套路①
Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
參考套路②
When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
參考套路③
Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點(diǎn)
2某事某物的副作用/帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3如何處理/看待
這也是六級(jí)作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負(fù)面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問(wèn)題,或者談自己的看法、體會(huì)。如1996年1月作文題:
The Twoday Weekend
1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的好處
2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3我應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣過(guò)好雙休日
參考套路:
...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
(二) 六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)
(1)表示列舉他人的觀點(diǎn)、看法:
● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
● Which opinion is right / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
● It is true that..., but...
● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
● Im in favor of the latter.
● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
(3) 表示引入要討論的問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象:
● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discussion on/ about/ whether...
● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
● It is generally believed that...
● With the development of national economy...
● With the progress of science and technology...
● With the quickening pace of modern life...
● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
(4) 表示陳述原因:
● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
● The reasons for this are as follows.
● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
● There are several reasons why...
● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
● It is due to several factors.
● ..., for they think that...
● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):
● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
● It contributes to ...
● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
● It does harm / good to ...
● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
(6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
● What should we do to solve the problem?
● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
● The solution to this problem is to / that...
● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
● We should take immediate action to ...
● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
(7) 表示重要、必要:
● It is indispensable to our life.
● Its an indispensable part of ...
● It plays an important part.
● ××× is of vital importance.
● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
(8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
● Only in this way can we...
● Only when we... can we...
(三) 六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)
(1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
(2) 遞進(jìn),附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
(3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
(4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
(5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all
(6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example
(一) 四、六級(jí)閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略
四、六級(jí)考試閱讀理解篇章在選材上多論說(shuō)文和說(shuō)明文,通過(guò)對(duì)歷年四、六級(jí)文章的分析,我們歸納出一些出現(xiàn)頻率高的行文模式,熟悉這些典型模式,對(duì)考生的閱讀理解大有幫助。
Argumentation(論說(shuō)文類)
模式一:駁論:a 介紹一種對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的流行看法
b 提出疑問(wèn)或直接表明不同觀點(diǎn)
c 用事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明,支持自己的論點(diǎn)
Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry” in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良) in “hungry nations,” the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
This means one has to feed approximately 910 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass, As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life.
Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.
Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?
本篇談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)家禽的工廠化養(yǎng)殖問(wèn)題。首先,作者引出從事家禽工廠化養(yǎng)殖的人對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的態(tài)度,認(rèn)為“食品緊張的國(guó)家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的進(jìn)步上獲益甚多。”接著作者,對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)提出了反駁,認(rèn)為“工廠化養(yǎng)殖加劇了食品緊張的國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足問(wèn)題?!比缓?,作者以論據(jù)證明其理由。
模式之二:立論(正面論證)a. 引入一種觀點(diǎn)
b. 用事實(shí)或他人的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)。
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation. but custom. we have a way of thinking. is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact. It is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影響的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式); his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(這種比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs. its impossibilities his impossibilities.
本篇談?wù)擄L(fēng)俗研究的重要性。首先作者介紹了目前流行的一般觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為風(fēng)俗研究不重要。而作者認(rèn)為正好相反,風(fēng)俗在人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及信仰中起著重要的作用。然后,作者對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)作了論證。
應(yīng)試技巧
閱讀該類型文章的注意要點(diǎn):
① 所引述的流行觀點(diǎn)或他人的觀點(diǎn)是什么?
② 作者是贊成還是反對(duì)?抑或是肯定一部分,否定一部分?來(lái)源:www.examda.com
③ 作者用什么來(lái)證明自己的觀點(diǎn),或用什么來(lái)反駁他人的觀點(diǎn)(事實(shí)、實(shí)例、專家的觀點(diǎn)等)。
說(shuō)明文類(Exposition)
模式之一:a 介紹事物或自然現(xiàn)象
b 說(shuō)明其發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼蟲(chóng)). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps(小蝦) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake. once every two to five years, these eggs hatch(孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 15 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females, Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil, On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud, Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egglaying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake; in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egglaying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
本文為典型的說(shuō)明文體。文章首先從沙漠植物談起,引入要說(shuō)明的事物“沙漠蝦”。然后談了蝦卵的孵化,蝦的獨(dú)特生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程以雨量充足與不足時(shí)的情況。
模式之二:a 介紹某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象
b探述其原因或者其各個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題
“There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,” declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an awayfromhome college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent, It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy(不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated(約會(huì)), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.”
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with“a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.
文章開(kāi)頭引用兩位專家的話指出“回巢”現(xiàn)象。接著,在第二段探討了這一現(xiàn)象的原因。在第三段,作者引用了教師的話談了“回巢”這一現(xiàn)象的利弊。后一段為結(jié)論。
應(yīng)試技巧
閱讀上述說(shuō)明文體的兩種模式文體時(shí)應(yīng)注意:這類文章的寫作方式重在presentation, 即呈現(xiàn)某種現(xiàn)象,狀況,陳述與其相關(guān)的諸方面。所以在閱讀中要著重把握。①談?wù)摰膶?duì)象是什么?②闡述該“對(duì)象”哪幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題?目錄
第一章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱透視()
第一節(jié)新大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱要覽()
第二節(jié)新舊大綱對(duì)比分析()
第二章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試概述()
第一節(jié)傳統(tǒng)題型及考試結(jié)構(gòu)()
第二節(jié)新題型()
第三節(jié)含新題型的試卷結(jié)構(gòu)排列組合()
第三章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試必備詞匯()
第四章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試聽(tīng)力指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)對(duì)話題型分析及應(yīng)試技巧()
第二節(jié)短文題型的應(yīng)試技巧()
第三節(jié)復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫()
一、實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
二、復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第四節(jié)聽(tīng)寫填空()來(lái)源:www.examda.com
一、聽(tīng)寫填空與復(fù)合或聽(tīng)寫比較()
二、聽(tīng)寫填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第五章六級(jí)考試閱讀指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)教學(xué)大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的具體要求()
第二節(jié)如何提高閱讀理解能力()
第三節(jié)閱讀理解題型分析及解題技巧()
第四節(jié)閱讀理解選擇題的設(shè)計(jì)及解題思路()
第五節(jié)四、六級(jí)閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略()
第六章詞匯、改錯(cuò)、完形填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)詞匯()
一、詞匯題的命題思路及側(cè)重點(diǎn)()
第二節(jié)綜合改錯(cuò)()
一、詞匯語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤()
二、邏輯錯(cuò)誤()
三、綜合改錯(cuò)應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第三節(jié)完形填空()
第七章簡(jiǎn)答題、英譯漢()
第一節(jié)簡(jiǎn)答題()
一、簡(jiǎn)答題問(wèn)題類型()
二、應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
三、簡(jiǎn)答題實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
第二節(jié)英譯漢()
一、英譯漢的命題特點(diǎn)()
二、英譯漢實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
三、英譯漢應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第八章六級(jí)作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)評(píng)分原則及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
一、評(píng)分原則()
二、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
三、關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定()
第二節(jié)四、六級(jí)考試作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第三節(jié)四、六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解()
一、典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路()
二、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)()
三、六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)()
第四節(jié)歷年作文題一覽()
(二)應(yīng)用提高階段
應(yīng)用提高階段的教學(xué)要求包括專門業(yè)英語(yǔ)(SubjectBased English,簡(jiǎn)稱SBE)和高級(jí)英語(yǔ)(Advanced English,簡(jiǎn)稱AE)兩部分。學(xué)生在完成基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),達(dá)到四級(jí)或六級(jí)后,都必須修讀專業(yè)英語(yǔ)。已達(dá)到六級(jí)要求且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,除修讀專業(yè)英語(yǔ)外,還可以選修高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,以進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力。
1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
1) 詞匯
領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握1000~1500本專業(yè)及與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的常用單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為300~500),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞和詞組不包括在內(nèi)),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力。
2) 閱讀能力
能順利閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的原版教科書、參考書及其他參考資料,能掌握其中心大意,抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘100~120詞。對(duì)其中重要的論著和文獻(xiàn)等材料能正確理解、抓住要點(diǎn),并能對(duì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘70詞。
3) 聽(tīng)的能力
能聽(tīng)懂與本專業(yè)有關(guān)、內(nèi)容比較熟悉、語(yǔ)速為每分鐘150~170詞的英語(yǔ)講課、會(huì)話、談話、報(bào)道和講座,能正確理解中心大意并抓住要點(diǎn)。
4) 說(shuō)的能力
能用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的一般性會(huì)話,經(jīng)過(guò)準(zhǔn)備,能就與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論、作簡(jiǎn)短的報(bào)告,表達(dá)思想清楚,語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)基本正確。
5) 寫的能力
能在閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的書面材料時(shí)做筆記、寫提綱、寫論文摘要和論文簡(jiǎn)介等,能在半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出150~180詞的有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的短文或信函。文理基本通順,表達(dá)意思清楚,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
6) 譯的能力
能借助詞典將有關(guān)專業(yè)的英語(yǔ)文章譯成漢語(yǔ),理解正確,譯文達(dá)意,譯速為每小時(shí)350英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的有關(guān)專業(yè)的漢語(yǔ)文字材料譯成英語(yǔ),譯文達(dá)意,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,譯速為每小時(shí)300~350漢字。
2高級(jí)英語(yǔ)
1) 詞匯
領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握6500單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為3300),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞包括在內(nèi),但不包括專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力。
2) 閱讀能力
能順利閱讀語(yǔ)言難度較高、內(nèi)容廣泛、體裁多樣的文章,掌握中心大意以及說(shuō)明中心大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié),領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,能就文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)、分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,能分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。能順利查閱和使用工具書、參考書及其他參考資料。在閱讀篇幅較長(zhǎng)、難度略低、生詞不超過(guò)總詞數(shù)3%的材料時(shí),能正確理解中心大意,抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘150詞。
3) 聽(tīng)的能力
能聽(tīng)懂題材熟悉、內(nèi)容廣泛、正常語(yǔ)速的英語(yǔ)講話、廣播、演講等,掌握其中心大意,抓住要點(diǎn)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),領(lǐng)會(huì)講話者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,并能進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括。
4) 說(shuō)的能力
能就各種熟悉的話題進(jìn)行口頭交際,能比較自如地表達(dá)思想,講話比較流暢,語(yǔ)音基本正確、語(yǔ)調(diào)自然。
5) 寫的能力
能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)做筆記、回答問(wèn)題、寫提綱和摘要,能在半小時(shí)內(nèi)就一定的話題、提綱、表格或圖示寫出180~200詞的短文,能寫報(bào)告、評(píng)論、發(fā)言稿和日常應(yīng)用文等,內(nèi)容完整,文理通順,表達(dá)思想清楚。
6) 譯的能力
能借助詞典將有一定難度的英語(yǔ)文章譯成漢語(yǔ),理解正確,譯文達(dá)意、語(yǔ)言通順,譯速為每小時(shí)400英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將題材熟悉的漢語(yǔ)文章譯成英語(yǔ),內(nèi)容完整,譯文達(dá)意,語(yǔ)言通順,譯速為每小時(shí)350漢字。
四、教學(xué)安排
(一) 基礎(chǔ)階段
基礎(chǔ)階段的教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)應(yīng)不少于280學(xué)時(shí),安排在第一至第四學(xué)期。每學(xué)期為一級(jí),每級(jí)約70學(xué)時(shí),每周應(yīng)不低于4學(xué)時(shí)。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)的比例應(yīng)不低于1∶2。學(xué)生入學(xué)時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)分級(jí)測(cè)試,按實(shí)際水平編入相應(yīng)級(jí)別學(xué)習(xí)。不同水平的學(xué)生應(yīng)從不同的級(jí)別開(kāi)始,一般學(xué)生從CEB1開(kāi)始,至CEB4結(jié)束;從CEB2或CEB3開(kāi)始的學(xué)生應(yīng)學(xué)完CEB5或CEB6?;A(chǔ)階段四個(gè)學(xué)期的英語(yǔ)課均為必修課。
每學(xué)期或每學(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)可根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)和實(shí)際語(yǔ)言能力進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整,成績(jī)優(yōu)秀、學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生經(jīng)高一級(jí)考試達(dá)到一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后可跳級(jí)。
(二) 應(yīng)用提高階段
1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
專業(yè)英語(yǔ)為必修課,可安排在第五至第七學(xué)期,教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)應(yīng)不少于100學(xué)時(shí),每周2學(xué)時(shí)。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)的比例就不低于1∶2。在第八學(xué)期還可繼續(xù)安排專業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀、專業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料翻譯、英文摘要寫作等。專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課原則上由專業(yè)教師承擔(dān),外語(yǔ)系(部、教研室)可根據(jù)具體情況予以配合和協(xié)助。
2高級(jí)英語(yǔ)
高級(jí)英語(yǔ)為選修課,各校可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,為達(dá)到六級(jí)的學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,以全面提高他們的英語(yǔ)水平??煽紤]開(kāi)設(shè)的課程有:高級(jí)聽(tīng)說(shuō)、高級(jí)寫作、高級(jí)閱讀、報(bào)刊選讀、翻譯技巧、英語(yǔ)口譯、英美文學(xué)欣賞、英美文化等。
(三) 預(yù)備階段
對(duì)低于本大綱入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,另設(shè)預(yù)備級(jí)(College English Preparatory Band,簡(jiǎn)稱CEPB)作為預(yù)備階段的教學(xué)要求。預(yù)備級(jí)以掌握基本的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)法,領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握1200個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為800)為起點(diǎn)。從預(yù)備級(jí)開(kāi)始的學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)四個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)達(dá)到三級(jí)要求。他們?cè)谌昙?jí)時(shí)還應(yīng)繼續(xù)修讀四級(jí),達(dá)到基礎(chǔ)階段規(guī)定的基本要求,為進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)水平打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)。
五、測(cè)試
(一) 測(cè)試是檢查教學(xué)大綱執(zhí)行情況、評(píng)估教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一種有效手段,是獲取教學(xué)反饋信息的主要來(lái)源和改時(shí)教學(xué)工作的重要依據(jù)。語(yǔ)言測(cè)試應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考核學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。測(cè)試要做到科學(xué)、公平和規(guī)范。
(二) 基礎(chǔ)階段各級(jí)教學(xué)結(jié)束時(shí)均應(yīng)安排考試,考試的命題應(yīng)以所學(xué)課本內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。基礎(chǔ)階段結(jié)束時(shí),按本大綱的基本要求和較高要求組織考試??荚囆问娇梢允菍W(xué)校自行命題考試、試題庫(kù)測(cè)試和全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試等。
(三) 應(yīng)用提高階段結(jié)束時(shí),可在四年級(jí)舉行畢業(yè)前的英語(yǔ)水平考試,按基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)和專業(yè)英語(yǔ)兩部分內(nèi)容命題。各??蓡为?dú)命題、組織考試,也可實(shí)行地區(qū)或校際聯(lián)考。
六、教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
(一) 重視打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),注意提高文化素養(yǎng)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)必須把重點(diǎn)放在打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)上。語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)包括語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,前者指語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法和詞匯等方面的知識(shí),后者指綜合運(yùn)用這些知識(shí)進(jìn)行讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯等語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)的能力。正確的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法、一定的詞匯量和熟練的詞匯運(yùn)用能力的提高有助于提高外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的效率,有利于提高語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的提高也必將促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的加深和鞏固。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)還應(yīng)有助于學(xué)生開(kāi)闊視野,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,加深對(duì)世界的了解,借鑒和吸收外國(guó)文化精華,提高文化素養(yǎng)。文化和語(yǔ)言有著密切的聯(lián)系,一定的文化背景知識(shí)有助于促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的提高。
(二) 堅(jiān)持分類要求和因材施教的原則
由于全國(guó)各類高等院校在辦學(xué)條件、師資力量、學(xué)生入學(xué)水平等方面存在著差異,即使同一學(xué)校的學(xué)生入學(xué)水平也不完全相同,因此要堅(jiān)持分類要求,因材施教。各校應(yīng)實(shí)事求是,根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平,參照本大綱列出的預(yù)備級(jí)、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)一至注六級(jí)、高級(jí)英語(yǔ)等各個(gè)級(jí)別確定自己的教學(xué)要求。對(duì)于已達(dá)到六級(jí)且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,各校應(yīng)努力為他們開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,使他們進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力。英語(yǔ)入學(xué)水平低于本大綱規(guī)定的入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,可從預(yù)備級(jí)開(kāi)始,通過(guò)四個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)達(dá)到三級(jí)要求,各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,采取適當(dāng)措施,使他們?cè)谌昙?jí)時(shí)繼續(xù)修讀四級(jí),以達(dá)到基礎(chǔ)階段的基本要求。入學(xué)水平明顯低于預(yù)備級(jí)入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生不列為本大綱的教學(xué)對(duì)象。
(三) 抓好高年級(jí)的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué),保證英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線
專業(yè)英語(yǔ)是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要組成部分,是促進(jìn)學(xué)生完成從學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)渡到實(shí)際應(yīng)用的有效途徑。各校均應(yīng)在三、四年級(jí)開(kāi)設(shè)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課,要逐步建立起一支相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課教師隊(duì)伍,成立由學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教師組成的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)小組,統(tǒng)籌、協(xié)調(diào)、檢查專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)方面的工作。要提倡在高年級(jí)專業(yè)課教學(xué)中每學(xué)期至少有一兩門課程使用英語(yǔ)教科書或參考書,鼓勵(lì)專業(yè)教師用英語(yǔ)講課;各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,在三、四年級(jí)開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,幫助學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生繼續(xù)提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力;各校還可能采取其他措施,為學(xué)生課外自學(xué)創(chuàng)造條件,從而切實(shí)保證大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線。
(四) 正確處理閱讀與聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯的關(guān)系
閱讀是掌握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)、獲取信息的重要渠道。閱讀能力是大部分大學(xué)生今后工作所需的主要語(yǔ)言技能。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中要始終注重閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。從語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的規(guī)律來(lái)看,英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力的提高是建立在大量的語(yǔ)言輸入,尤其是大量的閱讀的基礎(chǔ)之上的。但是,隨著國(guó)際交往的日益擴(kuò)大,全面提高大學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯等技能已越來(lái)越重要。同時(shí),英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力是各種語(yǔ)言技能的綜合反映,這些技能是相輔相成、互相促進(jìn)的。在具體的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯的訓(xùn)練可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)和需要有所側(cè)重,但要做到協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。在培養(yǎng)讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯各項(xiàng)技能時(shí),既要強(qiáng)調(diào)掌握和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性,又要注意應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言時(shí)的流利程度和得體性。
(五) 結(jié)合實(shí)際確定教學(xué)方法
國(guó)內(nèi)外出現(xiàn)的各種外語(yǔ)教學(xué)法無(wú)一不是特定環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物。我們需要學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法,但更需要總結(jié)我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)所積累的行之有效的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法,妥善處理好借鑒與繼承的關(guān)系,立足于我國(guó)的國(guó)情和教學(xué)實(shí)際,探索出具有中國(guó)特色的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的新路子。
教學(xué)法直接影響教學(xué)質(zhì)量。教師應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)對(duì)象、不同階段的不同教學(xué)要求,采用靈活機(jī)動(dòng)、切合實(shí)際的教學(xué)方法,從而使學(xué)生得到大的收益。
外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)歸根結(jié)底是學(xué)生自身的學(xué)習(xí)。課堂是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐的重要場(chǎng)所。課堂教學(xué)不僅要擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),加強(qiáng)和提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,還要幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力。要讓學(xué)生懂得外語(yǔ)課是一門實(shí)踐課,要求學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與,積極實(shí)踐,不斷積累,持之以恒。
(六) 重視教材在教學(xué)中的作用
教材是實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)大綱確定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)的重要保證。為了打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,提高文化素養(yǎng),教材應(yīng)為課堂教學(xué)提供佳的語(yǔ)言樣本和有系統(tǒng)性、有針對(duì)性的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的材料。教材應(yīng)注意思想性、科學(xué)性、實(shí)用性和趣味性,要處理好知識(shí)性與可思性、系統(tǒng)性與靈活性、可接受性與前瞻性、語(yǔ)言典范和時(shí)代氣息的關(guān)系。教師要充分利用教材所提供的語(yǔ)言材料組織好課堂教學(xué)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生課外自學(xué)。
(七) 妥善處理測(cè)試和教學(xué)的關(guān)系
測(cè)試是貫徹執(zhí)行教學(xué)大綱的重要保證??茖W(xué)的測(cè)試結(jié)果可以為教學(xué)提供良好的反饋,幫助教師了解教學(xué)效果,改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量;還可以幫助學(xué)生了解自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況,改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法。因此,測(cè)試應(yīng)以大綱要求和教學(xué)內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。教學(xué)中,應(yīng)注重學(xué)生實(shí)際語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng);測(cè)試中,要著重考核語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,要采用一定比例的主觀試題。務(wù)必防止應(yīng)試教學(xué)傾向。
(八) 創(chuàng)造良好的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,充分利用現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段
開(kāi)展豐富多彩的英語(yǔ)課外活動(dòng)有利于提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣和積極性。因此,要積極優(yōu)化校園英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,通過(guò)英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊、英語(yǔ)廣播、英語(yǔ)角、英語(yǔ)演講、英語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽等形式多樣的課外活動(dòng),使學(xué)生有更多的接觸英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)。
實(shí)踐證明,現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段,如錄音、錄像、電影、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及多媒體課件的使用有助于提高大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量,各校應(yīng)采取積極措施大力推廣、合理使用這些教學(xué)手段。
Compound Dictation
Directions: In this section you will hear a passage three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. Then listen to the passage again. When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank. After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.
On the Giving of Gifts
When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to some of the basic rules. the age and sex and the of your acquaintance as well as the . You should know when it is all to give a gift of money, and when it would be . In any case, when you a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon ad you can.
Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to.
Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to.
Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
On the Giving of Gifts
When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to remember some of the basic rules. Consider the age and sex and the length of your acquaintance as well as the occasion. You should know when it is all right to give a gift of money, and when it would be improper. In any case, when you receive a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon as your possibly can.
Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to. This can be something just for the hosts wife, or something for the party, like sweets or fruits, things which all may enjoy. If you stay at a friends house overnight or for a weekend it is usual to take a gift showing appreciation for their friendiness and their kindness. Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to. When this happens you may show your own thoughtfulness by giving a thankyou gift, especially if you can find something unusual. Weddings are times when gifts of money are greatly apprectiated and quite acceptable. You should never leave money when you have been a weekend guest. Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
“表達(dá)部分”學(xué)生應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn):
1Sweets and fruit are examples of the gift for the hostess or the party.
2 A weekend guest usually takes a gift to express his or her thanks.
3 Money is an acceptable gift for weddings.
4 It is considered improper for a weekend guest to give a gift of money.
第三節(jié)詞匯、改錯(cuò)、完形填空題應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
一、 詞匯
根據(jù)六級(jí)考試大綱,該部分為Vocabulary and Structure,共30小題,其中詞匯約18個(gè)左右,占60%;語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)為12左右,占40%。但從1997年1月的六級(jí)考試開(kāi)始,該部分已取消單純考語(yǔ)法的試題,??荚~匯,標(biāo)題也變更為Vocabulary, 這也是六級(jí)考試的新變化之一。這說(shuō)明六級(jí)更加注重考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握,為此,在學(xué)習(xí)和備考過(guò)程中,考生要加強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)。
命題思路及側(cè)重點(diǎn)
詞匯題的設(shè)計(jì)不僅考察考生的詞匯量,而且著重考查考生對(duì)詞的用法的掌握,如同義詞、近義詞的辨義,詞匯的搭配及慣用法等方面。從近年的試卷分析看,動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞、短語(yǔ)(尤其是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))占題量的90%,副詞1至2個(gè)左右。從命題思路看,詞匯題側(cè)重于以下幾個(gè)方面:
(一) 單純辨認(rèn)詞義
1 When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.
A) defiesB) magnifiesC) mediatesD)evokes
譯文:當(dāng)人們被問(wèn)及需要或想要什么樣的住房時(shí),這個(gè)問(wèn)題引起了各種各樣的回答。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)詞義為“違抗”、“放大”、“調(diào)解”“引起”,詞義互不相干。從句意看,只有D)evokes講得通,為正確答案。
(二) 辨別同義詞和近義詞以及詞語(yǔ)的搭配
與上面一組題不同的是,此類詞匯題的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的單詞意義基本相近,屬同一語(yǔ)義范疇的詞,選擇的難度較大。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
[例1] The lawyer made a great impression on the jury.
A) defending B) guardingC) shieldingD) protecting
譯文:辯護(hù)律師給陪審團(tuán)留下了深刻的印象。
選擇項(xiàng)的四個(gè)詞義分別為“辯護(hù)”、“防衛(wèi)”、“保衛(wèi)”、“保護(hù)”,而其中只有A項(xiàng)有用言辭辯護(hù)、保護(hù)之意,且符合英文的慣用法。因此,在做這類題時(shí),不僅要注意單詞的細(xì)微差別,還要考慮相鄰詞連在一起是否符合英語(yǔ)的固定說(shuō)法。
有些同義詞選擇項(xiàng)光靠辨清意義還是無(wú)法確定,這就需要考生平時(shí)扎實(shí)地掌握詞匯的用法和搭配。如:
[例2] His career was not noticeably by the fact that he had never been to college.
A) preventedB) restrainedC) hinderedD) refrained
譯文:他的事業(yè)并沒(méi)明顯地因?yàn)樗麖奈瓷线^(guò)大學(xué)而受到妨礙。
從詞義上看,這幾個(gè)詞意義上都很相近,依次為“防止”,“阻止”,“阻礙”,“抑制、克制”。但prevent有“預(yù)防,停止”之意,與主語(yǔ)搭配意義不當(dāng)。restrain和refrain都有“抑制、克制”之意,常與from搭配,而且后者是不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用被動(dòng)式。只有hinder為“妨礙,使不能順利進(jìn)行”,意義、用法都正確。
[例3] The political future of the president is now hanging by a .
A) threadB) cordC) stringD) rope
譯文:總統(tǒng)的政治前途岌岌可危。
以上四個(gè)詞均為“線、繩”之意,讓人無(wú)所適從。但正確的說(shuō)法只有一個(gè),即“hang by a thread”。該短語(yǔ)為固定搭配的詞組,這種題只有靠平時(shí)廣泛的閱讀和積累才能解答。
(三) 形或音有相似之處的易混詞
有些詞拼寫形式相似,或發(fā)音有相似之處,但意義卻不相同,若不細(xì)心,容易混淆。還有一些詞形義都有相似之處,更須注意區(qū)別。這也是詞匯題中經(jīng)常遇到的。
[例1] Some people think that a translation, or wordforword translation, is easier than a free translation.
A) literalB) literaryC) liberalD) linear
譯文:有人認(rèn)為“直譯”或逐字譯要比意譯容易。
此題四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的單詞在拼寫和發(fā)音上都有相似之處,極易混淆。但實(shí)際上它們意義完全不同:A項(xiàng)為“逐字的”,B項(xiàng)為“文學(xué)的”,C項(xiàng)為“自由的”,D項(xiàng)為“線性的”。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選A。
[例2] He attends to the of important business himself.
A) transactionB) transitionC) transmissionD) transformation
譯文:他親自辦理重要的事務(wù)。
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)單詞拼寫、發(fā)音相近,且后三個(gè)詞在意義上也有相近之處。transition意為:“轉(zhuǎn)變”,transmission意為“傳送”,transformation意為“變化、變形”。只有A項(xiàng)符合句意,意為“處理、辦理”。
[例3] We rarely perceive more than a minute of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass as by.
A) fictionB) functionC) fractionD) friction
譯文:我們只不過(guò)感知到落入我們感官的光和聲音的微乎其微的一小部分, 其余絕大多數(shù)都與我們擦身而過(guò)。
本題設(shè)置了四個(gè)發(fā)音極其相似,拼寫也相近的詞迷惑考生,但其實(shí)四個(gè)詞的詞義相去甚遠(yuǎn)。這四個(gè)詞的意義依次為“小說(shuō)”、“功能”、“一點(diǎn)兒”、“摩擦”,應(yīng)選C。
(四) 詞語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣搭配
詞匯選擇題或多或少都涉及詞匯間的搭配關(guān)系。在四個(gè)詞義基本相同,從語(yǔ)法上又看不出有什么不妥時(shí),尤其要注意詞匯間的搭配。如動(dòng)詞與特定名詞的動(dòng)賓搭配,修飾語(yǔ)與中心詞的習(xí)慣搭配,動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配以動(dòng)詞與副詞的搭配等等。這種搭配關(guān)系,往往從語(yǔ)義上很難講清,考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)一定要注意記憶、積累。
[例1] Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country.
A) pledgeB) warrantyC) resolveD) guarantee
本句要表達(dá)的意思為:“每個(gè)社會(huì)成員都必須保證為國(guó)家的自由而斗爭(zhēng)?!钡渲蠥、B、D三項(xiàng)詞義分別為“保證、誓言”、“保證書”、“保證、擔(dān)?!?。意義如此相同,該選哪一個(gè)呢?從固定的動(dòng)賓搭配的角度,我們只能選A。英語(yǔ)中可以說(shuō)“make a pledge”,但卻不能說(shuō)“make a guarantee/warranty”。這兩個(gè)詞一般與give搭配?!癿ake a resolve”雖有此搭配,但意義不甚通。
[例2] Young peoples social environment has a effect on their academic progress.
A) grossB) solidC) completeD) profound
譯文:年輕人所處的社會(huì)環(huán)境對(duì)他們的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)步有深刻的影響。
gross有“總的,十足的,顯著的”意義,solid為“堅(jiān)固的”,complete為“完全的”,profound為“深刻的,深遠(yuǎn)的”,是正確答案。profound 常用以修飾effect、influence、silence等詞,是一種習(xí)慣的修飾關(guān)系。
[例3] To be an inventor, one needs profound knowledge as well as a very imagination.
A) vividB) brightC) livingD) colorful
譯文:要成為一個(gè)發(fā)明家,一個(gè)人需要豐富的想像力和淵博的知識(shí)。
本題應(yīng)選答案A。vivid意為“活躍的,生動(dòng)的”,常用于修飾imagination,是很地道的英語(yǔ)。living是“活著的”意思,colorful意為“多彩的”,與vivid相比,都不是符合習(xí)慣用法的搭配。
以上我們從詞匯題的命題思路和著眼點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了舉例和分析,考生從中可以獲得一些有用的解題思路和方法。
應(yīng)試技巧
詞匯這一部分考題的應(yīng)試對(duì)策實(shí)在是“自古華山一條路”——擴(kuò)大詞匯量。套用一句現(xiàn)今高校學(xué)生的戲語(yǔ):“就是比誰(shuí)的‘內(nèi)存’大!”
二、 綜合改錯(cuò)
六級(jí)考試的改錯(cuò)不同于一般的單句改錯(cuò),要求考生能在語(yǔ)篇的層次上讀懂一篇200字左右的短文,理清正確的思路,發(fā)現(xiàn)和指出其中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤和邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤,并予以改正,使文章語(yǔ)義連貫,符合邏輯。
詞匯、語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤
詞匯、語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤涵蓋面甚廣,包括除邏輯錯(cuò)誤以外的所有錯(cuò)誤,在六級(jí)考試改錯(cuò)題當(dāng)中該類錯(cuò)誤約占到70%。由于詞匯錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤往往相互關(guān)聯(lián),故歸入一類進(jìn)行分析。下面我們就詞類的角度,分析、歸納經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(一) 名詞錯(cuò)誤
單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤,可數(shù)名數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用。
(二) 代詞錯(cuò)誤
① 代詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò),造成搭配不一致;② 人稱與非人稱用錯(cuò);③ 主格、賓格或所有格用錯(cuò);④ 關(guān)系代詞用錯(cuò);⑤ 不定代詞用錯(cuò)。
(三) 動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤
① 時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),第三人稱單數(shù)錯(cuò)誤;② 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式錯(cuò)誤;③ 及物與不及物動(dòng)詞用錯(cuò),造成缺賓語(yǔ)或不能帶賓語(yǔ);④ 動(dòng)詞采用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,造成謂語(yǔ)缺失,或用動(dòng)詞代替分詞狀語(yǔ),造成一句中有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。
(四) 形容詞、副詞錯(cuò)誤
形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)、高級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。
(五) 介詞錯(cuò)誤
① 用錯(cuò)介詞,造成搭配錯(cuò)誤;② 遺漏介詞或添加多余的介詞。
(六) 分詞錯(cuò)誤
現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞置換錯(cuò)誤,該用ing分詞卻用了ed分詞,或者相反。
(七) 其他詞類錯(cuò)誤
① 定冠詞和不定冠詞用錯(cuò),冠詞遺漏或多余;② 不定式符號(hào)to的缺漏或多余;③ 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞錯(cuò)用。
(八) 詞性誤用
詞類誤用出現(xiàn)在以上主要詞類中,在實(shí)考試卷中,多表現(xiàn)為以下各組詞類間的誤用:
① 名詞形容詞
用錯(cuò)的情況經(jīng)常是:該用形容詞作定語(yǔ)的地方用了名詞,或該作賓語(yǔ)的位置用了形容詞。
● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.應(yīng)為medical
● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 應(yīng)為shortage
② 形容詞副詞
經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤情形為:用于修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞的副詞被錯(cuò)用為形容詞,或處于表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)誤位置的形容詞被錯(cuò)用為副詞。
● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 應(yīng)為highly
● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 應(yīng)為formerly
● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 應(yīng)為effective
● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 應(yīng)為evident
● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 應(yīng)為carefully
(九) 措詞錯(cuò)誤
此類錯(cuò)誤主要指選詞的錯(cuò)誤,即該用某個(gè)詞,卻誤用了另外一個(gè)詞,造成語(yǔ)義不當(dāng)或語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤。所以要糾正錯(cuò)誤,必須另?yè)Q一詞。這類錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個(gè)方面:
① 同義詞、近義詞選用不當(dāng);
② 形似義異詞用錯(cuò)。
● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意為“資源”,意義不當(dāng),應(yīng)改作source(來(lái)源)。
● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.
根據(jù)句中“大多數(shù)國(guó)家的政府”可知“ international”應(yīng)為“national”。
● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根據(jù)句意,句中set應(yīng)改為“settled”,與dispute搭配表示“平息/解決爭(zhēng)端”。而set無(wú)“平息,解決”之意,這是因?yàn)槠磳懓l(fā)音相似而導(dǎo)致的用詞錯(cuò)誤。
● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“l(fā)ays”意為“放置”,且為及物動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)換作“l(fā)ies”(躺著)。這是一對(duì)容易混淆的詞。
邏輯錯(cuò)誤
綜合改錯(cuò)的第二大類錯(cuò)誤為邏輯錯(cuò)誤。從出題的角度看,設(shè)計(jì)者有意將某個(gè)連詞,或起連詞作用的副詞換成與文章思路矛盾的連詞或副詞;或?qū)⒛硞€(gè)正確的詞的詞義換成它的反義詞;或者通過(guò)去掉否定詞或添加否定詞,使上下文產(chǎn)生矛盾??忌陂喿x中若感覺(jué)文意不暢時(shí),應(yīng)從這幾個(gè)方面入手,看看是否存在這類錯(cuò)誤。
(一) 連詞或副詞錯(cuò)用
連詞或起連詞作用的副詞按表示的邏輯關(guān)系可分為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、讓步、假設(shè)等幾大類。出題者往往通過(guò)把表示某種關(guān)系的連詞或副詞換成表示另一類邏輯關(guān)系的詞,造成邏輯矛盾。如把因果關(guān)系連詞和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞互換,把表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的與讓步關(guān)系的詞互換等。下列連詞和副詞在改錯(cuò)題中要特別注意。
because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor
● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面這段文字中的連詞“since”作“由于”解,與前文所述原因矛盾,而且since用在此,句法上也不正確,沒(méi)有主句,應(yīng)改為but。后面的連詞Nevertheless(然而),與上下文文意不合,應(yīng)改為表示因果關(guān)系的 “Therefore”或“So”。
(二) 反義詞
這種錯(cuò)誤指的是出題者將文中某個(gè)詞,可以是動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞改成與正確文意相反或相對(duì)的詞??忌仨毮軌蜃R(shí)別這種錯(cuò)誤,把它改過(guò)來(lái)。由于許多單詞的反義詞都可通過(guò)增加或取消表示否定意義的前綴、后綴而構(gòu)成,在改正的過(guò)程,要特別注意利用這些詞綴。
● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.
該段文字中的副詞“either”和動(dòng)詞“discourages”在文中與文意相悖,邏輯上不通,應(yīng)分別改成它們的反義詞“too”和“encourages”。
(三) 肯定與否定
與上述兩種通過(guò)單詞本身的錯(cuò)誤構(gòu)成邏輯錯(cuò)誤不同,這類錯(cuò)誤是由于否定詞not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。
● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.
“學(xué)期短,這樣這些孩子就不能在農(nóng)場(chǎng)上幫忙了”句意邏輯上不通,顯然后一句中的not應(yīng)刪去。
● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
此段中“not”應(yīng)刪去,而在had view之間應(yīng)增添“no”,文意才通。
應(yīng)試技巧
以上我們對(duì)綜合改錯(cuò)題的各種錯(cuò)誤類型進(jìn)行了全面的歸納分析,可以說(shuō)解題的思路和技巧已蘊(yùn)含其中,現(xiàn)在我們從應(yīng)試的角度提供幾點(diǎn)建議:
1快速瀏覽全文,把握話題和大意。
2細(xì)讀要求改錯(cuò)的那行文字,看看每一個(gè)詞是否有語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
3如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤,要特別注意一下上下文,看看是否有邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
4思路要開(kāi)闊,考慮每類詞匯能出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,這一點(diǎn)尤為重要。
5注意以下一些常常設(shè)置的考點(diǎn):
①如果出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞ing,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過(guò)去分詞ed,反之亦然。
②如果是代詞,考慮一下應(yīng)該是主格、賓格還是所有格,或考慮應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
its — his,his/her/its — their
this — that/those/these
that — which — what
nothing — everything — anything
other — the other — another
few — a few, little — a little
③如果是形容詞,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞,或涉及形容詞的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,如比較級(jí)等,副詞亦如此。
much — many, more — less, few — fewer
little — few — less, late — later — latter — lately,good — well
④如果是介詞,考慮是否能與動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
as — like, in — on — of, from — with — between
⑤如果是系動(dòng)詞be,助動(dòng)詞have,考慮單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。
is (was) — are(were), have — had/has
⑥如果是連詞,讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。
⑦如果每個(gè)詞本身都找不出問(wèn)題,看看是否漏掉了什么詞,如冠詞等。
三、 完形填空
完型填空原為四級(jí)考試采用的題型,六級(jí)考試自1999年6月采用復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫后,為保持主觀題分?jǐn)?shù)不變,用完形填空代替了綜合改錯(cuò)。依此分析,以后每逢采納聽(tīng)力新題型時(shí),會(huì)考完形填空。從實(shí)考試卷分析,六級(jí)的完形填空題在選擇項(xiàng)詞匯的設(shè)計(jì)上難度略大于四級(jí)。該題型為一篇題材熟悉、難度中等的短文(約200詞),內(nèi)有20個(gè)空白,每個(gè)空白設(shè)有4個(gè)選擇項(xiàng),要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選一個(gè)佳答案,使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。下面我們讀讀完形填空題的特點(diǎn)以及做題應(yīng)注意些什么。
特點(diǎn)1
完形填空題測(cè)試考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的理解能力。不同于單句形式的詞匯題,完形填空要求考生能在語(yǔ)篇水平上理解并運(yùn)用詞匯,不僅要看所填詞匯在本句從語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法上是否正確,而且要考慮上下文。
應(yīng)試技巧
在做題時(shí),應(yīng)先快速通覽一下全文,或至少一段,在掌握了大意后再做題。
特點(diǎn)2
完形填空測(cè)試考生使用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。短文的選項(xiàng)包括結(jié)構(gòu)詞和實(shí)義詞。
應(yīng)試技巧
所謂結(jié)構(gòu)詞是指連詞、介詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等虛詞,這些詞往往表示語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,在選擇時(shí),要考慮語(yǔ)法、邏輯上是否恰當(dāng)。對(duì)實(shí)義詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等)首先要看其含義在句中、上下文中是否恰當(dāng),還要看它與其他詞搭配是否得當(dāng),符合習(xí)慣用法。第四節(jié)簡(jiǎn)答題、英譯漢應(yīng)試訣竅
一、 簡(jiǎn)答題
簡(jiǎn)答題是四、六級(jí)考試已多次采用的新題型,有關(guān)該題的介紹,請(qǐng)參閱概述部分,這里不再贅述。這里只談?wù)労?jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型及應(yīng)試方面應(yīng)注意的要點(diǎn)。
簡(jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型
簡(jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型主要為主旨類和細(xì)節(jié)類。這類題答案相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較容易控制,這也是從試題難度和評(píng)卷角度考慮的。
1主旨類
凡涉及文章的主題、大意、作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖都屬于這一類。提問(wèn)方式與閱讀理解此類題型類似。
What is the passage mainly about?
Whats the topic of this passage?
The purpose of this passage is to.
2細(xì)節(jié)類
細(xì)節(jié)題占簡(jiǎn)答題問(wèn)題的絕大部分,往往針對(duì)文章中的主要事實(shí),情節(jié),論據(jù)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),因此多用what,when, who, why ,how提問(wèn),或者以完成句子的形式出現(xiàn)。
應(yīng)試技巧
1弄清提問(wèn)的焦點(diǎn),直接回答問(wèn)題,避免迂回、繞圈子或答非所問(wèn)。
2充分利用文章所使用的有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題,避免用錯(cuò)詞或使用拼不正確的詞。
3根據(jù)提問(wèn)方式的不同,采用適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)回答。如用what提的問(wèn)題,一般只需用名詞或名詞短語(yǔ),或動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)回答即可。這是少用詞的一個(gè)技巧。
4去除與所回答的問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)的信息,答案簡(jiǎn)明扼要不超過(guò)10個(gè)詞。
5注意檢查自己的回答中時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞形式、冠詞有沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤或遺漏。
6避免完全照搬原句,因?yàn)樵渫硕嘤嗟男畔⑶彝c提問(wèn)的形式不相吻合。
7書寫要清楚、工整。
? 簡(jiǎn)答題評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 簡(jiǎn)答題要求學(xué)生在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上,用正確簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言回答問(wèn)題。在評(píng)分時(shí)同時(shí)考慮內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言。每題滿分為2分,低分為0分。
2 給分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——答出全部?jī)?nèi)容,語(yǔ)言正確
1分——答出部分內(nèi)容,語(yǔ)言正確
0分——沒(méi)有答對(duì)問(wèn)題
3 扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
(1) 語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤扣05分,每題語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤扣分不超過(guò)05分;
(2) 涉及無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容者扣05分;若答案中有相互矛盾的內(nèi)容,則內(nèi)容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分;
(3) 整句原封不動(dòng)照搬扣分,照搬一句扣05分,照搬兩句及兩句以上不得分;
(4) 考生所給答案超過(guò)10個(gè)單詞扣05分。
二、 英譯漢
英譯漢是四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)早頒布的新題型之一。四級(jí)考試自1996年1月已采用過(guò),而六級(jí)考試在實(shí)考中迄今尚未考過(guò)。盡管如此,英譯漢仍可能在以后的六級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)。在此,我們參照以往四級(jí)考試翻譯題的出題情況,談?wù)劽}特點(diǎn)和翻譯中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。
命題特點(diǎn)
英譯漢的句子通常從閱讀理解的四篇文章中抽出,一般有四至五句。從實(shí)考試卷看,在句子的選擇上有以下特點(diǎn):
1傾向于選擇復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句一般占3至4個(gè),通常只有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
2傾向于選擇句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同的多種句式:
(1) 含有定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句等從句的復(fù)雜句;
(2) 含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子以及其他重要結(jié)構(gòu)的句子;
(3) 含有固定短語(yǔ)的句子;
(4) 含有分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。
應(yīng)試技巧
根據(jù)四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)有關(guān)新題型的通知以及實(shí)考的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“英譯漢主要考核考生對(duì)書面材料的確切理解能力。對(duì)譯文的要求是‘正確’和‘表達(dá)清楚’,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求”。這也是根據(jù)實(shí)際情況提出的一個(gè)實(shí)事求是的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,要做好這一部分,關(guān)鍵還在于正確地理解原文原句。當(dāng)然,“對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求”并不意味著漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)不重要,沒(méi)有合適的漢語(yǔ)措辭,往往會(huì)詞不達(dá)意,甚至意思扭曲,背離原文的意思。下面是一些在翻譯時(shí)注意的問(wèn)題:
1先弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu),分清句子的主干,即哪一部分是主語(yǔ),哪一部分是謂語(yǔ),哪一部分是賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。然后搞清楚主句與從句,各修飾語(yǔ)修飾哪個(gè)中心詞。
2定語(yǔ)從句,同位從句過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí),可拆開(kāi)來(lái)譯為2句或多個(gè)短句。
3注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)more...than, as...as,rather than..., other than...等結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法。
4選擇合適的漢語(yǔ)句式。有些句子直譯或順譯就能正確地表達(dá)英文原義,而有些句子順譯將無(wú)法理解。這時(shí)應(yīng)考慮一下,原文要表達(dá)的意思,用漢語(yǔ)如何說(shuō),如果原句有多層意思,考慮一下分譯成若干句。這樣思路就不至于受原文的拘束而找到合適的表達(dá)方法。
5注意原文句意的肯定與否定,不要譯反。另外還要注意否定詞的范圍,是局部否定還是否定全句,不要譯錯(cuò)。
? 英譯漢評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1本項(xiàng)目通過(guò)翻譯測(cè)試考生正確理解英文原文的能力。
2本項(xiàng)目中的試題均摘自閱讀理解部分的文章,因此“正確理解英文原文” 必須根據(jù)原文上下文正確理解英文。
3對(duì)譯文的要求是“正確”和“表達(dá)清楚”,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求。
4本項(xiàng)目滿分為10分,共4題,每題為25分;每題劃分為3—4個(gè)給分段,分段的分值為05或1;凡分值為05者不再細(xì)化。
5添加不必要的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),如不影響句義,不扣分;如影響句義,應(yīng)扣分。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
6如譯文與原文的句義相反,即使局部譯對(duì),全句也不給分。
7一題二譯時(shí),只按第一個(gè)譯文評(píng)分。
8考試委員會(huì)提供譯文抽樣示例,對(duì)超出示例的譯文若有爭(zhēng)議,由閱卷點(diǎn)負(fù)責(zé)人根據(jù)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)酌情決定。
第五節(jié)六級(jí)作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
六級(jí)考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級(jí)為100詞)。從近幾年實(shí)考看,四、六級(jí)均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個(gè)英文標(biāo)題下面用漢語(yǔ)給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。
? 六級(jí)考試作文評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(一) 評(píng)分原則
1. CET是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求,對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。
2. CET作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。
3. 從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。
(二) 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 本題滿分為15分。
2 閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。
3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分,若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分);若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
4 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
5分——基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
8分——基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,文字勉強(qiáng)連貫;語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多,其中有一些是嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
11分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
14分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給0分]
5 字?jǐn)?shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)〖〗CET4〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗60~69〖〗50~59〖〗<49CET6〖〗110~119〖〗100~109〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗<69扣分〖〗1〖〗2〖〗3〖〗5〖〗7〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。
2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當(dāng)于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當(dāng)于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15得分率〖〗100〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗194〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
1 作文分低分定為6分。
2 考生作文分為0分時(shí),若總分高于60分,一律按59分報(bào)道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報(bào)道。
3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時(shí),則按下列公式報(bào)道成績(jī):
后報(bào)道分=原計(jì)算總分-6分+實(shí)得作文分。
應(yīng)試技巧
(一) 審題與構(gòu)思
拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標(biāo)題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對(duì)標(biāo)題中某個(gè)詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語(yǔ)提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實(shí)考評(píng)卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標(biāo)題中的某個(gè)詞,造成偏離題目的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。其實(shí)只要思心點(diǎn),這種情況就不會(huì)發(fā)生??辞鍢?biāo)題之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(diǎn)(句),段落之間如何過(guò)渡等。
(二) 開(kāi)端
文章的開(kāi)端很重要,俗話說(shuō)“萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難”,一個(gè)好的起始句往往能夠打開(kāi)思路。由于四、六級(jí)作文多為議論文和說(shuō)明文,且為短文,“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”直入話題為使用多開(kāi)篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點(diǎn),請(qǐng)參閱四、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開(kāi)頭?!伴_(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對(duì)跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開(kāi)頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個(gè)有點(diǎn)新意的開(kāi)頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開(kāi)頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財(cái)) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays ,many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個(gè)不同凡響的開(kāi)頭,這篇作文已給評(píng)卷者一個(gè)很好的印象。當(dāng)然,除了“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”式的開(kāi)頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開(kāi)頭。比如,我們可以用一個(gè)具體事例開(kāi)頭或描述一個(gè)場(chǎng)景開(kāi)頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語(yǔ)提綱“有人認(rèn)為幸運(yùn)數(shù)字能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)”這句話翻譯了一下作為開(kāi)端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個(gè)比較生動(dòng)的開(kāi)頭??傊臒o(wú)定法,文章的開(kāi)頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目?jī)?nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開(kāi)頭方式。
(三) 展開(kāi)
有了一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點(diǎn),展開(kāi)段落。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段的提綱就象一個(gè)主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說(shuō)明闡釋。四、六級(jí)考試的作文是短文,不需要長(zhǎng)篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點(diǎn),想好每段要寫的幾個(gè)句子。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段只需寫4~5句即可達(dá)到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。有些考生以為寫得長(zhǎng)就是好,盲目追求字?jǐn)?shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達(dá)意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評(píng)分,主要在于文章句子的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,字?jǐn)?shù)的多少并不成為評(píng)分時(shí)的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)。依實(shí)考評(píng)卷的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,除非考生作文字?jǐn)?shù)明顯太少,一般很少因?yàn)樽謹(jǐn)?shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字?jǐn)?shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點(diǎn)的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
(四) 遣詞造句
考生在寫作時(shí),要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認(rèn)真考慮寫好每一個(gè)句子。這是清楚表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。四、六級(jí)作文考的是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力,評(píng)分從語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實(shí)際操作中更加偏重于從語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量角度評(píng)判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá),避免詞不達(dá)意,減少出錯(cuò)的頻率。如果表達(dá)時(shí)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)詞匯不會(huì)或想不起來(lái),不如換一種說(shuō)法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達(dá)的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問(wèn)句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z(yǔ),詞組可為文章增加亮點(diǎn)。
(五) 復(fù)查與修改
這是寫作考試時(shí)一個(gè)必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時(shí),考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無(wú)語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯(cuò)誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤等明顯的錯(cuò)誤,都可以通過(guò)復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。
六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解
大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),平時(shí)多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語(yǔ),就能夠在相對(duì)短的時(shí)間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們?cè)诜治鰵v年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
(一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
模式之一:1有人認(rèn)為…
2有人認(rèn)為(不同式相反的觀點(diǎn))
3我的觀點(diǎn)
這是六級(jí)考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對(duì)某種問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對(duì)此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)或評(píng)述。如1999年6月作文題:
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
1有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇
2有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書
3我的看法
由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個(gè)套路來(lái)構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
參考套路①
Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
參考套路②
When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
參考套路③
Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點(diǎn)
2某事某物的副作用/帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3如何處理/看待
這也是六級(jí)作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負(fù)面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問(wèn)題,或者談自己的看法、體會(huì)。如1996年1月作文題:
The Twoday Weekend
1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的好處
2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3我應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣過(guò)好雙休日
參考套路:
...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
(二) 六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)
(1)表示列舉他人的觀點(diǎn)、看法:來(lái)源:www.examda.com
● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.
(2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
● Which opinion is rignt / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
● It is true that..., but...
● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
● Im in favor of the latter.
● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
(3) 表示引入要討論的問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象:
● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discusion on/ about/ whether...
● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
● It is generally believed that...
● With the development of national economy...
● With the progress of science and technology...
● With the quickening pace of modern life...
● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
(4) 表示陳述原因:
● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
● The reasons for this are as follows.
● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
● There are several reasons why...
● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
● It is due to several factors.
● ..., for they think that...
● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.
(5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):
● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
● It contributes to ...
● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
● It does harm / good to ...
● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
(6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
● What should we do to solve the problem?
● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
● The solution to this problem is to / that...
● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
● We should take immediate action to ...
● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
(7) 表示重要、必要:
● It is indispensable to our life.
● Its an indispensable part of ...
● It plays an important part.
● ××× is of vital importance.
● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
(8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
● Only in this way can we...
● Only when we... can we...
(三) 六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)
(1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
(2) 遞進(jìn),附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
(3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
(4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
(5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example
六級(jí)考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級(jí)為100詞)。從近幾年實(shí)考看,四、六級(jí)均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個(gè)英文標(biāo)題下面用漢語(yǔ)給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
六級(jí)考試作文評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(一) 評(píng)分原則
1. CET是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求,對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。
2. CET作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。
3. 從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。
(二) 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 本題滿分為15分。
2 閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。
3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分,若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分);若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
4 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
5分——基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
8分——基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,文字勉強(qiáng)連貫;語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多,其中有一些是嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
11分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
14分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給0分]
5 字?jǐn)?shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)CET4〖〗CET6扣分99~99〖〗110~119〖〗180~89〖〗100~109〖〗270~79〖〗90~99〖〗360~69〖〗80~89〖〗550~59〖〗70~79〖〗7<49〖〗<69〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。
2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?,F(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當(dāng)于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當(dāng)于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗1得分率〖〗100〖〗94〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
1 作文分低分定為6分。
2 考生作文分為0分時(shí),若總分高于60分,一律按59分報(bào)道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報(bào)道。
3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時(shí),則按下列公式報(bào)道成績(jī):
后報(bào)道分=原計(jì)算總分-6分+實(shí)得作文分。
應(yīng)試技巧
(一) 審題與構(gòu)思
拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標(biāo)題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對(duì)標(biāo)題中某個(gè)詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語(yǔ)提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實(shí)考評(píng)卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標(biāo)題中的某個(gè)詞,造成偏離題目的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。其實(shí)只要細(xì)心點(diǎn),這種情況就不會(huì)發(fā)生??辞鍢?biāo)題之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(diǎn)(句),段落之間如何過(guò)渡等。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(二) 開(kāi)端
文章的開(kāi)端很重要,俗話說(shuō)“萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難”,一個(gè)好的起始句往往能夠打開(kāi)思路。由于四、六級(jí)作文多為議論文和說(shuō)明文,且為短文,“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”直入話題為使用多開(kāi)篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點(diǎn),請(qǐng)參閱四、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開(kāi)頭?!伴_(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對(duì)跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開(kāi)頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個(gè)有點(diǎn)新意的開(kāi)頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開(kāi)頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財(cái)) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays, many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個(gè)不同凡響的開(kāi)頭,這篇作文已給評(píng)卷者一個(gè)很好的印象。當(dāng)然,除了“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”式的開(kāi)頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開(kāi)頭。比如,我們可以用一個(gè)具體事例開(kāi)頭或描述一個(gè)場(chǎng)景開(kāi)頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語(yǔ)提綱“有人認(rèn)為幸運(yùn)數(shù)字能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)”這句話翻譯了一下作為開(kāi)端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個(gè)比較生動(dòng)的開(kāi)頭。總之文無(wú)定法,文章的開(kāi)頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目?jī)?nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開(kāi)頭方式。
(三) 展開(kāi)
有了一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點(diǎn),展開(kāi)段落。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段的提綱就像一個(gè)主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說(shuō)明闡釋。四、六級(jí)考試的作文是短文,不需要長(zhǎng)篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點(diǎn),想好每段要寫的幾個(gè)句子。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段只需寫4~5句即可達(dá)到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。有些考生以為寫得長(zhǎng)就是好,盲目追求字?jǐn)?shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達(dá)意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評(píng)分,主要在于文章句子的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,字?jǐn)?shù)的多少并不成為評(píng)分時(shí)的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)。依實(shí)考評(píng)卷的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,除非考生作文字?jǐn)?shù)明顯太少,一般很少因?yàn)樽謹(jǐn)?shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字?jǐn)?shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點(diǎn)的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
(四) 遣詞造句
考生在寫作時(shí),要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認(rèn)真考慮寫好每一個(gè)句子。這是清楚表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。四、六級(jí)作文考的是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力,評(píng)分從語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實(shí)際操作中更加偏重于從語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量角度評(píng)判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá),避免詞不達(dá)意,減少出錯(cuò)的頻率。如果表達(dá)時(shí)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)詞匯不會(huì)或想不起來(lái),不如換一種說(shuō)法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達(dá)的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問(wèn)句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z(yǔ),詞組可為文章增加亮點(diǎn)。
(五) 復(fù)查與修改
這是寫作考試時(shí)一個(gè)必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時(shí),考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無(wú)語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯(cuò)誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤等明顯的錯(cuò)誤,都可以通過(guò)復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解
大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),平時(shí)多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語(yǔ),就能夠在相對(duì)短的時(shí)間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們?cè)诜治鰵v年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
(一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
模式之一:1有人認(rèn)為…
2有人認(rèn)為(不同式相反的觀點(diǎn))
3我的觀點(diǎn)
這是六級(jí)考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對(duì)某種問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對(duì)此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)或評(píng)述。如1999年6月作文題:
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
1有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇
2有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書
3我的看法
由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個(gè)套路來(lái)構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
參考套路①
Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
參考套路②
When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
參考套路③
Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點(diǎn)
2某事某物的副作用/帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3如何處理/看待
這也是六級(jí)作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負(fù)面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問(wèn)題,或者談自己的看法、體會(huì)。如1996年1月作文題:
The Twoday Weekend
1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的好處
2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3我應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣過(guò)好雙休日
參考套路:
...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
(二) 六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)
(1)表示列舉他人的觀點(diǎn)、看法:
● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
● Which opinion is right / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
● It is true that..., but...
● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
● Im in favor of the latter.
● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
(3) 表示引入要討論的問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象:
● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discussion on/ about/ whether...
● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
● It is generally believed that...
● With the development of national economy...
● With the progress of science and technology...
● With the quickening pace of modern life...
● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
(4) 表示陳述原因:
● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
● The reasons for this are as follows.
● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
● There are several reasons why...
● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
● It is due to several factors.
● ..., for they think that...
● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):
● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
● It contributes to ...
● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
● It does harm / good to ...
● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
(6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
● What should we do to solve the problem?
● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
● The solution to this problem is to / that...
● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
● We should take immediate action to ...
● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
(7) 表示重要、必要:
● It is indispensable to our life.
● Its an indispensable part of ...
● It plays an important part.
● ××× is of vital importance.
● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
(8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
● Only in this way can we...
● Only when we... can we...
(三) 六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)
(1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
(2) 遞進(jìn),附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
(3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
(4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
(5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all
(6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example
(一) 四、六級(jí)閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略
四、六級(jí)考試閱讀理解篇章在選材上多論說(shuō)文和說(shuō)明文,通過(guò)對(duì)歷年四、六級(jí)文章的分析,我們歸納出一些出現(xiàn)頻率高的行文模式,熟悉這些典型模式,對(duì)考生的閱讀理解大有幫助。
Argumentation(論說(shuō)文類)
模式一:駁論:a 介紹一種對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的流行看法
b 提出疑問(wèn)或直接表明不同觀點(diǎn)
c 用事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明,支持自己的論點(diǎn)
Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry” in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良) in “hungry nations,” the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
This means one has to feed approximately 910 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass, As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life.
Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.
Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?
本篇談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)家禽的工廠化養(yǎng)殖問(wèn)題。首先,作者引出從事家禽工廠化養(yǎng)殖的人對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的態(tài)度,認(rèn)為“食品緊張的國(guó)家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的進(jìn)步上獲益甚多。”接著作者,對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)提出了反駁,認(rèn)為“工廠化養(yǎng)殖加劇了食品緊張的國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足問(wèn)題?!比缓?,作者以論據(jù)證明其理由。
模式之二:立論(正面論證)a. 引入一種觀點(diǎn)
b. 用事實(shí)或他人的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)。
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation. but custom. we have a way of thinking. is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact. It is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影響的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式); his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(這種比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs. its impossibilities his impossibilities.
本篇談?wù)擄L(fēng)俗研究的重要性。首先作者介紹了目前流行的一般觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為風(fēng)俗研究不重要。而作者認(rèn)為正好相反,風(fēng)俗在人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及信仰中起著重要的作用。然后,作者對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)作了論證。
應(yīng)試技巧
閱讀該類型文章的注意要點(diǎn):
① 所引述的流行觀點(diǎn)或他人的觀點(diǎn)是什么?
② 作者是贊成還是反對(duì)?抑或是肯定一部分,否定一部分?來(lái)源:www.examda.com
③ 作者用什么來(lái)證明自己的觀點(diǎn),或用什么來(lái)反駁他人的觀點(diǎn)(事實(shí)、實(shí)例、專家的觀點(diǎn)等)。
說(shuō)明文類(Exposition)
模式之一:a 介紹事物或自然現(xiàn)象
b 說(shuō)明其發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼蟲(chóng)). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps(小蝦) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake. once every two to five years, these eggs hatch(孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 15 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females, Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil, On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud, Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egglaying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake; in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egglaying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
本文為典型的說(shuō)明文體。文章首先從沙漠植物談起,引入要說(shuō)明的事物“沙漠蝦”。然后談了蝦卵的孵化,蝦的獨(dú)特生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程以雨量充足與不足時(shí)的情況。
模式之二:a 介紹某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象
b探述其原因或者其各個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題
“There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,” declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an awayfromhome college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent, It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy(不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated(約會(huì)), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.”
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with“a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.
文章開(kāi)頭引用兩位專家的話指出“回巢”現(xiàn)象。接著,在第二段探討了這一現(xiàn)象的原因。在第三段,作者引用了教師的話談了“回巢”這一現(xiàn)象的利弊。后一段為結(jié)論。
應(yīng)試技巧
閱讀上述說(shuō)明文體的兩種模式文體時(shí)應(yīng)注意:這類文章的寫作方式重在presentation, 即呈現(xiàn)某種現(xiàn)象,狀況,陳述與其相關(guān)的諸方面。所以在閱讀中要著重把握。①談?wù)摰膶?duì)象是什么?②闡述該“對(duì)象”哪幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題?目錄
第一章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱透視()
第一節(jié)新大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱要覽()
第二節(jié)新舊大綱對(duì)比分析()
第二章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試概述()
第一節(jié)傳統(tǒng)題型及考試結(jié)構(gòu)()
第二節(jié)新題型()
第三節(jié)含新題型的試卷結(jié)構(gòu)排列組合()
第三章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試必備詞匯()
第四章大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試聽(tīng)力指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)對(duì)話題型分析及應(yīng)試技巧()
第二節(jié)短文題型的應(yīng)試技巧()
第三節(jié)復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫()
一、實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
二、復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第四節(jié)聽(tīng)寫填空()來(lái)源:www.examda.com
一、聽(tīng)寫填空與復(fù)合或聽(tīng)寫比較()
二、聽(tīng)寫填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第五章六級(jí)考試閱讀指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)教學(xué)大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的具體要求()
第二節(jié)如何提高閱讀理解能力()
第三節(jié)閱讀理解題型分析及解題技巧()
第四節(jié)閱讀理解選擇題的設(shè)計(jì)及解題思路()
第五節(jié)四、六級(jí)閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略()
第六章詞匯、改錯(cuò)、完形填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)詞匯()
一、詞匯題的命題思路及側(cè)重點(diǎn)()
第二節(jié)綜合改錯(cuò)()
一、詞匯語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤()
二、邏輯錯(cuò)誤()
三、綜合改錯(cuò)應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第三節(jié)完形填空()
第七章簡(jiǎn)答題、英譯漢()
第一節(jié)簡(jiǎn)答題()
一、簡(jiǎn)答題問(wèn)題類型()
二、應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
三、簡(jiǎn)答題實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
第二節(jié)英譯漢()
一、英譯漢的命題特點(diǎn)()
二、英譯漢實(shí)考題及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
三、英譯漢應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第八章六級(jí)作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第一節(jié)評(píng)分原則及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
一、評(píng)分原則()
二、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)()
三、關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定()
第二節(jié)四、六級(jí)考試作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
第三節(jié)四、六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解()
一、典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路()
二、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)()
三、六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)()
第四節(jié)歷年作文題一覽()
(二)應(yīng)用提高階段
應(yīng)用提高階段的教學(xué)要求包括專門業(yè)英語(yǔ)(SubjectBased English,簡(jiǎn)稱SBE)和高級(jí)英語(yǔ)(Advanced English,簡(jiǎn)稱AE)兩部分。學(xué)生在完成基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),達(dá)到四級(jí)或六級(jí)后,都必須修讀專業(yè)英語(yǔ)。已達(dá)到六級(jí)要求且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,除修讀專業(yè)英語(yǔ)外,還可以選修高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,以進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力。
1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
1) 詞匯
領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握1000~1500本專業(yè)及與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的常用單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為300~500),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞和詞組不包括在內(nèi)),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力。
2) 閱讀能力
能順利閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的原版教科書、參考書及其他參考資料,能掌握其中心大意,抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘100~120詞。對(duì)其中重要的論著和文獻(xiàn)等材料能正確理解、抓住要點(diǎn),并能對(duì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘70詞。
3) 聽(tīng)的能力
能聽(tīng)懂與本專業(yè)有關(guān)、內(nèi)容比較熟悉、語(yǔ)速為每分鐘150~170詞的英語(yǔ)講課、會(huì)話、談話、報(bào)道和講座,能正確理解中心大意并抓住要點(diǎn)。
4) 說(shuō)的能力
能用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的一般性會(huì)話,經(jīng)過(guò)準(zhǔn)備,能就與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論、作簡(jiǎn)短的報(bào)告,表達(dá)思想清楚,語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)基本正確。
5) 寫的能力
能在閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的書面材料時(shí)做筆記、寫提綱、寫論文摘要和論文簡(jiǎn)介等,能在半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出150~180詞的有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的短文或信函。文理基本通順,表達(dá)意思清楚,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
6) 譯的能力
能借助詞典將有關(guān)專業(yè)的英語(yǔ)文章譯成漢語(yǔ),理解正確,譯文達(dá)意,譯速為每小時(shí)350英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的有關(guān)專業(yè)的漢語(yǔ)文字材料譯成英語(yǔ),譯文達(dá)意,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,譯速為每小時(shí)300~350漢字。
2高級(jí)英語(yǔ)
1) 詞匯
領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握6500單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為3300),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞包括在內(nèi),但不包括專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力。
2) 閱讀能力
能順利閱讀語(yǔ)言難度較高、內(nèi)容廣泛、體裁多樣的文章,掌握中心大意以及說(shuō)明中心大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié),領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,能就文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)、分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,能分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。能順利查閱和使用工具書、參考書及其他參考資料。在閱讀篇幅較長(zhǎng)、難度略低、生詞不超過(guò)總詞數(shù)3%的材料時(shí),能正確理解中心大意,抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘150詞。
3) 聽(tīng)的能力
能聽(tīng)懂題材熟悉、內(nèi)容廣泛、正常語(yǔ)速的英語(yǔ)講話、廣播、演講等,掌握其中心大意,抓住要點(diǎn)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),領(lǐng)會(huì)講話者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,并能進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括。
4) 說(shuō)的能力
能就各種熟悉的話題進(jìn)行口頭交際,能比較自如地表達(dá)思想,講話比較流暢,語(yǔ)音基本正確、語(yǔ)調(diào)自然。
5) 寫的能力
能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)做筆記、回答問(wèn)題、寫提綱和摘要,能在半小時(shí)內(nèi)就一定的話題、提綱、表格或圖示寫出180~200詞的短文,能寫報(bào)告、評(píng)論、發(fā)言稿和日常應(yīng)用文等,內(nèi)容完整,文理通順,表達(dá)思想清楚。
6) 譯的能力
能借助詞典將有一定難度的英語(yǔ)文章譯成漢語(yǔ),理解正確,譯文達(dá)意、語(yǔ)言通順,譯速為每小時(shí)400英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將題材熟悉的漢語(yǔ)文章譯成英語(yǔ),內(nèi)容完整,譯文達(dá)意,語(yǔ)言通順,譯速為每小時(shí)350漢字。
四、教學(xué)安排
(一) 基礎(chǔ)階段
基礎(chǔ)階段的教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)應(yīng)不少于280學(xué)時(shí),安排在第一至第四學(xué)期。每學(xué)期為一級(jí),每級(jí)約70學(xué)時(shí),每周應(yīng)不低于4學(xué)時(shí)。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)的比例應(yīng)不低于1∶2。學(xué)生入學(xué)時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)分級(jí)測(cè)試,按實(shí)際水平編入相應(yīng)級(jí)別學(xué)習(xí)。不同水平的學(xué)生應(yīng)從不同的級(jí)別開(kāi)始,一般學(xué)生從CEB1開(kāi)始,至CEB4結(jié)束;從CEB2或CEB3開(kāi)始的學(xué)生應(yīng)學(xué)完CEB5或CEB6?;A(chǔ)階段四個(gè)學(xué)期的英語(yǔ)課均為必修課。
每學(xué)期或每學(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)可根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)和實(shí)際語(yǔ)言能力進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整,成績(jī)優(yōu)秀、學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生經(jīng)高一級(jí)考試達(dá)到一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后可跳級(jí)。
(二) 應(yīng)用提高階段
1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)
專業(yè)英語(yǔ)為必修課,可安排在第五至第七學(xué)期,教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)應(yīng)不少于100學(xué)時(shí),每周2學(xué)時(shí)。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)的比例就不低于1∶2。在第八學(xué)期還可繼續(xù)安排專業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀、專業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料翻譯、英文摘要寫作等。專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課原則上由專業(yè)教師承擔(dān),外語(yǔ)系(部、教研室)可根據(jù)具體情況予以配合和協(xié)助。
2高級(jí)英語(yǔ)
高級(jí)英語(yǔ)為選修課,各校可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,為達(dá)到六級(jí)的學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,以全面提高他們的英語(yǔ)水平??煽紤]開(kāi)設(shè)的課程有:高級(jí)聽(tīng)說(shuō)、高級(jí)寫作、高級(jí)閱讀、報(bào)刊選讀、翻譯技巧、英語(yǔ)口譯、英美文學(xué)欣賞、英美文化等。
(三) 預(yù)備階段
對(duì)低于本大綱入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,另設(shè)預(yù)備級(jí)(College English Preparatory Band,簡(jiǎn)稱CEPB)作為預(yù)備階段的教學(xué)要求。預(yù)備級(jí)以掌握基本的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)法,領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握1200個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為800)為起點(diǎn)。從預(yù)備級(jí)開(kāi)始的學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)四個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)達(dá)到三級(jí)要求。他們?cè)谌昙?jí)時(shí)還應(yīng)繼續(xù)修讀四級(jí),達(dá)到基礎(chǔ)階段規(guī)定的基本要求,為進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)水平打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)。
五、測(cè)試
(一) 測(cè)試是檢查教學(xué)大綱執(zhí)行情況、評(píng)估教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一種有效手段,是獲取教學(xué)反饋信息的主要來(lái)源和改時(shí)教學(xué)工作的重要依據(jù)。語(yǔ)言測(cè)試應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考核學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。測(cè)試要做到科學(xué)、公平和規(guī)范。
(二) 基礎(chǔ)階段各級(jí)教學(xué)結(jié)束時(shí)均應(yīng)安排考試,考試的命題應(yīng)以所學(xué)課本內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。基礎(chǔ)階段結(jié)束時(shí),按本大綱的基本要求和較高要求組織考試??荚囆问娇梢允菍W(xué)校自行命題考試、試題庫(kù)測(cè)試和全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試等。
(三) 應(yīng)用提高階段結(jié)束時(shí),可在四年級(jí)舉行畢業(yè)前的英語(yǔ)水平考試,按基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)和專業(yè)英語(yǔ)兩部分內(nèi)容命題。各??蓡为?dú)命題、組織考試,也可實(shí)行地區(qū)或校際聯(lián)考。
六、教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
(一) 重視打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),注意提高文化素養(yǎng)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)必須把重點(diǎn)放在打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)上。語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)包括語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,前者指語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法和詞匯等方面的知識(shí),后者指綜合運(yùn)用這些知識(shí)進(jìn)行讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯等語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)的能力。正確的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法、一定的詞匯量和熟練的詞匯運(yùn)用能力的提高有助于提高外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的效率,有利于提高語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的提高也必將促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的加深和鞏固。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)還應(yīng)有助于學(xué)生開(kāi)闊視野,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,加深對(duì)世界的了解,借鑒和吸收外國(guó)文化精華,提高文化素養(yǎng)。文化和語(yǔ)言有著密切的聯(lián)系,一定的文化背景知識(shí)有助于促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的提高。
(二) 堅(jiān)持分類要求和因材施教的原則
由于全國(guó)各類高等院校在辦學(xué)條件、師資力量、學(xué)生入學(xué)水平等方面存在著差異,即使同一學(xué)校的學(xué)生入學(xué)水平也不完全相同,因此要堅(jiān)持分類要求,因材施教。各校應(yīng)實(shí)事求是,根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平,參照本大綱列出的預(yù)備級(jí)、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)一至注六級(jí)、高級(jí)英語(yǔ)等各個(gè)級(jí)別確定自己的教學(xué)要求。對(duì)于已達(dá)到六級(jí)且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,各校應(yīng)努力為他們開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,使他們進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力。英語(yǔ)入學(xué)水平低于本大綱規(guī)定的入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,可從預(yù)備級(jí)開(kāi)始,通過(guò)四個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)達(dá)到三級(jí)要求,各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,采取適當(dāng)措施,使他們?cè)谌昙?jí)時(shí)繼續(xù)修讀四級(jí),以達(dá)到基礎(chǔ)階段的基本要求。入學(xué)水平明顯低于預(yù)備級(jí)入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生不列為本大綱的教學(xué)對(duì)象。
(三) 抓好高年級(jí)的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué),保證英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線
專業(yè)英語(yǔ)是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要組成部分,是促進(jìn)學(xué)生完成從學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)渡到實(shí)際應(yīng)用的有效途徑。各校均應(yīng)在三、四年級(jí)開(kāi)設(shè)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課,要逐步建立起一支相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課教師隊(duì)伍,成立由學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教師組成的專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)小組,統(tǒng)籌、協(xié)調(diào)、檢查專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)方面的工作。要提倡在高年級(jí)專業(yè)課教學(xué)中每學(xué)期至少有一兩門課程使用英語(yǔ)教科書或參考書,鼓勵(lì)專業(yè)教師用英語(yǔ)講課;各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,在三、四年級(jí)開(kāi)設(shè)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)課程,幫助學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生繼續(xù)提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力;各校還可能采取其他措施,為學(xué)生課外自學(xué)創(chuàng)造條件,從而切實(shí)保證大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線。
(四) 正確處理閱讀與聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯的關(guān)系
閱讀是掌握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)、獲取信息的重要渠道。閱讀能力是大部分大學(xué)生今后工作所需的主要語(yǔ)言技能。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中要始終注重閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。從語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的規(guī)律來(lái)看,英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力的提高是建立在大量的語(yǔ)言輸入,尤其是大量的閱讀的基礎(chǔ)之上的。但是,隨著國(guó)際交往的日益擴(kuò)大,全面提高大學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯等技能已越來(lái)越重要。同時(shí),英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力是各種語(yǔ)言技能的綜合反映,這些技能是相輔相成、互相促進(jìn)的。在具體的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯的訓(xùn)練可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)和需要有所側(cè)重,但要做到協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。在培養(yǎng)讀、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫、譯各項(xiàng)技能時(shí),既要強(qiáng)調(diào)掌握和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性,又要注意應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言時(shí)的流利程度和得體性。
(五) 結(jié)合實(shí)際確定教學(xué)方法
國(guó)內(nèi)外出現(xiàn)的各種外語(yǔ)教學(xué)法無(wú)一不是特定環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物。我們需要學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法,但更需要總結(jié)我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)所積累的行之有效的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法,妥善處理好借鑒與繼承的關(guān)系,立足于我國(guó)的國(guó)情和教學(xué)實(shí)際,探索出具有中國(guó)特色的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的新路子。
教學(xué)法直接影響教學(xué)質(zhì)量。教師應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)對(duì)象、不同階段的不同教學(xué)要求,采用靈活機(jī)動(dòng)、切合實(shí)際的教學(xué)方法,從而使學(xué)生得到大的收益。
外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)歸根結(jié)底是學(xué)生自身的學(xué)習(xí)。課堂是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐的重要場(chǎng)所。課堂教學(xué)不僅要擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),加強(qiáng)和提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,還要幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力。要讓學(xué)生懂得外語(yǔ)課是一門實(shí)踐課,要求學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與,積極實(shí)踐,不斷積累,持之以恒。
(六) 重視教材在教學(xué)中的作用
教材是實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)大綱確定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)的重要保證。為了打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,提高文化素養(yǎng),教材應(yīng)為課堂教學(xué)提供佳的語(yǔ)言樣本和有系統(tǒng)性、有針對(duì)性的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的材料。教材應(yīng)注意思想性、科學(xué)性、實(shí)用性和趣味性,要處理好知識(shí)性與可思性、系統(tǒng)性與靈活性、可接受性與前瞻性、語(yǔ)言典范和時(shí)代氣息的關(guān)系。教師要充分利用教材所提供的語(yǔ)言材料組織好課堂教學(xué)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生課外自學(xué)。
(七) 妥善處理測(cè)試和教學(xué)的關(guān)系
測(cè)試是貫徹執(zhí)行教學(xué)大綱的重要保證??茖W(xué)的測(cè)試結(jié)果可以為教學(xué)提供良好的反饋,幫助教師了解教學(xué)效果,改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量;還可以幫助學(xué)生了解自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況,改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法。因此,測(cè)試應(yīng)以大綱要求和教學(xué)內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。教學(xué)中,應(yīng)注重學(xué)生實(shí)際語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng);測(cè)試中,要著重考核語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力,要采用一定比例的主觀試題。務(wù)必防止應(yīng)試教學(xué)傾向。
(八) 創(chuàng)造良好的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,充分利用現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段
開(kāi)展豐富多彩的英語(yǔ)課外活動(dòng)有利于提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣和積極性。因此,要積極優(yōu)化校園英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,通過(guò)英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊、英語(yǔ)廣播、英語(yǔ)角、英語(yǔ)演講、英語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽等形式多樣的課外活動(dòng),使學(xué)生有更多的接觸英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)。
實(shí)踐證明,現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段,如錄音、錄像、電影、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及多媒體課件的使用有助于提高大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量,各校應(yīng)采取積極措施大力推廣、合理使用這些教學(xué)手段。
Compound Dictation
Directions: In this section you will hear a passage three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. Then listen to the passage again. When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank. After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.
On the Giving of Gifts
When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to some of the basic rules. the age and sex and the of your acquaintance as well as the . You should know when it is all to give a gift of money, and when it would be . In any case, when you a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon ad you can.
Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to.
Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to.
Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
On the Giving of Gifts
When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to remember some of the basic rules. Consider the age and sex and the length of your acquaintance as well as the occasion. You should know when it is all right to give a gift of money, and when it would be improper. In any case, when you receive a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon as your possibly can.
Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to. This can be something just for the hosts wife, or something for the party, like sweets or fruits, things which all may enjoy. If you stay at a friends house overnight or for a weekend it is usual to take a gift showing appreciation for their friendiness and their kindness. Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to. When this happens you may show your own thoughtfulness by giving a thankyou gift, especially if you can find something unusual. Weddings are times when gifts of money are greatly apprectiated and quite acceptable. You should never leave money when you have been a weekend guest. Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
“表達(dá)部分”學(xué)生應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn):
1Sweets and fruit are examples of the gift for the hostess or the party.
2 A weekend guest usually takes a gift to express his or her thanks.
3 Money is an acceptable gift for weddings.
4 It is considered improper for a weekend guest to give a gift of money.
第三節(jié)詞匯、改錯(cuò)、完形填空題應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
一、 詞匯
根據(jù)六級(jí)考試大綱,該部分為Vocabulary and Structure,共30小題,其中詞匯約18個(gè)左右,占60%;語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)為12左右,占40%。但從1997年1月的六級(jí)考試開(kāi)始,該部分已取消單純考語(yǔ)法的試題,??荚~匯,標(biāo)題也變更為Vocabulary, 這也是六級(jí)考試的新變化之一。這說(shuō)明六級(jí)更加注重考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握,為此,在學(xué)習(xí)和備考過(guò)程中,考生要加強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)。
命題思路及側(cè)重點(diǎn)
詞匯題的設(shè)計(jì)不僅考察考生的詞匯量,而且著重考查考生對(duì)詞的用法的掌握,如同義詞、近義詞的辨義,詞匯的搭配及慣用法等方面。從近年的試卷分析看,動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞、短語(yǔ)(尤其是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))占題量的90%,副詞1至2個(gè)左右。從命題思路看,詞匯題側(cè)重于以下幾個(gè)方面:
(一) 單純辨認(rèn)詞義
1 When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.
A) defiesB) magnifiesC) mediatesD)evokes
譯文:當(dāng)人們被問(wèn)及需要或想要什么樣的住房時(shí),這個(gè)問(wèn)題引起了各種各樣的回答。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)詞義為“違抗”、“放大”、“調(diào)解”“引起”,詞義互不相干。從句意看,只有D)evokes講得通,為正確答案。
(二) 辨別同義詞和近義詞以及詞語(yǔ)的搭配
與上面一組題不同的是,此類詞匯題的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的單詞意義基本相近,屬同一語(yǔ)義范疇的詞,選擇的難度較大。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
[例1] The lawyer made a great impression on the jury.
A) defending B) guardingC) shieldingD) protecting
譯文:辯護(hù)律師給陪審團(tuán)留下了深刻的印象。
選擇項(xiàng)的四個(gè)詞義分別為“辯護(hù)”、“防衛(wèi)”、“保衛(wèi)”、“保護(hù)”,而其中只有A項(xiàng)有用言辭辯護(hù)、保護(hù)之意,且符合英文的慣用法。因此,在做這類題時(shí),不僅要注意單詞的細(xì)微差別,還要考慮相鄰詞連在一起是否符合英語(yǔ)的固定說(shuō)法。
有些同義詞選擇項(xiàng)光靠辨清意義還是無(wú)法確定,這就需要考生平時(shí)扎實(shí)地掌握詞匯的用法和搭配。如:
[例2] His career was not noticeably by the fact that he had never been to college.
A) preventedB) restrainedC) hinderedD) refrained
譯文:他的事業(yè)并沒(méi)明顯地因?yàn)樗麖奈瓷线^(guò)大學(xué)而受到妨礙。
從詞義上看,這幾個(gè)詞意義上都很相近,依次為“防止”,“阻止”,“阻礙”,“抑制、克制”。但prevent有“預(yù)防,停止”之意,與主語(yǔ)搭配意義不當(dāng)。restrain和refrain都有“抑制、克制”之意,常與from搭配,而且后者是不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用被動(dòng)式。只有hinder為“妨礙,使不能順利進(jìn)行”,意義、用法都正確。
[例3] The political future of the president is now hanging by a .
A) threadB) cordC) stringD) rope
譯文:總統(tǒng)的政治前途岌岌可危。
以上四個(gè)詞均為“線、繩”之意,讓人無(wú)所適從。但正確的說(shuō)法只有一個(gè),即“hang by a thread”。該短語(yǔ)為固定搭配的詞組,這種題只有靠平時(shí)廣泛的閱讀和積累才能解答。
(三) 形或音有相似之處的易混詞
有些詞拼寫形式相似,或發(fā)音有相似之處,但意義卻不相同,若不細(xì)心,容易混淆。還有一些詞形義都有相似之處,更須注意區(qū)別。這也是詞匯題中經(jīng)常遇到的。
[例1] Some people think that a translation, or wordforword translation, is easier than a free translation.
A) literalB) literaryC) liberalD) linear
譯文:有人認(rèn)為“直譯”或逐字譯要比意譯容易。
此題四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的單詞在拼寫和發(fā)音上都有相似之處,極易混淆。但實(shí)際上它們意義完全不同:A項(xiàng)為“逐字的”,B項(xiàng)為“文學(xué)的”,C項(xiàng)為“自由的”,D項(xiàng)為“線性的”。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選A。
[例2] He attends to the of important business himself.
A) transactionB) transitionC) transmissionD) transformation
譯文:他親自辦理重要的事務(wù)。
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)單詞拼寫、發(fā)音相近,且后三個(gè)詞在意義上也有相近之處。transition意為:“轉(zhuǎn)變”,transmission意為“傳送”,transformation意為“變化、變形”。只有A項(xiàng)符合句意,意為“處理、辦理”。
[例3] We rarely perceive more than a minute of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass as by.
A) fictionB) functionC) fractionD) friction
譯文:我們只不過(guò)感知到落入我們感官的光和聲音的微乎其微的一小部分, 其余絕大多數(shù)都與我們擦身而過(guò)。
本題設(shè)置了四個(gè)發(fā)音極其相似,拼寫也相近的詞迷惑考生,但其實(shí)四個(gè)詞的詞義相去甚遠(yuǎn)。這四個(gè)詞的意義依次為“小說(shuō)”、“功能”、“一點(diǎn)兒”、“摩擦”,應(yīng)選C。
(四) 詞語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣搭配
詞匯選擇題或多或少都涉及詞匯間的搭配關(guān)系。在四個(gè)詞義基本相同,從語(yǔ)法上又看不出有什么不妥時(shí),尤其要注意詞匯間的搭配。如動(dòng)詞與特定名詞的動(dòng)賓搭配,修飾語(yǔ)與中心詞的習(xí)慣搭配,動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配以動(dòng)詞與副詞的搭配等等。這種搭配關(guān)系,往往從語(yǔ)義上很難講清,考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)一定要注意記憶、積累。
[例1] Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country.
A) pledgeB) warrantyC) resolveD) guarantee
本句要表達(dá)的意思為:“每個(gè)社會(huì)成員都必須保證為國(guó)家的自由而斗爭(zhēng)?!钡渲蠥、B、D三項(xiàng)詞義分別為“保證、誓言”、“保證書”、“保證、擔(dān)?!?。意義如此相同,該選哪一個(gè)呢?從固定的動(dòng)賓搭配的角度,我們只能選A。英語(yǔ)中可以說(shuō)“make a pledge”,但卻不能說(shuō)“make a guarantee/warranty”。這兩個(gè)詞一般與give搭配?!癿ake a resolve”雖有此搭配,但意義不甚通。
[例2] Young peoples social environment has a effect on their academic progress.
A) grossB) solidC) completeD) profound
譯文:年輕人所處的社會(huì)環(huán)境對(duì)他們的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)步有深刻的影響。
gross有“總的,十足的,顯著的”意義,solid為“堅(jiān)固的”,complete為“完全的”,profound為“深刻的,深遠(yuǎn)的”,是正確答案。profound 常用以修飾effect、influence、silence等詞,是一種習(xí)慣的修飾關(guān)系。
[例3] To be an inventor, one needs profound knowledge as well as a very imagination.
A) vividB) brightC) livingD) colorful
譯文:要成為一個(gè)發(fā)明家,一個(gè)人需要豐富的想像力和淵博的知識(shí)。
本題應(yīng)選答案A。vivid意為“活躍的,生動(dòng)的”,常用于修飾imagination,是很地道的英語(yǔ)。living是“活著的”意思,colorful意為“多彩的”,與vivid相比,都不是符合習(xí)慣用法的搭配。
以上我們從詞匯題的命題思路和著眼點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了舉例和分析,考生從中可以獲得一些有用的解題思路和方法。
應(yīng)試技巧
詞匯這一部分考題的應(yīng)試對(duì)策實(shí)在是“自古華山一條路”——擴(kuò)大詞匯量。套用一句現(xiàn)今高校學(xué)生的戲語(yǔ):“就是比誰(shuí)的‘內(nèi)存’大!”
二、 綜合改錯(cuò)
六級(jí)考試的改錯(cuò)不同于一般的單句改錯(cuò),要求考生能在語(yǔ)篇的層次上讀懂一篇200字左右的短文,理清正確的思路,發(fā)現(xiàn)和指出其中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤和邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤,并予以改正,使文章語(yǔ)義連貫,符合邏輯。
詞匯、語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤
詞匯、語(yǔ)法類錯(cuò)誤涵蓋面甚廣,包括除邏輯錯(cuò)誤以外的所有錯(cuò)誤,在六級(jí)考試改錯(cuò)題當(dāng)中該類錯(cuò)誤約占到70%。由于詞匯錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤往往相互關(guān)聯(lián),故歸入一類進(jìn)行分析。下面我們就詞類的角度,分析、歸納經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(一) 名詞錯(cuò)誤
單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤,可數(shù)名數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用。
(二) 代詞錯(cuò)誤
① 代詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò),造成搭配不一致;② 人稱與非人稱用錯(cuò);③ 主格、賓格或所有格用錯(cuò);④ 關(guān)系代詞用錯(cuò);⑤ 不定代詞用錯(cuò)。
(三) 動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤
① 時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),第三人稱單數(shù)錯(cuò)誤;② 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式錯(cuò)誤;③ 及物與不及物動(dòng)詞用錯(cuò),造成缺賓語(yǔ)或不能帶賓語(yǔ);④ 動(dòng)詞采用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,造成謂語(yǔ)缺失,或用動(dòng)詞代替分詞狀語(yǔ),造成一句中有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。
(四) 形容詞、副詞錯(cuò)誤
形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)、高級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。
(五) 介詞錯(cuò)誤
① 用錯(cuò)介詞,造成搭配錯(cuò)誤;② 遺漏介詞或添加多余的介詞。
(六) 分詞錯(cuò)誤
現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞置換錯(cuò)誤,該用ing分詞卻用了ed分詞,或者相反。
(七) 其他詞類錯(cuò)誤
① 定冠詞和不定冠詞用錯(cuò),冠詞遺漏或多余;② 不定式符號(hào)to的缺漏或多余;③ 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞錯(cuò)用。
(八) 詞性誤用
詞類誤用出現(xiàn)在以上主要詞類中,在實(shí)考試卷中,多表現(xiàn)為以下各組詞類間的誤用:
① 名詞形容詞
用錯(cuò)的情況經(jīng)常是:該用形容詞作定語(yǔ)的地方用了名詞,或該作賓語(yǔ)的位置用了形容詞。
● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.應(yīng)為medical
● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 應(yīng)為shortage
② 形容詞副詞
經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤情形為:用于修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞的副詞被錯(cuò)用為形容詞,或處于表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)誤位置的形容詞被錯(cuò)用為副詞。
● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 應(yīng)為highly
● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 應(yīng)為formerly
● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 應(yīng)為effective
● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 應(yīng)為evident
● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 應(yīng)為carefully
(九) 措詞錯(cuò)誤
此類錯(cuò)誤主要指選詞的錯(cuò)誤,即該用某個(gè)詞,卻誤用了另外一個(gè)詞,造成語(yǔ)義不當(dāng)或語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤。所以要糾正錯(cuò)誤,必須另?yè)Q一詞。這類錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個(gè)方面:
① 同義詞、近義詞選用不當(dāng);
② 形似義異詞用錯(cuò)。
● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意為“資源”,意義不當(dāng),應(yīng)改作source(來(lái)源)。
● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.
根據(jù)句中“大多數(shù)國(guó)家的政府”可知“ international”應(yīng)為“national”。
● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根據(jù)句意,句中set應(yīng)改為“settled”,與dispute搭配表示“平息/解決爭(zhēng)端”。而set無(wú)“平息,解決”之意,這是因?yàn)槠磳懓l(fā)音相似而導(dǎo)致的用詞錯(cuò)誤。
● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“l(fā)ays”意為“放置”,且為及物動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)換作“l(fā)ies”(躺著)。這是一對(duì)容易混淆的詞。
邏輯錯(cuò)誤
綜合改錯(cuò)的第二大類錯(cuò)誤為邏輯錯(cuò)誤。從出題的角度看,設(shè)計(jì)者有意將某個(gè)連詞,或起連詞作用的副詞換成與文章思路矛盾的連詞或副詞;或?qū)⒛硞€(gè)正確的詞的詞義換成它的反義詞;或者通過(guò)去掉否定詞或添加否定詞,使上下文產(chǎn)生矛盾??忌陂喿x中若感覺(jué)文意不暢時(shí),應(yīng)從這幾個(gè)方面入手,看看是否存在這類錯(cuò)誤。
(一) 連詞或副詞錯(cuò)用
連詞或起連詞作用的副詞按表示的邏輯關(guān)系可分為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、讓步、假設(shè)等幾大類。出題者往往通過(guò)把表示某種關(guān)系的連詞或副詞換成表示另一類邏輯關(guān)系的詞,造成邏輯矛盾。如把因果關(guān)系連詞和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞互換,把表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的與讓步關(guān)系的詞互換等。下列連詞和副詞在改錯(cuò)題中要特別注意。
because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor
● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面這段文字中的連詞“since”作“由于”解,與前文所述原因矛盾,而且since用在此,句法上也不正確,沒(méi)有主句,應(yīng)改為but。后面的連詞Nevertheless(然而),與上下文文意不合,應(yīng)改為表示因果關(guān)系的 “Therefore”或“So”。
(二) 反義詞
這種錯(cuò)誤指的是出題者將文中某個(gè)詞,可以是動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞改成與正確文意相反或相對(duì)的詞??忌仨毮軌蜃R(shí)別這種錯(cuò)誤,把它改過(guò)來(lái)。由于許多單詞的反義詞都可通過(guò)增加或取消表示否定意義的前綴、后綴而構(gòu)成,在改正的過(guò)程,要特別注意利用這些詞綴。
● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.
該段文字中的副詞“either”和動(dòng)詞“discourages”在文中與文意相悖,邏輯上不通,應(yīng)分別改成它們的反義詞“too”和“encourages”。
(三) 肯定與否定
與上述兩種通過(guò)單詞本身的錯(cuò)誤構(gòu)成邏輯錯(cuò)誤不同,這類錯(cuò)誤是由于否定詞not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。
● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.
“學(xué)期短,這樣這些孩子就不能在農(nóng)場(chǎng)上幫忙了”句意邏輯上不通,顯然后一句中的not應(yīng)刪去。
● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
此段中“not”應(yīng)刪去,而在had view之間應(yīng)增添“no”,文意才通。
應(yīng)試技巧
以上我們對(duì)綜合改錯(cuò)題的各種錯(cuò)誤類型進(jìn)行了全面的歸納分析,可以說(shuō)解題的思路和技巧已蘊(yùn)含其中,現(xiàn)在我們從應(yīng)試的角度提供幾點(diǎn)建議:
1快速瀏覽全文,把握話題和大意。
2細(xì)讀要求改錯(cuò)的那行文字,看看每一個(gè)詞是否有語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
3如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤,要特別注意一下上下文,看看是否有邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
4思路要開(kāi)闊,考慮每類詞匯能出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,這一點(diǎn)尤為重要。
5注意以下一些常常設(shè)置的考點(diǎn):
①如果出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞ing,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過(guò)去分詞ed,反之亦然。
②如果是代詞,考慮一下應(yīng)該是主格、賓格還是所有格,或考慮應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
its — his,his/her/its — their
this — that/those/these
that — which — what
nothing — everything — anything
other — the other — another
few — a few, little — a little
③如果是形容詞,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞,或涉及形容詞的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,如比較級(jí)等,副詞亦如此。
much — many, more — less, few — fewer
little — few — less, late — later — latter — lately,good — well
④如果是介詞,考慮是否能與動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
as — like, in — on — of, from — with — between
⑤如果是系動(dòng)詞be,助動(dòng)詞have,考慮單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。
is (was) — are(were), have — had/has
⑥如果是連詞,讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。
⑦如果每個(gè)詞本身都找不出問(wèn)題,看看是否漏掉了什么詞,如冠詞等。
三、 完形填空
完型填空原為四級(jí)考試采用的題型,六級(jí)考試自1999年6月采用復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫后,為保持主觀題分?jǐn)?shù)不變,用完形填空代替了綜合改錯(cuò)。依此分析,以后每逢采納聽(tīng)力新題型時(shí),會(huì)考完形填空。從實(shí)考試卷分析,六級(jí)的完形填空題在選擇項(xiàng)詞匯的設(shè)計(jì)上難度略大于四級(jí)。該題型為一篇題材熟悉、難度中等的短文(約200詞),內(nèi)有20個(gè)空白,每個(gè)空白設(shè)有4個(gè)選擇項(xiàng),要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選一個(gè)佳答案,使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。下面我們讀讀完形填空題的特點(diǎn)以及做題應(yīng)注意些什么。
特點(diǎn)1
完形填空題測(cè)試考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的理解能力。不同于單句形式的詞匯題,完形填空要求考生能在語(yǔ)篇水平上理解并運(yùn)用詞匯,不僅要看所填詞匯在本句從語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法上是否正確,而且要考慮上下文。
應(yīng)試技巧
在做題時(shí),應(yīng)先快速通覽一下全文,或至少一段,在掌握了大意后再做題。
特點(diǎn)2
完形填空測(cè)試考生使用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。短文的選項(xiàng)包括結(jié)構(gòu)詞和實(shí)義詞。
應(yīng)試技巧
所謂結(jié)構(gòu)詞是指連詞、介詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等虛詞,這些詞往往表示語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,在選擇時(shí),要考慮語(yǔ)法、邏輯上是否恰當(dāng)。對(duì)實(shí)義詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等)首先要看其含義在句中、上下文中是否恰當(dāng),還要看它與其他詞搭配是否得當(dāng),符合習(xí)慣用法。第四節(jié)簡(jiǎn)答題、英譯漢應(yīng)試訣竅
一、 簡(jiǎn)答題
簡(jiǎn)答題是四、六級(jí)考試已多次采用的新題型,有關(guān)該題的介紹,請(qǐng)參閱概述部分,這里不再贅述。這里只談?wù)労?jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型及應(yīng)試方面應(yīng)注意的要點(diǎn)。
簡(jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型
簡(jiǎn)答題的問(wèn)題類型主要為主旨類和細(xì)節(jié)類。這類題答案相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較容易控制,這也是從試題難度和評(píng)卷角度考慮的。
1主旨類
凡涉及文章的主題、大意、作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖都屬于這一類。提問(wèn)方式與閱讀理解此類題型類似。
What is the passage mainly about?
Whats the topic of this passage?
The purpose of this passage is to.
2細(xì)節(jié)類
細(xì)節(jié)題占簡(jiǎn)答題問(wèn)題的絕大部分,往往針對(duì)文章中的主要事實(shí),情節(jié),論據(jù)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),因此多用what,when, who, why ,how提問(wèn),或者以完成句子的形式出現(xiàn)。
應(yīng)試技巧
1弄清提問(wèn)的焦點(diǎn),直接回答問(wèn)題,避免迂回、繞圈子或答非所問(wèn)。
2充分利用文章所使用的有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題,避免用錯(cuò)詞或使用拼不正確的詞。
3根據(jù)提問(wèn)方式的不同,采用適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)回答。如用what提的問(wèn)題,一般只需用名詞或名詞短語(yǔ),或動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)回答即可。這是少用詞的一個(gè)技巧。
4去除與所回答的問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)的信息,答案簡(jiǎn)明扼要不超過(guò)10個(gè)詞。
5注意檢查自己的回答中時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞形式、冠詞有沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤或遺漏。
6避免完全照搬原句,因?yàn)樵渫硕嘤嗟男畔⑶彝c提問(wèn)的形式不相吻合。
7書寫要清楚、工整。
? 簡(jiǎn)答題評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 簡(jiǎn)答題要求學(xué)生在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上,用正確簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言回答問(wèn)題。在評(píng)分時(shí)同時(shí)考慮內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言。每題滿分為2分,低分為0分。
2 給分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——答出全部?jī)?nèi)容,語(yǔ)言正確
1分——答出部分內(nèi)容,語(yǔ)言正確
0分——沒(méi)有答對(duì)問(wèn)題
3 扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
(1) 語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤扣05分,每題語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤扣分不超過(guò)05分;
(2) 涉及無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容者扣05分;若答案中有相互矛盾的內(nèi)容,則內(nèi)容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分;
(3) 整句原封不動(dòng)照搬扣分,照搬一句扣05分,照搬兩句及兩句以上不得分;
(4) 考生所給答案超過(guò)10個(gè)單詞扣05分。
二、 英譯漢
英譯漢是四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)早頒布的新題型之一。四級(jí)考試自1996年1月已采用過(guò),而六級(jí)考試在實(shí)考中迄今尚未考過(guò)。盡管如此,英譯漢仍可能在以后的六級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)。在此,我們參照以往四級(jí)考試翻譯題的出題情況,談?wù)劽}特點(diǎn)和翻譯中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。
命題特點(diǎn)
英譯漢的句子通常從閱讀理解的四篇文章中抽出,一般有四至五句。從實(shí)考試卷看,在句子的選擇上有以下特點(diǎn):
1傾向于選擇復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句一般占3至4個(gè),通常只有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
2傾向于選擇句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同的多種句式:
(1) 含有定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句等從句的復(fù)雜句;
(2) 含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子以及其他重要結(jié)構(gòu)的句子;
(3) 含有固定短語(yǔ)的句子;
(4) 含有分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。
應(yīng)試技巧
根據(jù)四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)有關(guān)新題型的通知以及實(shí)考的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“英譯漢主要考核考生對(duì)書面材料的確切理解能力。對(duì)譯文的要求是‘正確’和‘表達(dá)清楚’,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求”。這也是根據(jù)實(shí)際情況提出的一個(gè)實(shí)事求是的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,要做好這一部分,關(guān)鍵還在于正確地理解原文原句。當(dāng)然,“對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求”并不意味著漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)不重要,沒(méi)有合適的漢語(yǔ)措辭,往往會(huì)詞不達(dá)意,甚至意思扭曲,背離原文的意思。下面是一些在翻譯時(shí)注意的問(wèn)題:
1先弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu),分清句子的主干,即哪一部分是主語(yǔ),哪一部分是謂語(yǔ),哪一部分是賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。然后搞清楚主句與從句,各修飾語(yǔ)修飾哪個(gè)中心詞。
2定語(yǔ)從句,同位從句過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí),可拆開(kāi)來(lái)譯為2句或多個(gè)短句。
3注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)more...than, as...as,rather than..., other than...等結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法。
4選擇合適的漢語(yǔ)句式。有些句子直譯或順譯就能正確地表達(dá)英文原義,而有些句子順譯將無(wú)法理解。這時(shí)應(yīng)考慮一下,原文要表達(dá)的意思,用漢語(yǔ)如何說(shuō),如果原句有多層意思,考慮一下分譯成若干句。這樣思路就不至于受原文的拘束而找到合適的表達(dá)方法。
5注意原文句意的肯定與否定,不要譯反。另外還要注意否定詞的范圍,是局部否定還是否定全句,不要譯錯(cuò)。
? 英譯漢評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1本項(xiàng)目通過(guò)翻譯測(cè)試考生正確理解英文原文的能力。
2本項(xiàng)目中的試題均摘自閱讀理解部分的文章,因此“正確理解英文原文” 必須根據(jù)原文上下文正確理解英文。
3對(duì)譯文的要求是“正確”和“表達(dá)清楚”,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)不作過(guò)高要求。
4本項(xiàng)目滿分為10分,共4題,每題為25分;每題劃分為3—4個(gè)給分段,分段的分值為05或1;凡分值為05者不再細(xì)化。
5添加不必要的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),如不影響句義,不扣分;如影響句義,應(yīng)扣分。來(lái)源:www.examda.com
6如譯文與原文的句義相反,即使局部譯對(duì),全句也不給分。
7一題二譯時(shí),只按第一個(gè)譯文評(píng)分。
8考試委員會(huì)提供譯文抽樣示例,對(duì)超出示例的譯文若有爭(zhēng)議,由閱卷點(diǎn)負(fù)責(zé)人根據(jù)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)酌情決定。
第五節(jié)六級(jí)作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
六級(jí)考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級(jí)為100詞)。從近幾年實(shí)考看,四、六級(jí)均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個(gè)英文標(biāo)題下面用漢語(yǔ)給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。
? 六級(jí)考試作文評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(一) 評(píng)分原則
1. CET是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求,對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。
2. CET作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。
3. 從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。
(二) 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1 本題滿分為15分。
2 閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。
3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分,若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分);若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
4 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
5分——基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
8分——基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,文字勉強(qiáng)連貫;語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多,其中有一些是嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
11分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
14分——切題。表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給0分]
5 字?jǐn)?shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)〖〗CET4〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗60~69〖〗50~59〖〗<49CET6〖〗110~119〖〗100~109〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗<69扣分〖〗1〖〗2〖〗3〖〗5〖〗7〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。
2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當(dāng)于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當(dāng)于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15得分率〖〗100〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗194〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
1 作文分低分定為6分。
2 考生作文分為0分時(shí),若總分高于60分,一律按59分報(bào)道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報(bào)道。
3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時(shí),則按下列公式報(bào)道成績(jī):
后報(bào)道分=原計(jì)算總分-6分+實(shí)得作文分。
應(yīng)試技巧
(一) 審題與構(gòu)思
拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標(biāo)題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對(duì)標(biāo)題中某個(gè)詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語(yǔ)提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實(shí)考評(píng)卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標(biāo)題中的某個(gè)詞,造成偏離題目的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。其實(shí)只要思心點(diǎn),這種情況就不會(huì)發(fā)生??辞鍢?biāo)題之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(diǎn)(句),段落之間如何過(guò)渡等。
(二) 開(kāi)端
文章的開(kāi)端很重要,俗話說(shuō)“萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難”,一個(gè)好的起始句往往能夠打開(kāi)思路。由于四、六級(jí)作文多為議論文和說(shuō)明文,且為短文,“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”直入話題為使用多開(kāi)篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點(diǎn),請(qǐng)參閱四、六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開(kāi)頭?!伴_(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對(duì)跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開(kāi)頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個(gè)有點(diǎn)新意的開(kāi)頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開(kāi)頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財(cái)) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays ,many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個(gè)不同凡響的開(kāi)頭,這篇作文已給評(píng)卷者一個(gè)很好的印象。當(dāng)然,除了“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”式的開(kāi)頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開(kāi)頭。比如,我們可以用一個(gè)具體事例開(kāi)頭或描述一個(gè)場(chǎng)景開(kāi)頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語(yǔ)提綱“有人認(rèn)為幸運(yùn)數(shù)字能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)”這句話翻譯了一下作為開(kāi)端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個(gè)比較生動(dòng)的開(kāi)頭??傊臒o(wú)定法,文章的開(kāi)頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目?jī)?nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開(kāi)頭方式。
(三) 展開(kāi)
有了一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點(diǎn),展開(kāi)段落。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段的提綱就象一個(gè)主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說(shuō)明闡釋。四、六級(jí)考試的作文是短文,不需要長(zhǎng)篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點(diǎn),想好每段要寫的幾個(gè)句子。一般來(lái)說(shuō),每段只需寫4~5句即可達(dá)到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。有些考生以為寫得長(zhǎng)就是好,盲目追求字?jǐn)?shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達(dá)意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評(píng)分,主要在于文章句子的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,字?jǐn)?shù)的多少并不成為評(píng)分時(shí)的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)。依實(shí)考評(píng)卷的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,除非考生作文字?jǐn)?shù)明顯太少,一般很少因?yàn)樽謹(jǐn)?shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字?jǐn)?shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點(diǎn)的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
(四) 遣詞造句
考生在寫作時(shí),要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認(rèn)真考慮寫好每一個(gè)句子。這是清楚表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。四、六級(jí)作文考的是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力,評(píng)分從語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實(shí)際操作中更加偏重于從語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量角度評(píng)判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá),避免詞不達(dá)意,減少出錯(cuò)的頻率。如果表達(dá)時(shí)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)詞匯不會(huì)或想不起來(lái),不如換一種說(shuō)法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達(dá)的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問(wèn)句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z(yǔ),詞組可為文章增加亮點(diǎn)。
(五) 復(fù)查與修改
這是寫作考試時(shí)一個(gè)必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時(shí),考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無(wú)語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯(cuò)誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤等明顯的錯(cuò)誤,都可以通過(guò)復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。
六級(jí)作文寫作實(shí)用套路套語(yǔ)例解
大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),平時(shí)多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語(yǔ),就能夠在相對(duì)短的時(shí)間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們?cè)诜治鰵v年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
(一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
模式之一:1有人認(rèn)為…
2有人認(rèn)為(不同式相反的觀點(diǎn))
3我的觀點(diǎn)
這是六級(jí)考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對(duì)某種問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對(duì)此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)或評(píng)述。如1999年6月作文題:
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
1有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇
2有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書
3我的看法
由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個(gè)套路來(lái)構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
參考套路①
Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
參考套路②
When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
參考套路③
Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點(diǎn)
2某事某物的副作用/帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3如何處理/看待
這也是六級(jí)作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負(fù)面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問(wèn)題,或者談自己的看法、體會(huì)。如1996年1月作文題:
The Twoday Weekend
1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的好處
2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題
3我應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣過(guò)好雙休日
參考套路:
...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
(二) 六級(jí)作文實(shí)用套語(yǔ)
(1)表示列舉他人的觀點(diǎn)、看法:來(lái)源:www.examda.com
● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.
(2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
● Which opinion is rignt / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
● It is true that..., but...
● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
● Im in favor of the latter.
● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
(3) 表示引入要討論的問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象:
● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discusion on/ about/ whether...
● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
● It is generally believed that...
● With the development of national economy...
● With the progress of science and technology...
● With the quickening pace of modern life...
● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
(4) 表示陳述原因:
● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
● The reasons for this are as follows.
● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
● There are several reasons why...
● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
● It is due to several factors.
● ..., for they think that...
● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.
(5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):
● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
● It contributes to ...
● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
● It does harm / good to ...
● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
(6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
● What should we do to solve the problem?
● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
● The solution to this problem is to / that...
● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
● We should take immediate action to ...
● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
(7) 表示重要、必要:
● It is indispensable to our life.
● Its an indispensable part of ...
● It plays an important part.
● ××× is of vital importance.
● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
(8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
● Only in this way can we...
● Only when we... can we...
(三) 六級(jí)作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語(yǔ)
(1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
(2) 遞進(jìn),附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
(3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
(4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
(5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all來(lái)源:www.examda.com
(6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example