I
    Import quota進口限額
    A limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
    Imports進口
    Goods and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically
    In-kind transfers實物轉(zhuǎn)移支付
    Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash
    Income effect收入效應
    The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve
    Income elasticity of demand需求收入彈性
    A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
    Indexation指數(shù)化
    The automatic correction of a dollar figure for the effects of inflation by law or contract
    Indifference curves無差異曲線
    Curves that show consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction A good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demanded
    Inferior good低檔商品
    A good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in quantity demanded
    Inflation通貨膨脹
    An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
    Inflation rate通貨膨脹率
    The percentage change in the price index from the preceding period
    Internalizing an externality外部性的內(nèi)在化
    Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
    Investment投資
    Spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing
    imperfect competition不完全競爭
    any market structure in which there is some competition but firms face downward-sloping demand curves
    implicit contract隱含合同
    an unwritten understanding between two groups involved in an exchange, such as an understanding between employer and employees that employees will receive a stable wage throughout fluctuating economic conditions
    import function進口函數(shù)
    the relationship between imports and national income
    incomplete markets不完全市場
    situations in which no market may exist for some good or for some risk, or in which some individuals cannot borrow for some purposes
    increasing, constant or diminishing returns to scale規(guī)模收益遞增/不變/遞減
    when all inputs are increased by a certain proportion, output increases by a greater proportion (also known as economies of scale)
    indexing指數(shù)化
    the formal linking of any payment to a price index
    individual income tax個人所得稅
    a tax based on the income received by any individual or household
    infant industry argument for protection幼稚工業(yè)保護論
    the argument that industries must be protected from foreign competition while they are young, until they have a chance to acquire the skills to enable them to compete on equal terms
    infinite elasticity of demand無限需求彈性
    the situation that exists when any amount will be demanded at a particular price, but nothing will be demanded if the price rises even a small amount
    infinite elasticity of supply無限供給彈性
    situation that exists when any amount will be supplied at a particular price, but nothing will be supplied if the price falls even a small amount
    inflation tax通貨膨脹稅
    the decrease in buying power (wealth) that inflation imposes on those who hold currency (and other assets, like bonds, the payments for which are fixed in terms of dollars)
    inflationary spiral通貨膨脹螺旋
    a self-perpetuating system in which price increases lead to higher wages, which lead to further price increases
    infrastructure基礎設施
    the roads, ports, bridges, and legal system that provide the necessary basis for a working economy
    insider-outsider theory局內(nèi)人—局外人理論
    the theory that firms are reluctant to pay new workers (outsiders) a lower wage than current workers (insiders), because current workers will fear beingreplaced by the new log-wage workers and will not participate in cooperating with and training them
    interest利息
    the return a saver receives in addition to the original amount she deposited, and the amount that a borrower must pay in addition to the original amount she deposited
    interest rate effect利率效應
    the situation that exists when lower interest rates (resulting from an increase in the money supply, or a fall in the price level) induce firms to invest more
    investment schedule投資曲線
    the relationship between the level of investment and the (real) rate of interest
    investment tax credit (ITC)投資稅減免
    a provision of the tax code in which the government reduces a companys tax bill by an amount equal to a percentage of its spending on investment
    involuntary unemployment非自愿失業(yè)
    the situation that occurs when the supply of those willing to work at the going market wage exceeds the demand for labor
    J
    Job search尋找工作
    The process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills
    K
    Keynesian monetary theory凱恩斯貨幣理論
    Keynesian unemployment凱恩斯失業(yè)
    unemployment that occurs as a result of insufficient aggregate demand; it arises in the demand-constrained equilibrium (where aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply), so that rightward shifts in aggregate demand reduce the level of unemployment
    kinked demand curve有折點的需求曲線
    the demand curve perceived by an oligopolist who believes that rivals will match any price cuts but will not match price increases