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        大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀擊破:篇章詞匯閱讀篇2

        字號(hào):

        Passage 2   Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 認(rèn)識(shí)派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
            The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
            “If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
            A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
            In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
            A)mental   B)promise C)kill D)avoid
            E)hope   F)especially G)aid H)ordinary
            I)approval   J)monetary K)generally L)improve
            M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
            Answers:   1. 選 L )。 第一段主要提出了行為學(xué)家和認(rèn)知派研究專家對(duì)于額外獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的不同看法,因此可以推出此處應(yīng)填與 destroy 意思相反的動(dòng)詞,可選項(xiàng)由 improve 和 aid ,但能與 performance 構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。
            2 . 選 I )。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此處應(yīng)填名詞。認(rèn)知派研究專家認(rèn)為,由于獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)助長(zhǎng)了人們期望從別人那得到 …… 和物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的心理,而往往會(huì)破壞創(chuàng)造力,因此,選項(xiàng)中只有 approval “認(rèn)同”符合題意。
            3. 選 F )。 此處應(yīng)填副詞。可選項(xiàng)有 generally 和 especially ,但從文章后面所舉的例子來(lái)理解,此處是為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)教育家支持認(rèn)知派研究專家的看法,因此只有 especially “尤其,特別”符合題意。
            4. 選 J )。 此處應(yīng)填形容詞。由 But 轉(zhuǎn)折可知此句表明的觀點(diǎn)與認(rèn)知派研究專家 who study various aspects of mental life 的觀點(diǎn)“物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有害”相反,因此可以推出此處應(yīng)填的形容詞是表示“物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”的意思的詞,選項(xiàng)中只有 monetary 符合題意。
            5. 選 G )。 此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞。由 But 轉(zhuǎn)折可知,此舉表明的觀點(diǎn)與前者即行為學(xué)家所持的觀點(diǎn)一致,原文為“適當(dāng)?shù)亟o予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)刺激確實(shí) …… 創(chuàng)造力”,選項(xiàng)中只有 aid “有助于(刺激)”符合題意。
            6. 選 M )。 此處應(yīng)填形容詞。從原文來(lái)看,如果孩子們知道他們?cè)跒楂@得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而努力,并能專注于相對(duì) …… 的任務(wù),他們就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出很大的創(chuàng)造力,因此只有 challenging 符合題意。
            7. 選 C )。 由 it its easy to do 結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞。由此句中 But 轉(zhuǎn)折與前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此處應(yīng)填的詞應(yīng)與 show he most 表達(dá)的意思相反,且與 destroy 意思相近,故選項(xiàng)中只有 kill 符合題意。
            8. 選 H )。 此處應(yīng)填形容詞。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此處應(yīng)填的詞應(yīng)與 high 形成對(duì)比,故只有 ordinary 符合。
            9 . 選 N )。 由空格前的 and 可知,此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞??蛇x項(xiàng)有 avoid 和 restore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格,那么就會(huì)有高分和低分,也會(huì)有不及格,故只有 restore “恢復(fù)”符合題意。 avoid “避免(不及格)”不符合原文意思。
            10 . 選 B )。 很明顯此處應(yīng)填名詞。原文為“實(shí)行所謂象征性獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),在努力提高學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力方面有 …… ,”可選項(xiàng)有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主觀的愿望,希望,但此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“ …… 有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性,有前景”,故排除 hope 而選 promise 。