全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試
    英語模擬試題（三）
    Section ⅠUse of English
    Directions:
    Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the1half of the 19th century; most of 2 were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day nursery movement received great 3during the First World War, when4of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established5in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship.6the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose7, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, 8, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control9the day nurseries, chiefly by10them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.
    The11of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were12called upon to replace men in the factories. On this13the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools,14$6,000,000 in July, 1942,for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities15this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared16in daycare centers receiving Federal 17. Soon afterward, the Federal government18cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later19them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their20at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.
    1. \[A\] latter \[B\]late \[C\] other\[D\]first
    2. \[A\] those \[B\]them \[C\]whose \[D\]whom
    3. \[A\]impetus \[B\] input \[C\]imitation \[D\]initiative
    4. \[A\] sources \[B\] abundance \[C\]shortage \[D\]reduction
    5. \[A\] hardly \[B\] entirely \[C\]only \[D\]even
    6. \[A\] Because \[B\] As \[C\]Since \[D\]Although
    7. \[A\] unanimously \[B\]sharply \[C\]predominantly \[D\]militantly
    8. \[A\] therefore \[B\]consequently \[C\]however \[D\]moreover
    9. \[A\] over \[B\]in \[C\]at \[D\]about
    10. \[A\] formulating \[B\]labeling \[C\]patenting \[D\]licensing
    11. \[A\] outset \[B\]outbreak \[C\]breakthrough \[D\]breakdown
    12. \[A\] again \[B\]thus \[C\]repeatedly \[D\]yet
    13. \[A\] circumstance \[B\]occasion \[C\]case \[D\]situation
    14. \[A\] regulating \[B\]summoning \[C\]allocating \[D\]transferring
    15. \[A\] expanded \[B\]facilitated \[C\]supplemented \[D\]compensated
    16. [A\]by \[B\]after \[C\]of \[D\]for
    17. \[A\] pensions \[B\]subsidies \[C\]revenues \[D\]budgets
    18. \[A\]prevalently \[B\]furiously \[C\]statistically \[D\]drastically
    19. \[A\]abolished \[B\]diminished \[C\]jeopardized \[D\]precluded
    20. \[A\] nurseries \[B\]homes \[C\]jobs \[D\]children
    Section ⅡReading Comprehension
    Part A
    Directions:
    Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
    Text1
    Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays.
    Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers.
    On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before, we would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of’ other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”
    Paradoxically, with all this natural intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.
    21.Why did the author say that “psychology holds a unique position among the sciences”?
    \[A\] Commonsense understanding of human relations can be incisive.
    \[B\] Subjective bias is difficult to control in psychological research.
    \[C\] Intuitive knowledge in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.
    \[D\] The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.
    22.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because.
    \[A\] early scientists were more interested in the physical world
    \[B\] scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obvious
    \[C\] the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations
    \[D\] people generally seem to be more attracted to literary than to scientific writings about human relations
    23.It can be inferred that for people before the advent of scientific psychology the author would most likely agree with.
    \[A\] Their understanding of human relations was quite limited
    \[B\] They were uninterested in acquiring knowledge of the physical world
    \[C\] They misunderstood others more frequently than do people today
    \[D\] Their intuitions about human relations were reasonably sophisticated
    24.It can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense knowledge of human relations is.
    \[A\] equally well developed among all adults within a given society
    \[B\] considerably more accurate in some societies than in others
    \[C\] biased insofar as it is based on myths and folktales
    \[D\] usually sufficiently accurate to facilitate interactions with others
    25.The author’s attitude to treat human relations scientifically is relatively .
    \[A\] uninterested \[B\] uninterruptible \[C\] pessimistic \[D\] encouraging
    Text2
    Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of shortterm credit can buy and sell. The “money marker” is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and shortterm credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stockintrade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial servicescommercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governmentsto do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.
    The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modem economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form of a market. Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds.
    In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them, rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences (including his own) that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover, the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price (that is, rate of interest) for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market.
    26.The first paragraph is mainly about.
    \[A\] the definition of money market
    \[B\] the constitution of a money market
    \[C\] the basic functions of a money market
    \[D\] the general feature of a money market
    27.According to this passage, the money market.
    \[A\] provides convenient services to its customers
    \[B\] has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking funds
    \[C\] maintains accounts with various retailers of financial services
    \[D\] is made up of institutions who specialize in handling wholesale monetary transactions
    28.Which of the following statements concerning money market is not true according to this passage?
    \[A\] Money market does not exist in planned economies.
    \[B\] Money market has been established in some socialist countries.
    \[C\] Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds.
    \[D\] Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users.
    29.The author uses the example of middleman to show.
    \[A\] market transactions are important in different countries
    \[B\] dealers are needed in doing business
    \[C\] middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countries
    \[D\] middlemen in different countries have different actions in business
    30.According to this passage,.
    \[A\] brokers usually perform the same kinds of services to their customers
    \[B\] brokers have little contact with each other
    \[C\] open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any given moment
    \[D\] changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon market tends to maintain a common price for similar transactions
    Text3
    It is one thing to formulate a good scientific problem; it is quite another matter to solve it. Only a small proportion of all the research projects that are started arrive at really significant results. Many fail to get any results at all. Others produce results that are later shown to be invalid. Of those that finally survive the successive stages of critical assessment and accreditation, the vast majority is of great scientific interest.
    Scientific progress is not made by the accumulation of routine research results; it is made by important scientific discoveries. This is another notion that calls for careful philosophical analysis. It certainly cannot be defined without reference to its content. In common usage, the word carries with it an air of surprise. An investigation that arrives at exactly the result we expected can scarcely be referred to as a discovery: the information obtained must add to, or significantly change, what we already know. In other words, it has to be considered in relation to a particular frame of existing knowledge.
    Scientific discoveries, like scientific problems, have to be located in relation to scientific specialties. We automatically judge a discovery to be important or significant as soon as we see that it has implications for an extensive set of existing problems over a wide range of specialties. The other contributions to this meeting will undoubtedly show that this basic epistemological principle applies in almost all scholarly disciplines. It obviously underlies the practice of using citation counts as indicators of the quality of scientific papers anti their authors. This is not of course, a Reliable index of the value of a particular contribution to knowledge, but it accords closely with the way in which all scientists think about the progress of their subjects.
    But the specialty to which a particular discovery related is not necessarily that from which it originated. As every scientist knows from experience, an investigation that was undertaken to solve problem X very often produces the answer to some rater different problem Y. Columbus set sail for China, and came upon America. Copernicus set out to improve the calendar, and discovered that the Earth goes round the Sun. It is not so much that many scientific discoveries are serendipitous: it is that they can have implications for quite a different set of problems than was originally foreseen.
    Those philosophers who are scornful of what Kuhn called’normal’ science have tended to see its sole outcome as the accumulation of minor discoveries that have little effect outside the fields or subfields in which they were made. They tend, therefore, to concentrate on those bold hypotheses or experiments whose initial problem frame extends over a whole discipline—Wagener’s theory of Continental Drift, for example, or the contemporary experiments to test nonlocality and/or causality in quantum physics. But an important discovery that can eventually revolutionize 100 specialties may arise out of the investigation of a very ’unimportant’ problem. Remember that quantum physics itself began in the narrow specialty of theoretical statistical mechanics, as a fudged solution to the problem of calculating the amount of light produced by a redhot object, and that all the sciences and technologies that use the nuclear transformations of matter arose from the peculiar phenomenon of radioactivity observed in a few uncommon minerals.
    31.The first sentence of this passage means that.
    \[A\] it is usually very easy to pose a good scientific problem
    \[B\] it is rather difficult to solve a good scientific problem
    \[C\] a good research project does not necessarily lead to remarkable results
    \[D\] a good scientific problem usually leads to invalid results
    32.A discovery can be defined by.
    \[A\] the acquisition of information
    \[B\] philosophical analysis with surprising contents
    \[C\] the accumulation of useful research results
    \[D\] a research that arrives at exact result
    33.The discovery is of great significance if.
    \[A\] it extends the ambit of the science research
    \[B\] the principle can be used in all scholarly disciplines
    \[C\] it helps almost all the scientists to make progress of their subjects
    \[D\] All of above.
    34.The word “specialties” in (Line 2, Para 3) means.
    \[A\] subjects \[B\] sciences \[C\] peculiarities \[D\] differences
    35.Which of the following can prove that the specialty to which a particular discovery related is necessarily that from which it originated?
    \[A\] Quantum physics.
    \[B\] Wegner’s theory of Continental Drift.
    \[C\] Theoretical statistical mechanics. \[D\] The discovery of America by Columbus.
    Text4
    The biggest danger facing the global airline industry is not the effects of terrorism, war, SARS and economic downturn. It is that these blows, which have helped ground three national flag carriers and force two American airlines into Chapter 11 bankruptcy, will divert attention from the inherent weaknesses of aviation, which they have exacerbated. As in the crisis that attended the first Gulf war, many airlines hope that traffic will soon bounce back, and a few catastrophic years will be followed by fuller planes, happier passengers and a return to profitability. Yet the industry’s problems are deeperand olderthan the trauma of the past two years implies.
    As the centenary of the first powered flight approaches in December, the industry it launched is still remarkably primitive. The car industry, created not long after the Wright Brothers made history, is now a global industry dominated by a dozen firms, at least half of which make good profits. Yet commercial aviation consists of 267 international carriers and other 500plus domestic ones. The world’s biggest carrier, American Airlines, has barely 7% of the global market, whereas the world’s biggest carmaker, General Motors, has (with its associated firms) about a quarter of the world’s automobile market.
    Aviation has been incompletely deregulated, and in only two markets: America and Europe. Everywhere else deals between governments dictate who flies under what rules. These aim to preserve stateowned national flagcarriers, run for prestige rather than profit. And numerous restrictions on foreign ownership impede crossborder airline mergers.
    In America, the big network carriers face barriers to exit, which have kept their route networks too large. Trade unions resisting job cuts and Congressmen opposing route closures in their territory conspire to block change. In Europe, liberalization is limited by bilateral deals that prevent, for instance, British Airways (BA) flying to America from Frankfurt or Paris, or Lufthansa offering transatlantic flights from London’s Heathrow. To use the car industry analogy, it is as if only Renaults were allowed to drive on French motorways.
    In airlines, the optimists are those who think that things are now so bad that the industry has no option but to evolve. Frederick Reid, president of Delta Air Lines, said earlier this year that events since the September 11th attacks are the equivalent of a meteor strike, changing the climate, creating a sort of nuclear winter and leading to a “compressed evolutionary cycle”. So how, looking on the bright side might the industry look after five years of accelerated development?
    36.According to the passage, the biggest problems of airline industry.
     \[A\] are actually not fully recognized
     \[B\] are attracting a lot of attention
     \[C\] are not the real cause of airlines’ bankruptcy
     \[D\] are the effects of various calamities
    37.One of the facts that turn over the primitiveness of airline industry is.
     \[A\] it is still an industry of comparatively low profits
     \[B\] it is composed of international carriers
     \[C\] its market is divided by many a relatively small carrier
     \[D\] its history is much longer than that of car industry
    38.It can be inferred from the passage that.
     \[A\] free competition may help solve the problems confronting aviation industry
     \[B\] problems in America are more of a political nature than that in Europe
     \[C\] car industry should exert a more powerful influence on aviation industry
     \[D\] there is still a long way to go before the problems can be solved
    39.What does the author mean by “Aviation has been incompletely deregulated,” (Para.3)?
     \[A\] Governmental restrictions are still imposed on aviation industry in many areas.
     \[B\] Governments help establish rules for aviation industry only in America and Europe.
     \[C\] Some countries hope to help their national carriers keep up their national prestige.
     \[D\] Many countries discourage merger plans between foreign and domestic carriers.
    40.According to Fredrick Reid, the aviation industry.
     \[A\] is facing a very serious situation
     \[B\] will confront a difficult evolution
     \[C\] has no way out of the present difficulty
     \[D\] will experience a radical reform
    Part B
    Sample One
    Directions:
    In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    Just under a year ago, a sharp drop in equatorial Pacific seasurface temperature indicated the end of the 1997～1998 El Nino. Called by someone “the climate event of the century”, it was by several measures the strongest on record.
    (41). This is more than simply an academic question: the 1997～1998 El Nino severely disrupted global weather patterns and Pacific marine ecosystems, and by one estimate caused $33 billion in damage and cost 23 000 lives worldwide.
    (42). Clearly we have much to learn from this experience.
    (43). Now El Nino more generally refers to a warming of the tropical Pacific basin that occurs roughly every three to seven years in association with a weakening of the trade winds. The opposite side of El Nino, La Nina, is characterized by strongerthannormal trade winds and unusually cold seasurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific. Both El Nino and La Nina are accompanied by swings in atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific. These swings are known as the Southern Oscillation. These Phenomena are collectively referred to as ENSO or El Nino/Southern Oscillation.
    The general mechanisms underlying the ENSO involve largescale oceanatmosphere interactions and equatorial ocean dynamics. But each El Nino and La Nina is unique in the combination of its strength, duration and pattern of development. Irregularity in the ENSO cycle can be seen both in the record dating back to the middle of the 19th century, and in other supporting data, such as lake sediments, coral growth rings and tree rings, going back hundreds or even thousands of years. (44).
    Nonetheless, the 1997～1998 El Nino was an unusual one. It developed so rapidly that every month between June and December 1997 set a new monthly record high for seasurface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Anomalies (that is, deviations from normal) in December 1997 were the highest ever recorded along the Equator in the eastern Pacific. Moreover, before 1997～1998, the previous recordsetting El Nino occurred in 1982～1983. (45).
    Several factors may have contributed to the strength of the 1997～1998 El Nino. One is chaos, which some theories invoke to account for the irregularity of the ENSO cycle. Nonlinear resonances involving ENSO and the seasonal cycle have received special attention, but other chaotic interactions may affect ENSO as well. In 1997～1998, events possibly acted together to produce an extraordinarily strong El Nino simply due to the underlying tendency towards chaos in the climate system.
    ［A］ So in principle, it should not be surprising that an unusually strong El Nino occurs every so often.
    ［B］ Identifying why it was so strong challenges our understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for El Nino.
    ［C］ From that perspective, the strength of the 1997～1998 El Nino may be but one manifestation of a linkage between interannual and decadal climate variations in the Pacific.
    ［D］ These two “super El Ninos” were separated by only 15 years, compared with a typical 30～40 year gap between such events earlier in the 20th century.
    ［E］ El Nino, Spanish for “the child” (and specifically the Christ child), is the name Peruvian fisherman gave to coastal seatemperature warmings that first appeared around Christmas time.
    ［F］ There were warnings of a coming El Nino before it occurred. But although many computer forecast models predicted that 1997 would be warm in the tropical Pacific up to three seasons in advance, none predicted the rapid development or ultimate intensity of the event before it began.
    ［G］In association with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, seasurface temperatures have generally been higher in the tropical Pacific from the Mid1970s. Since then, there have been more El Ninos than La Ninas.
    Sample Two
    Directions:
    The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4145, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list AG to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    \[A\] Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. l billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.
    \[B\] Recent years have brought minorityowned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunitiesas well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
    \[C\] Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
    \[D\] The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
    \[E\] Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.
    \[F\] A second risk is that Whiteowned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minorityowned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
    \[G\] Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
    Order:
    D→
    41→
    42→
    43→
    44→
    45→E
    Sample Three
    Directions:
    You are going to read a text about China, followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41—45). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    China, officially the People’s Republic of China (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo), country in East Asia, is the world’s largest country by population and one of the largest by area, measuring about the same size as the United States. The Chinese call their country Zhongguo, which means “Central Country” or “Middle Kingdom.”
    (41) Population
    More than onefifth of the world’s population—1.3 billion people—live in China. More than 90% are ethnic Han people.
    (42)Land
    The total area of China is 9,571,300 sq km (3,695,500 sq mi) including inland waters.
    (43) Principal cities
    China’s cities have a long and important tradition as centers of ceremonial and administrative power. Over the centuries they have evolved into multifunctional commercial and trade centers, and more recently into industrial centers.
    (44) Language
    More than 90 percent of China’s inhabitants speak Chinese, the language of the Han people, as their native language.
    (45) Education
    Education has played a major role in China’s long and rich cultural tradition. Throughout much of the imperial period (221 bcad 1911), only educated people held positions of social and political leadership.
    \[A\] Spoken Chinese consists of many regional variants, often called dialects. The Chinese dialects are tonal in nature, meaning that words are assigned a distinctive relative pitchhigh or lowor a distinctive pitch contourlevel, rising, or falling. Because the regional dialects have different tones and syntax, they are generally mutually unintelligible.
    \[B\] China has more than 30 cities in which the population of the contiguous builtup urban area exceeds 1 million. (Administratively, many cities also include substantial agricultural land.) China’s major cities include Shanghai, the country’s largest urban area and a major port; Beijing, the capital and cultural center of China; Tianjin, a port city lying at the juncture of the Hai River and the Grand Canal; Shenyang, a center of heavy industry in northeastern China; Wuhan, a port city situated at the confluence of the Han and Yangtze rivers; Guangzhou, a port city on the Zhu Jiang (Pearl River); and Chongqing, a major inland port on the Yangtze River.
    \[C\] The country stretches across East Asia in a broad arc that has a maximum eastwest extent of about 5,000 km (about 3,000 mi). From the country’s northernmost point to the southern tip of Hainan Island, the northsouth extent is about 4,000 km (about 2,500 mi).
    \[D\] In ancient times, China was East Asia’s dominant civilization. Other societiesnotably the Japanese, Koreans, Tibetans, and Vietnamesewere strongly influenced by China, adopting features of Chinese art, food, material culture, philosophy, government, technology, and written language. For many centuries, especially from the 7th through the 14th century ad, China had the world’s most advanced civilization. Inventions such as paper, printing, gunpowder, porcelain, silk, and the compass originated in China and then spread to other parts of the world.
    \[E\] The Han are descendants of people who settled the plains and plateaus of northern and central China more than 5,000 years ago, and of people in southern China who were absorbed by the northerners more than 2,000 years ago and gradually adopted a shared culture with them. The remaining 8 percent of China’s population consist of minority nationalities, such as Tibetans and Mongols.
    \[F\] It is estimated that as late as 1949 only 20 percent of China’s population was literate. By 2003 China’s literacy rate had reached 86 percent, although literacy levels between the sexes were different. The literacy rate for males was 93 percent, whereas the rate among females was only 79 percent.
    Sample Four
    Directions:
    You are going to read a list of headings and a text about UNESCO’s findings on education. Choose the most suitable heading from the list AF for each numbered paragraph (4145). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    \[A\] Promoting the right to education
    \[B\] Strengthening the contribution of higher education to the entire educational system
    \[C\] Recognizing the needs of cultural and socioeconomic groups
    \[D\] Facilitating entry to diverse fields includes technical and vocational training, continuing education and skills development
    \[E\] Changing from the concept of elite education to “Education for All”
    \[F\] Realizing the potential of IT to widen access
    Access was the key goal of 3 major UNESCO conferences in Hamburg, Seoul and Budapest recently convened by UNESCO. As the concepts of “Education For All” and of Higher education have evolved over the past decade, both now contribute to realizing the ultimate goal of learning throughout life. The five orientations for promoting access are;
    41
    The importance of nonformal education/training and the acquisition of life skills for community development were highlighted. There was also a growing imperative to gain competences related to the workplace, notably for adults whatever their previous level of education. Expanded educational opportunity and diversified provision were accented.
    42
    The Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development stressed the need for effective strategies to address issues arising from and increasingly multicultural world. The role of national development policies to promote the empowerment of all citizens was highlighted.
    43
    Although wider access is advocated as a public good and crucial for poverty reduction in the developing world the realities involved have necessitated rethinking higher education policy. This includes reevaluating governance and management structures, funding, teaching and learning, as well as student services.
    44
    Educational institutions have clearly been able to emulate other global networks to reduce time requirements and space needs to meet growing demand. In the developing world, the awareness to compete on the global market via virtual learning facilities has been heightened. Every effort must be made to continue exploring the potential of IT to render education and training more widely available.
    45
    Because higher education has always been a key motor of social and economic development, it has understood the complexity of change. More recently, the sector (and notably universities) have been urged to demonstrate their relevance through their contribution of expertise to international, national and regional and local development. In this way higher education plays its part in the key role of the overall educational enterprise today: preparing to empower citizens to live, work and participate in a democratic and more equitable society.
    Part C
    Directions:
    Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
    The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.
    (46) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
    (47) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
    To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens.
    (48) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
    Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
    To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty yearseven here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (49) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
    It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belttightening at home.
    In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives. (50) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
    Section Ⅲ Writing
    Part A
    51. Directions:
    Suppose you bought an English dictionary, and found something wrong with it. The service of the bookstore is not very good. Therefore you write a letter to the editor of a newspaper.
    Following the requirement
    1）the reason;
    2）the process of negotiation with the bookstore;
    3）call on the service of industry should be improved.
    You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. (10 points)
    Part B
    52. Directions:
    Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:
    1) describe the phenomenon;
    2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.
    You should write about （160200） words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
    英語模擬試題（三）參考答案及解析
    Section I Use of English
    1.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考查語義邏輯。latter較后的，近來的，在題中表示19世紀(jì)后半葉; late“遲的，晚的”；other“別的，其余的”；first“第一的，首先的”；此三項(xiàng)都不符合語義的搭配關(guān)系。
    2.【答案】B
    【解析】 本題考查代詞用法。答案“them”指代“nurseries”。
    3.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考查固定搭配。impetus“動力，刺激”；received impetus 意為取得動力; input“輸入，投入”；imitation“模仿”；initiative“主動性”都不符合題意要求。
    4.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)shortage“短處，不足”，在文中表示能源短缺。答案sources“資源”；abundance“豐富，富饒”；reduction“減少”，減產(chǎn)不符合前后文的邏輯關(guān)系。
    5.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考查副詞。其中的A選項(xiàng)hardly是相反的語義，選項(xiàng)only是絕對化的語義詞匯，表示惟一的，只有選項(xiàng)D even表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。
    6.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考查引導(dǎo)詞。選項(xiàng)D此處引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句, A、B、C都表示因果關(guān)系。
    7.【答案】B
    【解析】本題考查副詞。sharply急劇地, “rise sharply” 表示急劇增長。而選項(xiàng)A.無異議地； predominantly“支配地，主要地”； militantly態(tài)度強(qiáng)硬地都不符合要求。
    8.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考查引導(dǎo)詞。根據(jù)上下文，此處應(yīng)該選擇表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞，只有選項(xiàng)C表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
    9.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考查固定搭配。表示控制之意只能用control over。
    10.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考查動詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)D licensing表示頒發(fā)執(zhí)照。文中是說各級政府主要用什么方式來控制托兒所的發(fā)展。因此根據(jù)文意只有l(wèi)icense 符合題意要求。Formulat“闡明”；label“貼標(biāo)簽”；patent取得勝利都不正確。
    11.【答案】B
    【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)“outbreak”（戰(zhàn)爭）爆發(fā)在文中表示二戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)。 Outset“開始，開端”；breakthrough“突破”；breakdown“崩潰”都不符合題意。
    12.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考查語義邏輯。根據(jù)上下文可知為“再一次”，因此應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)again。
    13.【答案】B
    【解析】本題考查近義詞辨析。選擇B項(xiàng)on this occasion 表示“在這種情形之下”。而選項(xiàng)circumstance“環(huán)境，情況”；case“案件，時間”；situation“形勢”都不能構(gòu)成固定搭配。
    14.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考查動詞詞義辨析。Allocation“分配”用于表示政府對基金的分配使用。Regulate“管理，控制”；summon“召集，號召”；transfer“傳送”都不符合題意。
    15.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考查動詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)C.supplement“補(bǔ)充”，在文中表示作為聯(lián)邦資助的補(bǔ)充。選項(xiàng) expand“擴(kuò)展”；facilitate“使便利，推動”；compensate“賠償，彌補(bǔ)”，都不符合上下文意的要求。
    16.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考查介詞的固定搭配。care for“表示照料”。
    17.【答案】B
    【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。只有選項(xiàng)subsidies“補(bǔ)助金”，符合上下文要求。Pensions“養(yǎng)老金”；revenues“稅收”；budgets“預(yù)算”，都不是正確選項(xiàng)。
    18.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考查副詞。D “drastically”劇烈地，猛烈地，在文中drastically cut表示急劇削減。而選項(xiàng)prevalently“流行地”；furiously“狂暴地”；statistically“統(tǒng)計地”，都不符合題意。
    19.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考查近義詞辨析。此題要求對上下文正確理解，前文提到政府大量削減，而后廢除了這項(xiàng)支出。因此只有選項(xiàng)abolish“廢除，取消”，符合題意要求；diminish“使減少，降低”；jeopardize“危害，危及”；preclude“防止”，都不是正確選項(xiàng)。
    20.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考查語義邏輯。表示職業(yè)的意思相近的詞匯英語中有profession, career和jobs等，但是此處又考前后的語義搭配，根據(jù)上下文可知這里為“離開她們的工作”。因此只有C正確。
    譯文
    美國的第一間日間托兒所開辦于1854年。在19世紀(jì)后半期，各地都創(chuàng)辦了托兒所；它們中的大多數(shù)是慈善性的。在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，日間托兒所在歐洲和美國都有了很大的發(fā)展。這一時期，由于缺少勞動力，婦女以前所未有的數(shù)量參加到就業(yè)大軍中。在某些歐洲國家，甚至在政府的支持下在軍需工廠設(shè)立了托兒所。盡管美國的托兒所的數(shù)量也大量增加，但政府并沒有給予任何幫助。不過在一戰(zhàn)后的幾年，聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府逐漸開始對日間托兒所進(jìn)行管理，主要通過給它們發(fā)放執(zhí)照以及檢查和規(guī)范托兒所的條件。
    第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，幾乎所有國家的托兒所的數(shù)量立刻增長，因?yàn)閶D女再次取代男性在工廠里工作。在這種情況下，美國政府立刻開始援助托兒所，于1942年7月為針對工作婦女的子女的托兒所計劃撥款6百萬美元。許多州和地方提供了額外的援助。到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，1945年8月，有超過10萬名兒童在接受聯(lián)邦補(bǔ)貼的日間托兒所得到照顧。之后不久，聯(lián)邦政府大筆削減用于此目的的金費(fèi)，后來徹底廢除了。這導(dǎo)致托兒所的數(shù)量大幅減少。不過，在戰(zhàn)后要求工作的母親離開工作崗位的期望部分落空了。
    Section II Reading ComPrehension
    Part A
    Text 1
    21.【答案】B
    【解析】本題是詞匯考題。第二段第一句話表明人們感情與行為具有很強(qiáng)的復(fù)雜性。
    22.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是末段首末句考題。關(guān)鍵在于文章最后一句話。
    23.【答案】D
    【解析】根據(jù)第三段，即使人們不懂得心理科學(xué)，人們?nèi)匀欢萌饲槭拦?，知道自己和別人感情和行為的緣由，也會處理人際關(guān)系。
    24.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是難句理解考題。文中的感覺性知識很有滲透性同時也有助于幫助我們理解常識知識的行為，“Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior充分說明了commonsense knowledge的作用。
    25.【答案】A
    【解析】本題是態(tài)度考題。態(tài)度考題的判斷主要有三種方法，一靠文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)，其次是文章的用詞特點(diǎn)，還有就是依靠文章的結(jié)尾段的語義轉(zhuǎn)換。從文章最后一句可以確知作者態(tài)度是并不認(rèn)同這一點(diǎn)。
    譯文
    人際關(guān)系在很早以前就引起了人們的注意。人們之間的交往被記錄在不計其數(shù)的神話、明間故事、小說、詩、戲劇以及通俗或哲學(xué)文章中。
    盡管人際關(guān)系的全部意義可能并不顯而易見，但人的感情和行動乍看上去就極其復(fù)雜。鑒于這個原因，心理學(xué)在科學(xué)中占有獨(dú)特的地位。“直覺”知識可能會深入骨髓并大大地幫助我們理解人類行為，然而，對于物理科學(xué)，這種常識性的知識相對原始。如果我們將物理學(xué)從世界上抹去，我們將不會擁有汽車和電視機(jī)，我們也可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)普通人不能夠處理諸如滑輪和杠桿等基本機(jī)械問題。
    另一方面，如果我們將心理學(xué)從世界上抹去，我們還能夠像以前一樣輕而易舉地處理人際關(guān)系問題，我們?nèi)匀弧爸馈比绾伪苊馊プ鑫覀儽灰笞龅氖虑?，也仍然“知道”某某何時生氣，何時高興。我們甚至能夠明智地解釋許多自我行為和感受。換句話說，普通人對自己和別人都有很深的了解，盡管這種了解沒有系統(tǒng)地闡述或僅僅是一種模糊地構(gòu)思，它使他們能夠以一種或多或少適應(yīng)地方式和其他人交往。柯勒，在談到心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域缺乏像物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域那樣偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)時說道，“在心理學(xué)確立之前的很長一段時間，人們就已熟悉精神生活的全部領(lǐng)域。”
    荒謬的是，盡管具備一切自然的知覺和常識來把握人際關(guān)系，人際關(guān)系學(xué)近來才發(fā)展成為一門學(xué)科。導(dǎo)致這一荒謬的原因存在各種解釋。其中一種解釋是科學(xué)將破壞人們關(guān)于自己的虛榮令人愉快的幻想；但是我們可能會問為什么人們一直以來喜歡閱讀悲觀厭世、批判性文章，從傳道書到弗洛伊德。另一種解釋為既然我們明白這么多關(guān)于人的直覺，那么就不存在什么對它們進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的動機(jī)了。人們?yōu)槭裁匆獙︼@而易見的事物發(fā)展出一種理論，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的觀察或做出預(yù)測？在任何情況下，擁有廣泛文獻(xiàn)資料但貧乏科學(xué)加工的人際關(guān)系領(lǐng)域與擁有相對較少的非科學(xué)書籍的物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域形成鮮明的對照。
    Text 2
    26.【答案】C
    【解析】本題是段落主旨題。本題問的是第一段的主要內(nèi)容是什么。此段主要是關(guān)于對money market的功能的介紹，進(jìn)而對此進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步解釋。因此選項(xiàng)A 是正確答案。ABD具有迷惑性。
    27.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是考查復(fù)指關(guān)系的細(xì)節(jié)考題。根據(jù)文章第一段倒數(shù)第三句和對指代關(guān)系的正確理解，可以得出選項(xiàng)D 是正確答案。
    28.【答案】B
    【解析】本題是段落推斷考題。答案A、C和D是貨幣市場的特征，是區(qū)別于社會主義國家的特征，在文章第三段都可以找到，而B認(rèn)為貨幣市場已經(jīng)在社會主義國家建立，正是文中沒有提到的。參閱第二段第一句。
    29.【答案】C
    【解析】本題是例證題。根據(jù)本文第三段，A與本題無關(guān)，B、D則是中介的作用體現(xiàn)，不是作者舉其為例的用意。
    30.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是一道難句理解的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句，可以得出選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
    譯文
    每一個有自己獨(dú)立貨幣制度的國家都必須建立鈔票、票據(jù)和短期信貸市場供商人在其中進(jìn)行買賣?！柏泿艠?biāo)識器”為一套進(jìn)行貨幣和短期信貸批發(fā)的制度或安排。對這種市場的需求就像不同經(jīng)濟(jì)體的產(chǎn)品在零售層面分銷給最終用戶對市場的需求一樣。如果零售商要向客戶提供充足的服務(wù)，他必須積極地聯(lián)系其他加工或運(yùn)輸大量現(xiàn)貨的商人。金融市場由屬于這種類型的特殊工具組成，它存在的目的是提高零售商——商業(yè)銀行、儲蓄機(jī)構(gòu)、投資公司、借貸機(jī)構(gòu)以及政府——提供金融服務(wù)的能力。它很少與和零售商有財務(wù)往來或購買或借貸證券的個人或公司有聯(lián)系。
    金融市場的基本功能必須在一種經(jīng)濟(jì)體中得到實(shí)現(xiàn)，即使是計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)或社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)，但社會主義國家并不通常地采取市場的形式。金融市場存在于使用市場程序的國家，而不存在于利用計劃分配絕大多數(shù)的主要資源的國家。金融市場最典型的特征在于資金的大量供應(yīng)者以及尋求大量資金的借貸者之間在特定時間內(nèi)的公開競爭并在競爭中實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有全部資金的優(yōu)化配置。
    在市場交易過程中，供應(yīng)大量資金的供應(yīng)商或需求大量資金的需求者之間需要依賴諸如經(jīng)紀(jì)人或經(jīng)銷商之類的中間人。中間人的特征、他們提供的服務(wù)以及他們與其他金融部門的關(guān)系在不同的國家存在很大的區(qū)別。許多國家沒有單一的中間人集中的地點(diǎn)，然而在絕大多數(shù)的國家，所有參與者之間的聯(lián)系都是公開和自由的以向每一位供應(yīng)商或資金的使用者保證他們將得到或支付能合理反映一切方面的價格。此外，在幾乎所有的國家里，在任何特定時刻，競爭的力量反映于類似交易的共同價格之中（即利率）。金融時常利率連續(xù)的浮動由可獲得的資金的數(shù)量與需求量之間的博弈引起。
    Text 3
    31.【答案】C
    【解析】本題是難句理解考題。第一段第一句話的意思是：發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)問題和解決科學(xué)問題是兩回事，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題不必然導(dǎo)致問題得到解決，并沒有說明發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題哪一個難哪一個易的問題。因此只有選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。
    32.【答案】B
    【解析】本題是考查復(fù)指邏輯關(guān)系的考題。要從原文中找到對應(yīng)的敘述。參見第二段“This is another notion that calls for careful philosophical analysis. It certainly cannot be defined without reference to its content.”。可以得出答案為B。
    33.【答案】A
    【解析】本題是因果邏輯考題。從文中的第三段我們可以看出：發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果是研究結(jié)果的延伸，而選項(xiàng)A則表明一些原則可以使用在所有的學(xué)科要求中。選項(xiàng)C表明它有助于科學(xué)家取得學(xué)科研究的進(jìn)步。所以從總體上我們可以看出答案只能是A。
    34.【答案】A
    【解析】本題是詞匯考題。考研英語中的詞匯題有三種考查方法，可以考查短語：考查超綱詞和大綱之內(nèi)的詞，這道題考查單詞的理解，根據(jù)上下文，可以推斷出是學(xué)科的意思。
    35.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是難句理解考題。參見第四段。本題是指某些科學(xué)家的本意與其后來的發(fā)現(xiàn)不一致，哥倫布最初動機(jī)是想尋找印度，無意發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，與本題題干一致。選項(xiàng)A是量子物理學(xué)，選項(xiàng)B是維納的大陸漂移理論，選項(xiàng)C的意思是理論統(tǒng)計機(jī)械學(xué)，選項(xiàng)D是哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸。
    譯文
    提出一個科學(xué)問題是一回事，將其解決卻是另外一回事。只有小部分研究項(xiàng)目在開始研究之后取得了重要的成就。許多根本就沒有任何結(jié)果。一些研究結(jié)果后來被證明是無用的。那些經(jīng)得起評估和鑒定的項(xiàng)目決大多數(shù)都具有重要的科學(xué)意義。
    科學(xué)進(jìn)步不是由例行研究成果積累而成，它由重大的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)所推動。這又是一個需要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)哲學(xué)分析的觀念。在分析具體內(nèi)容之前當(dāng)然無法做出決斷。按照一般用法，字里行間含有一些令人驚訝的成分。一項(xiàng)達(dá)到我們可以預(yù)想的結(jié)論的調(diào)查很難成為發(fā)現(xiàn)：獲得的信息必須增加或者實(shí)質(zhì)性地改變我們已知的知識。換句話說，發(fā)現(xiàn)必須與現(xiàn)有知識的獨(dú)特方面結(jié)合考慮。
    科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn), 像科學(xué)問題一樣，必須落腳于科學(xué)專業(yè)。當(dāng)我們一看到某個發(fā)現(xiàn)對于許多專業(yè)的大量現(xiàn)存問題具有意義時，我們就可以判斷這個發(fā)現(xiàn)是至關(guān)重要的。對本次會議的其他貢獻(xiàn)將毫無疑問地證明基本的認(rèn)識論原則適用于幾乎所有的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域?？蒲姓撐牡馁|(zhì)量借助于引文的數(shù)量而不是作者來衡量。這當(dāng)然不是衡量特定貢獻(xiàn)的價值的可靠的指數(shù)，但它與科學(xué)家思考問題的過程相符。
    但是與特定發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的專業(yè)并不一定是引起發(fā)現(xiàn)的專業(yè)。每個科學(xué)家都有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)：他們所從事的用于解決問題X的調(diào)查最后找到了一個不同的問題Y的答案。哥倫布航行是為了找到中國，然而卻找到了美洲。哥白尼著手改進(jìn)日歷，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了地球圍繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)這一事實(shí)。很多科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是偶然的：這些偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)對許多問題都有著重要的意義。
    那些蔑視庫恩所宣稱的“正統(tǒng)”科學(xué)的哲學(xué)家已經(jīng)傾向于將科學(xué)看作那些對本領(lǐng)域以外幾乎沒有影響的微小的發(fā)現(xiàn)的積累。因此，它們傾向于集中于大膽的假說或?qū)嶒?yàn)，最初的問題延伸于整個學(xué)科，例如瓦格勒的大陸漂移理論或者當(dāng)代在量子物理學(xué)測試非位置和/或因果律的實(shí)驗(yàn)。但是一個最終能給100個專業(yè)帶來革命的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)可能起源于調(diào)查一個“無足輕重”的問題。請記住量子物理學(xué)自身開始于狹窄的理論統(tǒng)計機(jī)械專業(yè)作為計算熾熱的物體發(fā)出的光的數(shù)量這一問題的解決方案。也請記住所有使用核轉(zhuǎn)變的科技從幾個不同尋常的礦物中觀察到的特殊放射現(xiàn)象開始。
    Text 4
    36.【答案】A
    【解析】本題是細(xì)節(jié)信息題。根據(jù)文章第一段相關(guān)信息可以得出選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。也可以用排除法排除其他三項(xiàng)。
    37.【答案】C
    【解析】本題是考查難句細(xì)節(jié)信息理解。參見第二段，根據(jù)敘述可以確定C為正確選項(xiàng)。
    38.【答案】A
    【解析】本題是綜合推斷考題。根據(jù)文章第二、三段的信息同時結(jié)合文章的首末段我們可以確定自由競爭可以解決航空中的問題，利用排除法可得出正確答案為A。
    39.【答案】A
    【解析】 本題是難句理解考題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句話可以推知。
    40.【答案】D
    【解析】本題是道難句理解題考查對名人理論說法的理解。見最后一段倒數(shù)第二句話。
    譯文
    全球航空業(yè)面臨的的危險不是恐怖主義、戰(zhàn)爭、非典型性肺炎和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退所帶來的影響，但它們將人們的視線從被它們惡化的航天業(yè)的內(nèi)在弱點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移開來。兩家美國航空公司已遭受了破產(chǎn)的打擊。正如第一次海灣戰(zhàn)爭導(dǎo)致的危機(jī)一樣，許多航空公司希望交通很快重新恢復(fù)活力，在度過幾年的災(zāi)年后將會迎來更高的上座率、開心的乘客和重新獲得利潤。然而，這個行業(yè)的問題比過去兩年遭受的外傷要嚴(yán)重長久得多。
    當(dāng)12月份迎來第一架用動力推動的飛機(jī)誕生一百周年時，航空業(yè)還依舊很原始。誕生于懷特兄弟發(fā)明飛機(jī)后不久的汽車業(yè)現(xiàn)在是一個由十幾家公司操縱的全球性產(chǎn)業(yè)，至少有一半的公司盈利良好。然而，商業(yè)航空由267家國際航空公司和500家國內(nèi)航空公司組成。世界上的航空公司——美洲航空公司只占全球市場的7％，而世界上的汽車制造商——通用汽車（與其關(guān)聯(lián)公司一起）大約占全球汽車市場的25％。
    航空還沒有完全解除管制，除了美洲和歐洲。在世界其他地方，政府間達(dá)成協(xié)議來規(guī)定誰能夠按照什么規(guī)則飛行。國有航空工具飛行目的是贏得聲譽(yù)，而不是賺錢利潤。此外，對外國航空器的諸多限制阻礙了跨境航線的合并。
    在美洲，巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)航空公司面臨著退出壁壘，這使得它們的路線網(wǎng)絡(luò)過大。工會反對削減崗位以及國會反對在其領(lǐng)土內(nèi)關(guān)閉路線阻止了改變。在歐洲，雙邊條約阻止了自由化，例如，它阻止英國航空公司從法蘭克?；虬屠栾w往美洲或者阻止?jié)h莎航空公司提供來自于倫敦希思羅機(jī)場的跨越大西洋的航班。使用汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)行類比，就像只允許雷諾汽車在法國的汽車高速公路上行駛一樣。
    對于航天業(yè)，樂觀主義者認(rèn)為事情已經(jīng)糟糕透頂，除了改進(jìn)別無選擇。弗雷德里克·里德今年早些時候說道，9·11以來發(fā)生的事情就像遭受了流星的侵襲，改變了氣候，產(chǎn)生了核冬天并引起了“壓縮進(jìn)化圈”。所以，樂觀地看，在加速發(fā)展5年后航空業(yè)將是怎樣的面貌？
    Part B
    Sample One
    41.B42.F43. E44.A45.D
    解說
    第二段至第六段分別講述此現(xiàn)象的影響、教訓(xùn)、命名、發(fā)生規(guī)律和間隔期。根據(jù)每段的主題找出相關(guān)的文字。
    譯文
    不到一年前，赤道太平洋海面溫度的大幅下降表明1997－1998厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象結(jié)束了。有的人把它稱作“世紀(jì)氣候大事件”，從幾個方面來說它都是有記錄以來烈的一次。
    很難用我們所了解的有關(guān)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象形成的物理機(jī)制來解說為什么它會這么強(qiáng)烈。這不僅僅是一個學(xué)術(shù)問題：1997－1998厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重影響了全球天氣形式以及太平洋海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，并在全球造成了330億美元的損失和23000人喪生。
    在厄爾尼諾到來之前有警報。但是盡, 管許多電腦預(yù)測模型在3個季節(jié)之前就預(yù)測到熱帶太平洋會變暖，沒有人在它到來之前預(yù)測到它的發(fā)展會那么迅速或者是強(qiáng)度會那么大。很明顯，從這次經(jīng)驗(yàn)中我們可以學(xué)到很多。
    厄爾尼諾在西班牙語里指的是“小孩”。這個詞最初被秘魯?shù)臐O民用來命名在圣誕節(jié)前后海岸附近的海面變暖的現(xiàn)象?，F(xiàn)在，厄爾尼諾一般指的是伴隨信風(fēng)的減弱每三到七年就會出現(xiàn)一次的熱帶太平洋變暖的現(xiàn)象。與厄爾尼諾相對的拉尼娜指的是伴隨強(qiáng)烈信風(fēng)熱帶太平洋海面溫度降低的現(xiàn)象。厄爾尼諾和拉尼娜現(xiàn)象都伴隨有東西太平洋之間氣壓的轉(zhuǎn)變。這一現(xiàn)象被成為南方濤動。這些現(xiàn)象一起被稱為恩索現(xiàn)象或者是厄爾尼諾/南方濤動現(xiàn)象。
    恩索現(xiàn)象的基本機(jī)制包括大規(guī)模海洋大氣交互作用和赤道海洋動力學(xué)。但是厄爾尼諾和拉尼娜在其強(qiáng)度、持續(xù)時間和發(fā)展方式等方面都有其自身的特點(diǎn)。恩索現(xiàn)象發(fā)生得很不規(guī)律，19世紀(jì)中葉的記錄和其他的數(shù)據(jù)，例如數(shù)百甚至數(shù)千年之前的湖泊沉積物、珊瑚生長輪和樹的年輪，都可以證明這一點(diǎn)。所以從理論上來說，異常強(qiáng)烈的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生得如此頻繁并不是令人吃驚的事情。
    不過，1997－1998厄爾尼諾是非同尋常的。1997年的6月到12月，每個月東赤道太平洋的海面溫度都會創(chuàng)造新高。1997年12月的反常情況是東赤道太平洋有記錄以來的。此外，在1997－1998之前，創(chuàng)記錄的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在1982－1983。這兩個超級厄爾尼諾之間只間隔了15年，而在20世紀(jì)前期，這個間隔期一般是30到40年。
    數(shù)個因素影響了1997－1998厄爾尼諾的強(qiáng)度。一個因素就是混沌，一些理論就是用它來解釋恩索周期的非規(guī)律性。需要特別注意與恩索有關(guān)的非線性共振和季節(jié)性循環(huán)，不過其他的混沌作用也會影響恩索。在1997－1998年，由于氣候系統(tǒng)有發(fā)生混沌的趨勢，數(shù)個因素一起發(fā)生作用，造成厄爾尼諾異常強(qiáng)烈。
    Sample Two
    41. G42. A43. E44. D45. F
    解說
    這篇文章首先提出少數(shù)族裔公司所遇到的問題，然后是聯(lián)邦政府的解決辦法，接著是這一政策的好處，最后是這一政策所造成的三個危險。將七段文字按照這一邏輯順序排列。
    譯文
    近幾年，在美國，少數(shù)族裔擁有的企業(yè)遇到了前所未有的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。民權(quán)活動者早就表示黑人、西班牙裔和其他少數(shù)族裔之所以很難創(chuàng)立公司，是因?yàn)樗麄兒茈y得到大公司的大定單和轉(zhuǎn)包合同。
    現(xiàn)在，國會通過法律，要求接受聯(lián)邦政府50萬以上美元合同的公司要盡量找少數(shù)族裔的轉(zhuǎn)包商，并根據(jù)政府的要求做記錄。確實(shí)有些聯(lián)邦和地方的機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)為撥出一部分公共建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的合同給少數(shù)族裔的企業(yè)設(shè)定了具體的比例。
    公司作出的反應(yīng)很顯著。1977年收集的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，交給少數(shù)族裔的公司合同從1972年的7700萬美元上升到1977年11億美元。1980年代早期的交給少數(shù)族裔的公司合同值超過530億美元，而且估計到下一個10年，這個趨勢不會停止。
    盡管這給少數(shù)族裔的公司帶來了好處，但同時這種照顧也給它們帶來了危險。首先，少數(shù)族裔的公司有發(fā)展過快和經(jīng)濟(jì)過度擴(kuò)張的危險，因?yàn)樗鼈兇蠖嗍切∑髽I(yè)，不像大公司，它們需要在新的廠房、人員、設(shè)備等方面做大量投資來完成轉(zhuǎn)包合同。如果此后轉(zhuǎn)包合同值減少了，這些公司要面對巨大的固定費(fèi)用。公司采購對小企業(yè)家來說可以是很麻煩的事，他們被要求遞交詳細(xì)的正式估價和投標(biāo)。這很消耗時間和資源，如果小公司的努力不能成為定單，公司的士氣和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況都會受到影響。
    第二個危險是白人公司會通過與少數(shù)族裔的公司合資從越來越多的撥款中分得好處。當(dāng)然，在很多情況下，組建合資公司的理由是正當(dāng)?shù)?；很明顯，白人和少數(shù)族裔的公司可以通過合作來獲得他們單獨(dú)無法獲得的生意。但是民權(quán)團(tuán)體和少數(shù)族裔企業(yè)家向國會抱怨少數(shù)族裔只是白人的“偽裝”，而不是合資企業(yè)中的真正合作者。
    第三，獲得了一個大客戶的少數(shù)族裔的企業(yè)經(jīng)常會產(chǎn)生依賴性。即使是在的情況下，面對更大企業(yè)的競爭，小公司也很難擴(kuò)大它們的客戶基礎(chǔ)：當(dāng)小公司差不多得到一個公司的定單時，它們不得不盡量避免由于當(dāng)前的成功而產(chǎn)生的自滿心理。
    Sample Three
    41. E42. C43. B44. A45. F
    解說
    本文從人口、土地、城市、語言和教育五個方面來介紹中國。選出具有與每段的標(biāo)題相對應(yīng)文字的段落。
    譯文
    位于東亞的中國是世界上人口最多的國家。它的面積也是世界上面積之一，與美國的大小相似。中國人稱他們的國家為“中國”，意思是“處于中心的國家”。
    人口
    世界上人口的1/5以上，也就是13億，住在中國。其中90％以上是漢族。漢族人的祖先是5000年之前在中國北部和中部定居的人，以及2000年前被北方人同化逐漸接受了他們的文化的南方人。剩下8％的中國人口是少數(shù)民族，包括藏族和蒙古族。
    土地
    中國的總面積是957.13萬平方公里，包括內(nèi)陸水域。國家位于亞洲東部。東西距離約5000公里，南北距離4000公里。
    主要城市
    中國的城市一直以來就是舉行典禮和行政的中心。數(shù)世紀(jì)以來，它們演變?yōu)榱司哂卸嘀毓δ艿纳藤Q(mào)中心，最近成為了工業(yè)中心。中國有超過30個城市城區(qū)人口超過1百萬。（從行政上來說，許多城市還包括農(nóng)村）中國的主要城市包括上海，中國的城市和主要港口；北京，首都和文化中心；天津，位于海河與大運(yùn)河交匯處的港口城市；沈陽，中國東北的重工業(yè)中心；武漢，位于長江和漢水交匯處的港口城市；廣州珠江上的港口城市；重慶，長江上的主要內(nèi)陸港口城市。
    語言
    超過90％的中國居民說漢語，就是漢族人的語言。漢語的口語有多種方言。方言在本質(zhì)上具有音調(diào)特征，也就是說每個詞有特定的音高和音調(diào)。由于方言有不同的音調(diào)和語法，所以通常說一種方言的人無法理解另一種方言。
    教育
    在中國漫長而豐富的文化傳統(tǒng)中，教育起到了很大作用。在封建社會（公元前221年至1911年）的大多數(shù)時期，只有受過教育的人才會成為社會和政治領(lǐng)袖。據(jù)估計，1949年中國只有20％的人口識字。到2003年，中國的識字率達(dá)到了86％，盡管兩性的識字率有差別。男性的識字率是93％，而女性的識字率是79％。
    Sample Four
    41. A42. C43. D44. F45. B
    解說
    本文主要講述從教育權(quán)、文化、不同類型的教育、IT和高等教育等五個方面來提高受教育機(jī)會。選出與每段主題相對應(yīng)的標(biāo)題。
    譯文
    讓更多的人獲得受教育的機(jī)會是聯(lián)合國教科文組織最近在漢堡、首爾和布達(dá)佩斯舉行的三個重要會議的主要目標(biāo)。在過去的十年，全民教育的概念和高等教育都有所發(fā)展，這兩者都有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)終生學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)。提高受教育機(jī)會的五個方面的內(nèi)容是：
    提升受教育權(quán)
    強(qiáng)調(diào)非正規(guī)教育以及獲得終生技能對于社會發(fā)展的重要性。獲得工作能力變得越來越重要，特別是對于成年人，而無論他們的受教育水平如何。強(qiáng)調(diào)擴(kuò)大受教育機(jī)會以及教育的多樣化。
    認(rèn)識各文化和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)團(tuán)體的需要
    關(guān)于文化發(fā)展政策的政府間會議（斯德哥爾摩，1998）強(qiáng)調(diào)需要用有效的策略來應(yīng)對越來越文化多元化的世界中存在的問題。著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了國家發(fā)展政策對于提高全民教育水平的作用。
    能夠更方便地獲得各個領(lǐng)域的教育，這些領(lǐng)域包括技術(shù)和職業(yè)訓(xùn)練，繼續(xù)教育和技能開放
    盡管我們提倡讓更多的人受教育對社會有益而且對于發(fā)展中國家減少貧困很重要，但是現(xiàn)實(shí)情況使我們不得不重新考慮高等教育政策。這包括重估管理結(jié)構(gòu)、集資、教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)，以及學(xué)生服務(wù)。
    認(rèn)識到IT在擴(kuò)大受教育機(jī)會方面存在的潛力
    教育機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)能夠模仿其他的全球系統(tǒng)來減少時間和空間上的要求，以滿足不斷增長的需求。發(fā)達(dá)國家強(qiáng)調(diào)通過虛擬學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)施在全球市場上競爭的意識。必須用一切辦法來探索IT在擴(kuò)大受教育機(jī)會方面存在的潛力。
    加強(qiáng)高等教育在全教育系統(tǒng)中所起的作用
    由于教育是社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要引擎，它必須適應(yīng)各種復(fù)雜的變化。最近，教育行業(yè)（特別是高校）被要求通過它們的專業(yè)知識為國際、國內(nèi)、地區(qū)和當(dāng)?shù)氐陌l(fā)展作貢獻(xiàn)。這樣一來，高等教育在全民教育事業(yè)中就起到了重要作用：使每一個公民為參加到一個民主和更加公正的社會作好準(zhǔn)備。
    Part C
    46.石油供應(yīng)可能會隨時中斷；不管怎樣，以目前這種消費(fèi)速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都會枯竭。
    47.必須找到新的能源，這需要時間；而過去我們感覺到的那種能源價廉而充足的情況將不可能再出現(xiàn)了。
    48.食品供應(yīng)的增加將趕不上人口的增長，這就意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)和購銷方面正陷入危機(jī)。
    49.這種困境將是確定無疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。
    50.除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
    Section Ⅲ Writing
    Part A
    51.
    Dear editor,
    I am writing to inform you of my unhappy experience lately. On June 5th, I went to buy an XXX English Dictionary for Advanced Learners at the YYY Foreign Bookstore. Unfortunately, when I went home, I was astonished to find that several pages were stained, some folded, and a few more even missing.
    To resolve the problem, I immediately went back to the bookstore and managed to find the same shop assistant who said she could do nothing about it and asked me to go directly to the manager. I made great efforts to meet the manager in person, and was told it was not their fault， the publisher was the real party to blame.
    Up until now, I have been thinking of this happening. I believe that it is more than necessary for the whole tertiary industry to improve the service quality. Only when the service is performed properly and satisfactorily can the needs of the customers be satisfied and the national economy be put on the right track.
    Yours faithfully,
    Li Ming
    52.
    There is no doubt that private cars have been developing at a considerable rate. With their living conditions greatly improved, more and more Chinese people have bought their own cars. And it is predicted that the number will keep increasing. The result will be what we see in this picture: road accidents, traffic jams, pollution, and drivers’ road rage.
    In my opinion, it is natural that with the development of private cars, there come such troubles as shown in the picture. First, cars consume a great deal of fuel so that our oil resource will soon run out. Many experts stress that our country will be no longer rich in oil with too much consumption. In addition, more and more private cars will make environmental pollution more serious, which will do harm to human beings. One more trouble comes from traffic jams in big cities. Heavy traffic will make much time waste for nothing and accidents happen from time to time.
    To sum up, I think it is high time that concerned administration in charge of transportation paid more attention to all above problems arising from the rapid growth of private cars yearly.