DAY62
    Reading comprehension
    Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
    Passage 1
    A rise in the sea level is a potentially serious problem as it relates to global warming. Although a precise estimate of the total potential rise in sea level is not possible at this time， there is a consensus that the level of the sea will in fact rise. In fact， sea level along much of the US coast is already rising at a rate of 2.5 to 3.0mm per year， or about 10 to 12inches per century. The causes for the rise are thought to be twofold： thermal current of ocean water （the primary cause） and melting of glacial ice （a secondary cause）。 The various models predict that the rise may be anywhere from 20cm to approximately 2m （8-80in） in the next century； the most likely rise is probably 20 to 40cm （8-16in）。 One estimate is that sea level will likely rise 15cm by the year 2050 and 34cm by the year 2100. When other factors such as land subsidence and compaction， groundwater depletion， and natural climate variation are considered， some coastal regions could experience a sea level rise of 45 to 55cm by the year 2100. Such a change will have significant environmental impacts； it could easily cause increased coastal erosion on open beaches of up to 50 to 100m （165-230ft）， making buildings and other structures in the coastal zone more vulnerable to damage from waves generated by highmagnitude storms. It could also cause a landlord migration of estuaries and salt marshes in the coastal zone. Finally， groundwater supplies for coastal communities may be saltwater intrusion should sea level rise.
    A rise in the sea level of approximately 1m （3.3ft） would have serious consequences. People would have to make significant alterations in the coastal environment to protect investments， and communities would be forced to choose between making very heavy financial investments in controlling coastal erosion and allowing for considerable loss of property.
    Considering the amount of coastal defenses present in the world today， it seems inevitable that a rise in sea level lead to further investment for protecting cities in the coastal zone. Construction of seawalls， dikes， and other erosioncontrolling structures will become more common as coastal erosion threatens urban property. In more rural areas， where development is set well back from the coastal zone， the most likely response to a rising sealevel will be simply to adjust to the erosion that occurs. Coastal erosion is a different problem that is very expensive to deal with； it is prudent to allow erosion to naturally take place where feasible rather than try to control it.
    Finally， when considering a rise in the sea level， we must be concerned with the hundreds of millions of people who live in lowlying areas of developing countries. For example， two cyclones that hit Bangladesh in the last 25 years killed more than 400，000 people and caused over ＄1.6billion in property damage. The double impact of a rising sea level and more frequent and powerful cyclones and other tropical disturbances （owing to warmer oceans） would have a devastating effect on people in developing countries.
    1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph？
    A. The estimated amount of a rise in sea level.
    B. A rise in sea level.
    C. The factors that influence a rise in sea level.
    D. The estimated amount and impact of a rise in sea level.
    2. According to the passage， which of the following factors will cause a rise in sea level？
    A. Warm current.B. Land subsidence.
    C. Groundwater exhaustion.D. Climate change.
    3. What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 1？
    A. Sturdy.B. Impregnable.C. Staunch.D. Feeble.
    4. Which of the following statements about a rise in sea level is NOT true according to the author？
    A. People may enlarge the investment for protecting metropolises in the coastal zone.
    B. It is sensible to try to control it for longterm consideration.
    C. People may regulate according to the erosion in rural areas.
    D. It will plunge people into a dilemma.
    5. The following statements are impacts a rise in sea level may cause EXCEPT .
    A. It will increase coastal erosion and storms.
    B. Many coastal buildings will become frangible.
    C. It will deplete the groundwater of coastal communities.
    D. It will demolish much coastal property.
    Passage 2
    In Europe， 19th century was dominated by the struggle of the middle class to break the moral and political canons imposed by the upper classes. Literature regarded love， among other factors， as a moral force contributing to the growth of the individual. According to Watt， individualism and love were considered to be the two dynamic forces that brought about the development of the Western bourgeois novel. On the contrary， Japanese society in general and some of the Meiji writers including Soseki， in particular， tended to regard love as the cause of moral destruction. In Sosekis novel， two of the main characters， Sensei and his friend K， whose rigid ideals of becoming a hermit， and thereby denying his human nature， are confused by the charm of the young woman， choose to die rather than give in to the yearnings of the flesh. K leaves Sensei with the prize， but also with the remorse of having sacrificed his friends life and his own peace of mind.
    Such lack of selfaffirmation created a background against which Meiji literary works dealing with the problems of the individual appeared and were widely disseminated， mirroring a focal shift from the collective to the individual. However， as Pollack points out， even before authors could talk about individuality， and about an “I”， they had first to ask a more fundamental question： what is an I？ Indeed， Meiji Japan is dominated by the quest for an identity to match the Western values. Meiji intellectuals were looking for an analogue to the Western “self”， as the necessary precursor to the political concepts of liberty， freedom， and rights. However， since the old coexisted with the new trend， a major conflict between tradition and innovation occurred， leading to the sense of confusion and despair which pervades Sosekis novel.
    During the Meiji cultural enlightenment， Japanese intellectuals abandoned traditional principles and turned to Europe for guidance. Translations of great European thinkers like Mill， Darwin， Spencer and Kant helped in disseminating Western ideas of individuality， freedom， rights， equality， progress， etc. the absorption of these ideas promoted a change in the Japanese individuals conception of self and his relationship to the world. Thus， a free and more materialistic individual emerged in place of the person， who guided himself after Confucian and Buddhist doctrines of effacing the self， or always relating to and relying upon the group. In his An Encouragement of Learning， Fukuzawa Yukichi deals with the concept of independence. The ideals of independence and achievement in life gradually started to replace the traditional social cohesion.
    From the point of view of individual emancipation， the Meiji enlightenment played in Japan a role similar to that of the Renaissance in Europe， where individualism was a social system in which the individual is ideally alone in a secularized world， freed from the bonds of family and tradition. However， while in Europe ideas about society， individuality or freedom took centuries to develop， Japanese intellectuals expected to assimilate them in a very short period of time， and without the historical， political and social background presumed necessary for this assimilation. Old concepts gave way to new ones， while new concepts were naturalized even though the reality they were supposed to reflect did not match the Japanese state of affairs. This resulted in the dissemination of terms whose sense was unintelligible to the common reader， such as society， individual， freedom， etc.
    1. What is the probable purpose of the example of Sosekis novel in Paragraph 1？
    A. To illustrate love as the cause of moral destruction.
    B. To provide some information about Japanese literature.
    C. To emphasize the disparity between European and Japanese literatures.
    D. To explain love as a moral force contributing to the growth of an individual.
    2. Which of the following statements does NOT accord with Japanese traditions according to the passage？
    A. Love is the reason of demoralization.
    B. Confucian and Buddhist doctrines erase the self.
    C. The ideals of independence dominated peoples minds.
    D. Japanese traditional principles relied upon collectivism.
    3. The underlined word “unintelligible” in the last paragraph possibly means .
    A. Incredible.B. Unintelligent.C. Pellucid.D. Elusive.
    4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the last paragraph？
    A. There would be difficulties in Japanese understanding and absorption of the European ideas.
    B. Japanese intellectuals paid little attention to their own backgrounds when disseminating the European ideas.
    C. The Meiji cultural enlightenment was similar to the Renaissance in Europe.
    D. It would be impossible for Japan to finish its cultural transformation.
    5. What does the whole passage mainly concern about？
    A. Japanese cultural transformation in the Meiji enlightenment.
    B. The import and implications of Western culture upon Meiji Japan.
    C. The differences between European and Japanese cultures in Meiji period.
    D. The Meiji cultural enlightenment in Japan.
    Passage 3
    Despite the convenience and the increased property values resulting from municipal （urban） sewerage systems， their implementations are often opposed by the taxpayers. Even when the benefits or the needs are obvious， authorities must generally provide some legal or economic inducement to get the project under way and to control it once it is in operation. Incentive payments， direct regulation and municipal bylaws are some of the tools available for improving environmental quality. Public awareness of environmental problems can be another effective means for stimulating corrective measures.
    Municipalities have been the recipients of government subsidies in the form of lowcost， longterm loans and outright grants. In Canada， the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation （CMHC） supplies funds during the sixties and seventies， covering twothird of the cost of pollution control projects. Of this amount， 25 percent of was forgiven， with the balance repaid over 25 tears at a low fixed interest rate. In the United States， federal loans covering up to 75 percent of the cost of wastewater treatment plants have been available to municipalities since 1973. Repayment for these projects may be from general taxation or by revenue bonds repaid from sewer rental fees based on each users water bill.
    Many regulations to control water pollution have been enacted. In Ontario， for example， there are 25 federal statutes， 40 provincial statutes and countless bylaws to control environmental pollution. These regulations are in addition to the federal， state and provincial requirements for the acceptability of wastewater effluents or the quality of receiving waters. Direct regulation， enforced by fines and penalties， has been the predominant practice for the past 20 years or more. However， control by regulation has limitations： it is politically unpalatable， fines are usually a fixed amount that is too low to encourage compliance， and in some case the rigid standards are unwarranted. Fines proportional to the degree of violation provide a better approach， but unless fines are greater than the cost of correcting the situation， little improvement can be expected.
    At the municipal level， considerable control over water pollution is exercised through bylaws which control subdivision development， sewer use， and industrial waste discharges. These bylaws may stipulate that developers provide a certain level of sewage collection and storm drainage services in new subdivisions. The capital costs of these services are borne by those who purchase the lots， the operating and maintenance costs by the municipality. Seweruse bylaws and individual waste bylaws establish the types of wastes that are accepted by the municipality and may include a system of surcharges which are assessed against those whose wastes are stronger than normal domestic sewage. Certain industries may have to pretreat their wastes in order to make them acceptable to the municipality.
    Public awareness of the contamination of our water supplies， the consequences of eutrophication， and the loss of recreational waters have contributed significantly to the progress in wastewater technology. As measures to control water pollution from municipal systems have been implemented， the emphasis has been shifted from this relatively narrow concern to the broader implications associated with the treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes.
    1. It can be inferred from the first sentence in Paragraph 1 that
    A. Municipal sewerage systems are actually unprofitable to urban citizens.
    B. Municipal sewerage systems are not thoroughly enforced.
    C. Municipal sewerage systems have some side effects.
    D. Municipal sewerage systems involve expensive investments.
    2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 2？
    A. Government is suggested to offer direct funds for pollution treatment.
    B. CMHC had only to pay 25 percent of the average interest rate.
    C. Government should penalize those factories which produce much pollution.
    D. Government allowance is an effective way to control water pollution.
    3. According to the second half of Paragraph 3， the underlined word “unpalatable” probably means
    A. Disadvantageous.B. Defenseless.C. Disgusting.D. Indefinite.
    4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the last paragraph？
    A. The emphasis of controlling water pollution should be shifted upon municipal systems.
    B. Public involvement plays an important role in controlling pollution.
    C. Controlling water pollution should be deepened.
    D. Treatment of solid and hazardous pollutions will be the next step.
    5. The following measures of controlling water pollution is official EXCEPT
    A. Public involvement.B. Legislation.
    C. Government subsidies.D. Municipal bylaws.
    Passage 4
    The Africans wish to express Christian beliefs in their own way has led to the growth of many small nativistic churches， which are based on persons who broke away from established churches. These churches often include African practices in the rituals， such as dancing， and generally operate at a higher emotional pitch than the more formal missionarybased churches. Their presence and popularity in Africa represents a wish to not only place Christianity in a fuller African setting， but also of Africans to have a larger share in the leadership and organization of the modern religious structure， as they control the traditional sphere since missionaries were associated with Europe and America — and， sometimes in the minds of Africans with the colonial administrations and governments — there has been suspicion in their motivations. However the gaining of control of their own church affairs by Africans in recent years has changed the role of missionaries to that of important helpers.
    It should be recognized that the mission organizations brought the educational system into being in Africa， and that the modern African churches will carry a great deal of this burden. The colonial governments established few schools， relying heavily on missionaries. Today， the modern African governments have entered strongly into the educational picture. The presence of schools and the academic type of education have influenced traditional values and activities. School children are no longer as free in time and energy to help with farms. They have less of a chance to take part in traditional ceremonies. They are taught things that denigrate some aspects of the traditional lives of their parents. The school system has helped to reduce greatly the respect for age and seniority in Africa， putting it more on achievement and status. It turns persons away from an interest in agriculture and herding to other occupations. Yet， as educated adults， they seem to be able to bridge the gap between tradition and the modern world more readily.
    A word should be said here about Islamic beliefs. Islam is extremely popular in Africa and it has been spreading in the subSaharan area at a more rapid rate than has Christianity. Most of the Sudan area is Moslem， and the belief has penetrated successfully into the forest regions to the south. It is popular on the east coast of Africa， introduced by Arabs. Where it is practiced， many of the traditional public rituals are no longer carried out — or are done only in modified form — and traditional art work and shrines are often destroyed. Why then its popularity？
    There is no ready answer to the question as to why this rival “great tradition” should be important； however， the fact that the proselytization is carried out by Africans is significant. Also， while Christianity is outwardly a closed system of belief， allowing for little incorporation of traditional ideas. Islam in Africa does allow for some traditional magical and healing practices to be carried out and for belief in a variety of traditional spirits to be retained. Islam has not been identified with the colonial order of the west， yet it is associated with a great literary and central tradition. Its popularity may also derive from the fact that a Moslem is allowed to have as many as four wives. Islamic influence in subSaharan Africa will continue to grow.
    1. Which of the following statements about “nativistic churches” is NOT true？
    A. The church rituals are mostly Africanized.
    B. Their ceremonies involve a lot of local peculiarities.
    C. The part of missionaries is primarily assistant.
    D. These churches possess a dense color of colonialism.
    2. The following influences are brought by educational system EXCEPT
    A. Pupils will not be engaged in herding.
    B. Teaching may contradict to African traditions.
    C. Intellectuals will take over the task of internationalization.
    D. People in Africa will respect the senior more.
    3. What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “denigrate” in Paragraph 2？
    A. Stain.B. Challenge.C. Contradict.D. Abolish.
    4. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason for popularity of Islam over Christianity in Africa？
    A. Christianity is a symbol of colonialism.
    B. Many of the traditional public rituals are no longer carried out.
    C. There is room for modification in Islamic.
    D. Islam permits polygamy.
    5. What does the passage concern about？
    A. Christianity in Africa.B. African religious beliefs.
    C. African religious situation.D. Christianity and Islam in Africa.
    Keys and notes for the passage reading：
    Passage 1
    由于全球變暖，海平面將會(huì)上升，這將給沿海區(qū)域帶來(lái)各種災(zāi)難。對(duì)此，海防投資將會(huì)擴(kuò)大，但有些地方將不得不任其自然發(fā)生。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家這種災(zāi)難將會(huì)更嚴(yán)重。
    When other factors such as land subsidence and compaction， groundwater depletion， and natural climate variation are considered. 將其他因素考慮在內(nèi)，如土地下陷壓緊，地下水枯竭，氣候的自然變化。
    1. 「D」第一段主要講了兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題：首先是對(duì)今后海平面上升高度的各種推測(cè)；然后是由此對(duì)沿海區(qū)域環(huán)境的影響。所以選D.
    2. 「A」文中提到海平面上升的主要原因就是海水暖流，即選項(xiàng)A.選項(xiàng)B（陸地下陷）和選項(xiàng)C（地下水枯竭）會(huì)造成海平面下降；選項(xiàng)D（氣候變化）不一定會(huì)造成上升，也可能下降。
    3. 「D」海岸侵蝕會(huì)使沿海建筑物變得易碎，即vulnerable.選項(xiàng)A，B，C都是堅(jiān)固的意思，只有選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
    4. 「B」選項(xiàng)A，C，D都可以從文中找出相對(duì)應(yīng)的答案；選項(xiàng)B，第三段最后一句認(rèn)為“讓海蝕自然發(fā)生而不是試圖控制，這一點(diǎn)是考慮周到的”，由此可見(jiàn)，企圖控制并不明智。
    5. 「C」選項(xiàng)C認(rèn)為海平面上升會(huì)使沿海區(qū)域的地下水枯竭是不正確的，它只會(huì)使地下水受到鹽海水的入侵。其他選項(xiàng)都符合文章本意。
    Passage 2
    西方文化認(rèn)為愛(ài)是個(gè)人發(fā)展的道德動(dòng)力，日本文化則相反。明治時(shí)期，知識(shí)分子開始傳播西方的先進(jìn)思想，使得個(gè)性、自由、平等等思想在日本逐漸取代孔儒思想，但是這也需要一個(gè)過(guò)程。
    This resulted in the dissemination of terms whose sense was unintelligible to the common reader， such as society， individual， freedom， etc.這就導(dǎo)致了在傳播社會(huì)、個(gè)人、自由等術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)使普通讀者難以理解。
    1. 「A」在舉這個(gè)例子之前，作者認(rèn)為日本文化認(rèn)為愛(ài)使人道德淪落，這個(gè)例子正好證明了這一點(diǎn)。故選A.
    2. 「C」選項(xiàng)C認(rèn)為獨(dú)立的理想統(tǒng)治著人們的思想，是與文中表述傳統(tǒng)的日本孔儒、集體等思想相違背的，所以選C.其他選項(xiàng)都與正文相符。
    3. 「D」Unintelligible意為難解的，無(wú)法了解的。A為難以置信的，B為無(wú)知的，C為易懂的。
    4. 「D」最后一段認(rèn)為由于西方文化經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展，日本要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)全部吸收會(huì)有困難。選項(xiàng)A， B，C均正確；選項(xiàng)D太過(guò)絕對(duì)，違背了作者的原意。
    5. 「B」通觀全文，作者始終將西方文化和日本明治時(shí)期的文化轉(zhuǎn)變聯(lián)系在一起，并強(qiáng)調(diào)其影響及意義。
    Passage 3
    對(duì)于如何有效地控制城市水污染，作者提出了四個(gè)方案措施：第一，向企業(yè)提供政府津貼；第二，加強(qiáng)立法工作；第三，制定城市法規(guī)；第四，提高市民意識(shí)。
    Despite the convenience and the increased property values resulting from municipal （urban） sewerage systems， their implementations are often opposed by the taxpayers. 盡管，城市污水處理系統(tǒng)給人們帶來(lái)了便利和財(cái)富，但是市民對(duì)其貫徹執(zhí)行卻并不滿意。
    1. 「B」從上面的難句解析中可知，納稅人是對(duì)其執(zhí)行不滿。故選B.
    2. 「D」第二段subsidies意為allowance補(bǔ)助金，津貼。其他句子可在原文中找到相應(yīng)的正確句子。
    3. 「C」Unpalatable意為不好吃的，令人討厭的。
    4. 「A」最后一段認(rèn)為控制水污染的重心要轉(zhuǎn)到處理固體及危險(xiǎn)污染上來(lái)，因而選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)。
    5. 「A」選項(xiàng)A為公眾參與，并非官方行為。
    Passage 4
    本文主要介紹了非洲具有濃郁地方特色的，與殖民時(shí)期的基督教堂截然不同的基督教堂的發(fā)展和對(duì)教育事業(yè)的作用。也涉及到伊斯蘭教在非洲的發(fā)展。
    Islam in Africa does allow for some traditional magical and healing practices to be carried out and for belief in a variety of traditional spirits to be retained. 但是在非洲，伊斯蘭教卻允許人們從事傳統(tǒng)的魔法治療活動(dòng)，也允許保留對(duì)各種傳統(tǒng)鬼神的信仰。
    1. 「D」選項(xiàng)D認(rèn)為這些教堂有著濃郁的殖民色彩，實(shí)際上，這個(gè)特點(diǎn)是殖民時(shí)期時(shí)非洲教堂所具有的。因而是錯(cuò)的。
    2. 「D」選項(xiàng)D，文中提到人們通過(guò)受教育，會(huì)減少對(duì)年齡的尊敬，而更加注重成就和身份。因而是錯(cuò)的。
    3. 「A」單詞denigrate意為毀譽(yù)，玷污，與stain同意。選項(xiàng)B，C，D意思分別為挑戰(zhàn)，沖突，廢除。
    4. 「B」選項(xiàng)B認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)儀式不再舉行，這是伊斯蘭教在當(dāng)?shù)亓餍械慕Y(jié)果，而不是伊斯蘭教流行的原因。因而是錯(cuò)的。
    5. 「C」這篇文章主要是介紹非洲宗教現(xiàn)狀，如人們的宗教信仰，宗教的影響，基督教與伊斯蘭教在非洲的比較。