一般現(xiàn)在時
1、 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時間狀語連用;
2、 表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;
3、 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;
4、 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來要發(fā)生的動作;The plane takes off at 10 am .
5、 在時間或條件狀語中,表示將來的動作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .
6、 在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過去時,表示或用于引述書刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.
一般過去時
用于表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July .
一般將來時
主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況
在時間或條件狀語中,一般不用將來時,而是用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。I‘ll let you know the result when I finish everything.
1、 shall, will + 動詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時;
2、 am (is , are) going to + 動詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;
3、 am (is , are) about to + 動詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動作;
4、 am (is , an) to + 動詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered .
過去將來時
用于表示過去某一時間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)
was (were) going to +動詞原型
was (were) about to +動詞原型
was (were) to + 動詞原型 表示過去某時間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作
He is coming to see you tomorrow .
hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)
過去進(jìn)行時
表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night .
go, come , stay , leave, start 的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作
將來進(jìn)行時
將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作,或按計(jì)劃在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作
This time next week she will be working in the company .
現(xiàn)在完成時
表示從過去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,或表示過去發(fā)生的動作,但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax.
過去完成時
用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作,或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。
He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier .
將來完成時
用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作
I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow .
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作, 這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 .
過去完成進(jìn)行時
表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。 可能剛剛停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years .
在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來時態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
被動語態(tài)
助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
含有情態(tài)動詞:情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分辭
短語動詞 :example takes good care >> taken good care
虛擬語氣
用來表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè),表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿望
條件從句 主句
違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過去式 should / would / could / might + 動詞原形
If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately
違背過去事實(shí) had + 過去分詞 should / would / could / might + have + 過去分詞
I could have done it better if I had been more careful
違背將來事實(shí) should + 動詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動詞原形
were + 動詞不定式( were to + 動詞原形)
If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?
在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣
It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that
It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that
混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作,在時間上不一致,動詞形式需要調(diào)整
If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now.
Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動詞的賓語從句用虛擬句, 在這些動詞后面的賓語從句中,助動詞一律是should .
It is ( It was ) important ,其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣,助動詞用should .
It is important that we ( should ) learn computer .
Wish + ( that ) 從句,通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)是,從句中的動詞用過去時;表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)時,從句中的動詞用had + 過去分詞。
但是,從句中動詞用would (might ) + 動詞原形時,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)
I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來 (有可能來)
As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(或表語從句)中,常用虛擬語氣。
如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞則應(yīng)使用過去式;
如果從句表示的意思與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞則使用 had + 過去分詞的形式 .
基本句型
主語 + 謂語動詞 The two-man spaceship took off this morning .
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語 The drilling machine is making a hole .
主語 + 連系動詞 + 表語 The answer is off the point .
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語
The new approach has saved us a great deal of time
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 We like our guests to feel at home .
常用連詞
等立連詞:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
主從連詞 that , whether , if
連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which
連接副詞 when , where , why , how
倒裝句
Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)
There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句
Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時,謂語動詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動詞時,句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .
句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時、表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時 ,句子為倒裝
Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister
在虛擬語氣中,非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時,句子為倒裝。這時,倒裝到主語前的助動次 had ,should 和動詞were . Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train
so / nor / neither + 系動詞/ 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + 主語
表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語,用到裝。
He doesn‘t like music . Nor / Neither do I .
在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中,由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首,主句部分中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞 + 主語 + 動詞原形
No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .
直接引語和間接引語
John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .”
John said that he was going to London with his father .
一般疑問句變成以if (whether ) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”
He asked the class if they had all understood that passage .
祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式, 作ask , tell 等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時常用 tell , order 等;表示請求時常用ask , beg 等動詞,原句中的don‘t 應(yīng)變?yōu)?not .
The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”
The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .
如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時,間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)
He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”
He says that he is very busy reading the book .
如主句謂語動詞為過去時,間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化:
一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時———過去進(jìn)行時
一般將來時———過去將來時
現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時
一般過去時———過去完成時 過去完成時不變
直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時,代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下:
this —— that last week – the week before
therse – those three days ago – three days before
now – then tomorrow – the next day
today – that day next week – the (next ) following week
this week – that week here —— there
yesterday – the day before come – go
介詞
at 表示確切的時間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時間 at two o‘clock
in 表示一天中的各部分時間或較長的時間 in the morning , in spring , in 1967
on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon
durning 表示一段時間 ,強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù) durning the Summer vacation
at one time 過去有段時間、從前
at the same time 同時
on time 按時
below 表示低于 , 溫度低于多少度
above 表示高于 , 溫度高于多少度
幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候,排列順序如下:
好壞、美丑等 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞
和前綴a- 組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語, afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.
非謂語動詞
forget to do something 忘了而沒有做某事
forget doing something 忘了已做過某事
remember to do something 記住了要去做某事
remember doing something 記得已經(jīng)做過的事情
stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做別的事情
stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事
go on to do something 接下來做另一件事情
go on doing something 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情
動詞need , want , require 和形容詞 worth 后,可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動:
前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為 The problem being discussed is important
后者表示承受過了的行為 The problem discussed yesterday was important .
情態(tài)動詞
must + have + 過去分詞,表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;
must + 動詞原形 ,表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。
Need not + have +過去分詞 表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情
主謂一致 (語法一致、意義一致、就近)
謂語動詞用單數(shù):
不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;
事件、國名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;
one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主語或修飾主語時;
表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;
a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;
集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。
謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
both , few , many , several 等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some 不一定)
形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;
cattle , people , police , clothes 等名詞作主語時;
由and 連接兩個主語時;
a number of 修飾主語時。
1、 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時間狀語連用;
2、 表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;
3、 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;
4、 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來要發(fā)生的動作;The plane takes off at 10 am .
5、 在時間或條件狀語中,表示將來的動作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .
6、 在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過去時,表示或用于引述書刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.
一般過去時
用于表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July .
一般將來時
主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況
在時間或條件狀語中,一般不用將來時,而是用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。I‘ll let you know the result when I finish everything.
1、 shall, will + 動詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時;
2、 am (is , are) going to + 動詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;
3、 am (is , are) about to + 動詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動作;
4、 am (is , an) to + 動詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered .
過去將來時
用于表示過去某一時間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)
was (were) going to +動詞原型
was (were) about to +動詞原型
was (were) to + 動詞原型 表示過去某時間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作
He is coming to see you tomorrow .
hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)
過去進(jìn)行時
表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night .
go, come , stay , leave, start 的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作
將來進(jìn)行時
將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作,或按計(jì)劃在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作
This time next week she will be working in the company .
現(xiàn)在完成時
表示從過去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,或表示過去發(fā)生的動作,但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax.
過去完成時
用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作,或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。
He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier .
將來完成時
用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作
I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow .
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作, 這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 .
過去完成進(jìn)行時
表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。 可能剛剛停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years .
在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來時態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
被動語態(tài)
助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
含有情態(tài)動詞:情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分辭
短語動詞 :example takes good care >> taken good care
虛擬語氣
用來表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè),表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿望
條件從句 主句
違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過去式 should / would / could / might + 動詞原形
If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately
違背過去事實(shí) had + 過去分詞 should / would / could / might + have + 過去分詞
I could have done it better if I had been more careful
違背將來事實(shí) should + 動詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動詞原形
were + 動詞不定式( were to + 動詞原形)
If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?
在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣
It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that
It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that
混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作,在時間上不一致,動詞形式需要調(diào)整
If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now.
Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動詞的賓語從句用虛擬句, 在這些動詞后面的賓語從句中,助動詞一律是should .
It is ( It was ) important ,其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣,助動詞用should .
It is important that we ( should ) learn computer .
Wish + ( that ) 從句,通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)是,從句中的動詞用過去時;表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)時,從句中的動詞用had + 過去分詞。
但是,從句中動詞用would (might ) + 動詞原形時,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)
I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來 (有可能來)
As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(或表語從句)中,常用虛擬語氣。
如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞則應(yīng)使用過去式;
如果從句表示的意思與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞則使用 had + 過去分詞的形式 .
基本句型
主語 + 謂語動詞 The two-man spaceship took off this morning .
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語 The drilling machine is making a hole .
主語 + 連系動詞 + 表語 The answer is off the point .
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語
The new approach has saved us a great deal of time
主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 We like our guests to feel at home .
常用連詞
等立連詞:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
主從連詞 that , whether , if
連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which
連接副詞 when , where , why , how
倒裝句
Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)
There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句
Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時,謂語動詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動詞時,句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .
句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時、表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時 ,句子為倒裝
Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister
在虛擬語氣中,非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時,句子為倒裝。這時,倒裝到主語前的助動次 had ,should 和動詞were . Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train
so / nor / neither + 系動詞/ 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + 主語
表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語,用到裝。
He doesn‘t like music . Nor / Neither do I .
在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中,由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首,主句部分中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞 + 主語 + 動詞原形
No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .
直接引語和間接引語
John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .”
John said that he was going to London with his father .
一般疑問句變成以if (whether ) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”
He asked the class if they had all understood that passage .
祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式, 作ask , tell 等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時常用 tell , order 等;表示請求時常用ask , beg 等動詞,原句中的don‘t 應(yīng)變?yōu)?not .
The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”
The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .
如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時,間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)
He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”
He says that he is very busy reading the book .
如主句謂語動詞為過去時,間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化:
一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時———過去進(jìn)行時
一般將來時———過去將來時
現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時
一般過去時———過去完成時 過去完成時不變
直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時,代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下:
this —— that last week – the week before
therse – those three days ago – three days before
now – then tomorrow – the next day
today – that day next week – the (next ) following week
this week – that week here —— there
yesterday – the day before come – go
介詞
at 表示確切的時間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時間 at two o‘clock
in 表示一天中的各部分時間或較長的時間 in the morning , in spring , in 1967
on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon
durning 表示一段時間 ,強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù) durning the Summer vacation
at one time 過去有段時間、從前
at the same time 同時
on time 按時
below 表示低于 , 溫度低于多少度
above 表示高于 , 溫度高于多少度
幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候,排列順序如下:
好壞、美丑等 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞
和前綴a- 組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語, afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.
非謂語動詞
forget to do something 忘了而沒有做某事
forget doing something 忘了已做過某事
remember to do something 記住了要去做某事
remember doing something 記得已經(jīng)做過的事情
stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做別的事情
stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事
go on to do something 接下來做另一件事情
go on doing something 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情
動詞need , want , require 和形容詞 worth 后,可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動:
前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為 The problem being discussed is important
后者表示承受過了的行為 The problem discussed yesterday was important .
情態(tài)動詞
must + have + 過去分詞,表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;
must + 動詞原形 ,表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。
Need not + have +過去分詞 表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情
主謂一致 (語法一致、意義一致、就近)
謂語動詞用單數(shù):
不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;
事件、國名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;
one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主語或修飾主語時;
表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;
a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;
集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。
謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
both , few , many , several 等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some 不一定)
形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;
cattle , people , police , clothes 等名詞作主語時;
由and 連接兩個主語時;
a number of 修飾主語時。