閱讀與表達(dá)
一、題型簡(jiǎn)介
閱讀與表達(dá)是近兩年中考英語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的新題型，要求學(xué)生閱讀短文并回答問(wèn)題。短文通常有3%的生詞量，單詞量在250~300左右。本題有5道小題，共10分。此題難度較大，它不僅考查了學(xué)生的閱讀能力還考查了學(xué)生的書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。
二、考查要點(diǎn)
掌握所讀短文的主旨和大意
了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
了解詞義和句義深層含義
根據(jù)所讀短文進(jìn)行判斷和推論
根據(jù)所讀短文概括文章大意
三、歷史回顧
2004年和2005年兩年的中考題中，各種疑問(wèn)句的比例沒(méi)有變化，特殊疑問(wèn)句的比例占60%，其次是一般疑問(wèn)句和選擇疑問(wèn)句，各占20%，反意疑問(wèn)句沒(méi)有考?；卮鹨话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)用YES或NO，回答選擇疑問(wèn)句，一般從選項(xiàng)中選一項(xiàng)，或用Both/Neither回答的較少?；卮鹛厥庖蓡?wèn)句要看懂問(wèn)什么，關(guān)鍵是看清疑問(wèn)詞。
四、未來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)
1 命題難度將有所上升，突出能力考查與選拔功能，閱讀理解難度略有提高，這主要表現(xiàn)在命題從不同角度，不同思維方式出發(fā)，除了考查學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確獲得信息的能力外更多的是測(cè)試學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力。
2 閱讀的題材與體裁也多樣化，篇幅會(huì)有所加長(zhǎng)，材料也會(huì)更趨現(xiàn)代化，生活化，知識(shí)化，以突出實(shí)用性和時(shí)代性。
3 在命題上會(huì)加大對(duì)考生理解、概括、推理和判斷等深層次能力的考查。
4 問(wèn)題的樣式也將更多樣化，更全面。
五、 提問(wèn)類型
1.由一般疑問(wèn)句引出的判斷題
Example1:Did Frank know how to get people to buy his goods quickly?
Key：Yes. / Yes, he did. (西城區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文) Woolworth(Frank) realized he had a skill for displaying goods to attract people’s interest, but he soon learned something more important. One day his manager told him to sell some odds and ends for as much as he could get. Frank put all these things on one table with a sign which said: Five Cents Each. People fought and pushed to buy the things and the table was soon empty.
Example2: Is Jason’s human-powered machine a bicycle?
Key: Yes. / Yes, it is. (2005年北京市中考題)
(原文) Jason Queally is one of the fastest men in the world on bicycle. But do you really call the thing in the picture a bicycle? Well, yes. Jason’s human-powered (人力的) machine, with its two wheels, is, of course, a bicycle.
Example3: Is pleasure reading important for learning English?
Key: Yes. / Yes, it is. (2004年北京市中考題)
(原文) Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. It is also the most important way.
Example4: Do you learn all the things you need to know at school?
Key: No. / No, we don’t. (宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文) There are many things we need to know. But we don’t learn them at school.
2.用一句話概括文章大意，提問(wèn)形式有以下幾種類型：
uWhat did the story tell us?
uWhat does the writer want us to do by writing the passage?
uWhat’s the main idea of the passage?
3.由特殊疑問(wèn)詞Who(人物)、Where(地點(diǎn))、When(時(shí)間)、What(事件)、Why(原因)、How(方式)引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句來(lái)提問(wèn)文章的細(xì)節(jié)。
Example1: Where were they traveling?
Key: They were traveling through (in) the desert.
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文)A story tells that two friends were walking through the desert.
Example2: How did he feel when his friend slapped him in the face?
Key: He felt hurt / angry / unhappy / sad.
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文) In the journey they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face. The one who got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, wrote in the sand:
“TODAY MY BEST FRIEND SLAPPED ME IN THE FACE.”
Example3: What did his friend do when he was in trouble?
Key: His friend helped him (out) / saved his life (him).
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文) They kept on walking until they found an oasis, where they decided to take a bath. The one who had been slapped got stuck in mud and asked for help, his friend helped him out. After that, he wrote on a stone:
“TODAY MY BEST FRIEND SAVED MY LIFE.”
Example4: What should we compare when we use money wisely?
Key: We should compare the prices and quality of the things in different shop.
(宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文)There are many things we need to know. But we do not learn them at school. For example, if we want to use our money wisely, we need to shop carefully. We need to know how to compare (比較) the prices of things in different shops.
We also need to compare the quality (質(zhì)量) of different brands.
Example5: How many small choices are mentioned in the fifth paragraph?
Key: Three.
(宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文)Some of these choices are small. For example, will I take an apple or a pear for lunch? Will I take the bus to school today or will I walk there? Will I wear the red T-shirt or the blue one to the movies? Other choices are more important. For example, will I eat healthy food for lunch or will I eat unhealthy food because it is more delicious? Will I work hard in all my classes or will I only work hard in the classes I enjoy? We make choices like this every day.
六、答題步驟
1.瀏覽全文,捕捉信息。
通過(guò)瀏覽全文，掌握其大意，了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖。
2.細(xì)讀問(wèn)題,分析信息。
通過(guò)瀏覽全文后，已對(duì)文章或段落大意有所了解，再讀考題，對(duì)要捕捉的信息進(jìn)行分析、推理，這樣便可先解答與主題思想有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。
3.復(fù)讀全文,抓住細(xì)節(jié)。
帶著問(wèn)題去復(fù)讀，可縮小復(fù)讀范圍，更便于捕捉關(guān)鍵的信息。復(fù)讀時(shí)可邊讀邊用鉛筆做標(biāo)記，把有關(guān)的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因(即 5W:who,what,where,when,why)劃出來(lái)。經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的處理，對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)便更清楚了。另外，再?gòu)?fù)讀全文時(shí)，還應(yīng)特別注意首段或每一自然段的首句和結(jié)尾句。因?yàn)樵谑拙浜褪锥?，作者往往要說(shuō)明事件的起因，闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)或事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)與人物的關(guān)系。結(jié)尾句、段是事件的結(jié)論或作者表達(dá)的態(tài)度、意圖、目的等。
4.回答問(wèn)題,言簡(jiǎn)意賅 。
回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，不要照抄原文，會(huì)自己概括總結(jié)，簡(jiǎn)單明了。
5.再讀全文,核對(duì)答題。
這是最后一步，也是重要的一步，不能忽視。這一步驟要用全文的主題思想統(tǒng)率各考題，把在閱讀和答題時(shí)所得到的信息歸納整理一遍之后，再讀一遍短文檢查答案，看是否前后一致，意義和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)是否和原文相符，是否符合邏輯等。發(fā)現(xiàn)前后矛盾、遺漏要點(diǎn)等錯(cuò)誤，要立即改正。
七、 溫馨提示
1 先看懂問(wèn)題，明白問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵所在。
2 帶著問(wèn)題看文章，找到問(wèn)題所在的段落或重要的句子
3 把問(wèn)題和找到的段落和句子有機(jī)的整合在一起，這就是表達(dá)的過(guò)程。
4 避免照抄整個(gè)的原句，要簡(jiǎn)答。
5 注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。
舉例說(shuō)明：若問(wèn)題是考查對(duì)短文細(xì)節(jié)的理解，這就需要抓住關(guān)鍵詞回答問(wèn)題，如04年中考題中閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答的12小題 Which is the easier way to become a better reader, pleasure reading or studying ?考生要通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀，抓住第一段中第一句Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. 中最關(guān)鍵的the easiest way 就可得出答案，Pleasure reading is .
若是考查對(duì)短文實(shí)質(zhì)性的理解，則需以原文為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)其提供的信息 ，運(yùn)用多種方法進(jìn)行分析推理，從而得出結(jié)論。如04年中考題中閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答的14小題How can we become better readers ?從文章中第一段可明顯得出結(jié)論，Reading for pleasure不僅是最容易也是最重要的方法使成為一名較好的閱讀者，而且下面的四段都在論證這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，所以可推理得出答案是Doing pleasure reading .
北京二中分校 閆琳
順義第八中學(xué) 孫立紅
一、題型簡(jiǎn)介
閱讀與表達(dá)是近兩年中考英語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的新題型，要求學(xué)生閱讀短文并回答問(wèn)題。短文通常有3%的生詞量，單詞量在250~300左右。本題有5道小題，共10分。此題難度較大，它不僅考查了學(xué)生的閱讀能力還考查了學(xué)生的書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。
二、考查要點(diǎn)
掌握所讀短文的主旨和大意
了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
了解詞義和句義深層含義
根據(jù)所讀短文進(jìn)行判斷和推論
根據(jù)所讀短文概括文章大意
三、歷史回顧
2004年和2005年兩年的中考題中，各種疑問(wèn)句的比例沒(méi)有變化，特殊疑問(wèn)句的比例占60%，其次是一般疑問(wèn)句和選擇疑問(wèn)句，各占20%，反意疑問(wèn)句沒(méi)有考?；卮鹨话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)用YES或NO，回答選擇疑問(wèn)句，一般從選項(xiàng)中選一項(xiàng)，或用Both/Neither回答的較少?；卮鹛厥庖蓡?wèn)句要看懂問(wèn)什么，關(guān)鍵是看清疑問(wèn)詞。
四、未來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)
1 命題難度將有所上升，突出能力考查與選拔功能，閱讀理解難度略有提高，這主要表現(xiàn)在命題從不同角度，不同思維方式出發(fā)，除了考查學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確獲得信息的能力外更多的是測(cè)試學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力。
2 閱讀的題材與體裁也多樣化，篇幅會(huì)有所加長(zhǎng)，材料也會(huì)更趨現(xiàn)代化，生活化，知識(shí)化，以突出實(shí)用性和時(shí)代性。
3 在命題上會(huì)加大對(duì)考生理解、概括、推理和判斷等深層次能力的考查。
4 問(wèn)題的樣式也將更多樣化，更全面。
五、 提問(wèn)類型
1.由一般疑問(wèn)句引出的判斷題
Example1:Did Frank know how to get people to buy his goods quickly?
Key：Yes. / Yes, he did. (西城區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文) Woolworth(Frank) realized he had a skill for displaying goods to attract people’s interest, but he soon learned something more important. One day his manager told him to sell some odds and ends for as much as he could get. Frank put all these things on one table with a sign which said: Five Cents Each. People fought and pushed to buy the things and the table was soon empty.
Example2: Is Jason’s human-powered machine a bicycle?
Key: Yes. / Yes, it is. (2005年北京市中考題)
(原文) Jason Queally is one of the fastest men in the world on bicycle. But do you really call the thing in the picture a bicycle? Well, yes. Jason’s human-powered (人力的) machine, with its two wheels, is, of course, a bicycle.
Example3: Is pleasure reading important for learning English?
Key: Yes. / Yes, it is. (2004年北京市中考題)
(原文) Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. It is also the most important way.
Example4: Do you learn all the things you need to know at school?
Key: No. / No, we don’t. (宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文) There are many things we need to know. But we don’t learn them at school.
2.用一句話概括文章大意，提問(wèn)形式有以下幾種類型：
uWhat did the story tell us?
uWhat does the writer want us to do by writing the passage?
uWhat’s the main idea of the passage?
3.由特殊疑問(wèn)詞Who(人物)、Where(地點(diǎn))、When(時(shí)間)、What(事件)、Why(原因)、How(方式)引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句來(lái)提問(wèn)文章的細(xì)節(jié)。
Example1: Where were they traveling?
Key: They were traveling through (in) the desert.
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文)A story tells that two friends were walking through the desert.
Example2: How did he feel when his friend slapped him in the face?
Key: He felt hurt / angry / unhappy / sad.
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文) In the journey they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face. The one who got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, wrote in the sand:
“TODAY MY BEST FRIEND SLAPPED ME IN THE FACE.”
Example3: What did his friend do when he was in trouble?
Key: His friend helped him (out) / saved his life (him).
(2006東城區(qū)形成性測(cè)試Unit 18)
(原文) They kept on walking until they found an oasis, where they decided to take a bath. The one who had been slapped got stuck in mud and asked for help, his friend helped him out. After that, he wrote on a stone:
“TODAY MY BEST FRIEND SAVED MY LIFE.”
Example4: What should we compare when we use money wisely?
Key: We should compare the prices and quality of the things in different shop.
(宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文)There are many things we need to know. But we do not learn them at school. For example, if we want to use our money wisely, we need to shop carefully. We need to know how to compare (比較) the prices of things in different shops.
We also need to compare the quality (質(zhì)量) of different brands.
Example5: How many small choices are mentioned in the fifth paragraph?
Key: Three.
(宣武區(qū)2006年期末測(cè)試)
(原文)Some of these choices are small. For example, will I take an apple or a pear for lunch? Will I take the bus to school today or will I walk there? Will I wear the red T-shirt or the blue one to the movies? Other choices are more important. For example, will I eat healthy food for lunch or will I eat unhealthy food because it is more delicious? Will I work hard in all my classes or will I only work hard in the classes I enjoy? We make choices like this every day.
六、答題步驟
1.瀏覽全文,捕捉信息。
通過(guò)瀏覽全文，掌握其大意，了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖。
2.細(xì)讀問(wèn)題,分析信息。
通過(guò)瀏覽全文后，已對(duì)文章或段落大意有所了解，再讀考題，對(duì)要捕捉的信息進(jìn)行分析、推理，這樣便可先解答與主題思想有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。
3.復(fù)讀全文,抓住細(xì)節(jié)。
帶著問(wèn)題去復(fù)讀，可縮小復(fù)讀范圍，更便于捕捉關(guān)鍵的信息。復(fù)讀時(shí)可邊讀邊用鉛筆做標(biāo)記，把有關(guān)的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因(即 5W:who,what,where,when,why)劃出來(lái)。經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的處理，對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)便更清楚了。另外，再?gòu)?fù)讀全文時(shí)，還應(yīng)特別注意首段或每一自然段的首句和結(jié)尾句。因?yàn)樵谑拙浜褪锥?，作者往往要說(shuō)明事件的起因，闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)或事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)與人物的關(guān)系。結(jié)尾句、段是事件的結(jié)論或作者表達(dá)的態(tài)度、意圖、目的等。
4.回答問(wèn)題,言簡(jiǎn)意賅 。
回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，不要照抄原文，會(huì)自己概括總結(jié)，簡(jiǎn)單明了。
5.再讀全文,核對(duì)答題。
這是最后一步，也是重要的一步，不能忽視。這一步驟要用全文的主題思想統(tǒng)率各考題，把在閱讀和答題時(shí)所得到的信息歸納整理一遍之后，再讀一遍短文檢查答案，看是否前后一致，意義和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)是否和原文相符，是否符合邏輯等。發(fā)現(xiàn)前后矛盾、遺漏要點(diǎn)等錯(cuò)誤，要立即改正。
七、 溫馨提示
1 先看懂問(wèn)題，明白問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵所在。
2 帶著問(wèn)題看文章，找到問(wèn)題所在的段落或重要的句子
3 把問(wèn)題和找到的段落和句子有機(jī)的整合在一起，這就是表達(dá)的過(guò)程。
4 避免照抄整個(gè)的原句，要簡(jiǎn)答。
5 注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。
舉例說(shuō)明：若問(wèn)題是考查對(duì)短文細(xì)節(jié)的理解，這就需要抓住關(guān)鍵詞回答問(wèn)題，如04年中考題中閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答的12小題 Which is the easier way to become a better reader, pleasure reading or studying ?考生要通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀，抓住第一段中第一句Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. 中最關(guān)鍵的the easiest way 就可得出答案，Pleasure reading is .
若是考查對(duì)短文實(shí)質(zhì)性的理解，則需以原文為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)其提供的信息 ，運(yùn)用多種方法進(jìn)行分析推理，從而得出結(jié)論。如04年中考題中閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答的14小題How can we become better readers ?從文章中第一段可明顯得出結(jié)論，Reading for pleasure不僅是最容易也是最重要的方法使成為一名較好的閱讀者，而且下面的四段都在論證這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，所以可推理得出答案是Doing pleasure reading .
北京二中分校 閆琳
順義第八中學(xué) 孫立紅