1】伽利略在世時是激烈論戰(zhàn)的中心。但是，自他逝世以來，那場科學上的紛爭早已平息了下來，甚至他和宗教法庭的沖突，我們今天也能正確如實地看待。但是相比之下，對于科學史家來說，伽利略只是在現(xiàn)代才變成了一個新的難題。
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“但是相比之下，對于科學史家來說，伽利略只是現(xiàn)代才變成了一個新的難題”英文表達：“相比之下，它僅僅是在現(xiàn)代that 伽利略才變成一個問題小孩（新）for 歷史學家s of 科學”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“but,in contrast ,it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.”
2】今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學史家中間，一個新的更加復雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了。與此同時，我們對伽利略的反對派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望遠鏡所作的觀察確實是不朽的，這些觀察當時引起人們極大的興趣，具有重要的理論意義，并充分顯示出了儀表和儀器的潛在力量。
Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown somewhat. His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學史家中間，一個新的更加復雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了”英文表達：“今天，雖然老的（已故）的伽利略生活在很多流行（通俗）作品s中，（但）在歷史學家s of 科學（界）一個新的和更復雜的形象出現(xiàn)ed 了”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“today ,although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings ,among historians of science a new and sophisticated picture has emerged.
3】對雕塑的鑒賞力取決于對立體的反應(yīng)能力。雕塑被說成是所有藝術(shù)中最難的藝術(shù)，可能就是這個道理。欣賞雕塑品當然比欣賞平面的藝術(shù)品要難。“形盲”的人數(shù)比“色盲”的人數(shù)要多得多。正在學看東西的兒童起初只會分辨二維形態(tài)，不會判斷距離和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和實際需要，兒童必須發(fā)展（部分通過觸覺）粗略判斷三維空間距離的能力。
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“對雕塑的鑒賞力取決于對立體的反應(yīng)能力”英文表達：“鑒賞力 of 雕像依賴（取決于）能力 to 反應(yīng) to 結(jié)構(gòu)（體）in 程度（能力）”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“appreciate of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension.”
4】而雕塑家就必須做到這一點。他必須勤于想像并且利用形體在空間中的完整性。可以說，當他想像一個物體時，不管其大小如何，他腦子里得到的是一個立體的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一樣。他的大腦能從物體周圍的各個角度勾畫出其復雜的形象，他看物體的一邊時，便知道另一邊是個什么樣子。他把自身和物體重心、質(zhì)量、重量融為一體。他能意識到物體的體積，那就是它的形狀有空氣中所占的空間。
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like, he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“可以說，當他想像一個物體時，不管其大小如何，他腦子里得到的是一個立體的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一樣”英文表達：“他得到（形成）物體（實體）形狀，因為它是（可以說）在他的腦子里-他想像 of 它（物體），不管它的大小如何，就好像他已經(jīng)抓住它的整體性被裝入在洞（手心）of 他的手掌”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“ He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.”
5】100年前，我們只知道海洋是二維平面形的，以及靠近陸地淺水區(qū)的深淺不一能給航行帶來危險。無邊無際的海洋深邃而又神秘，凡是稍稍想過大海海底的人大概都會認為海底是平坦的。Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“100年前，我們只知道海洋是二維平面形的”英文表達：“我們的知識 of 海洋100年前是有限ed的 to 二維空間的形狀 of 海表面”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface”
6】1839年，詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士曾測得海水深度超過2，400英尋；但直到1869年，皇家學會用英國“豪豬”號艦艇進行了幾次巡航后，才在大西洋測得一個海水深度，同時能過挖掘海底，取得了研究海底的首批樣品。
Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“1839年，詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士曾測得海水深度超過2，400英尋（中古英語fadme<古英語fæthm兩臂伸開，現(xiàn)指測量水深的單位，1英尋=6英尺=1.8288米）”英文表達：“詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士獲得測量 of 超過2400英尋s在1839年”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839”
7】大陸架慢坡一般是從差不多100英尋水深的地方開始的，一直延伸到幾百英里遠深達2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底。坡度平均約為1/30，但其中包括陡峭的、乃至垂直的峭壁和沉積物覆蓋的緩和的階梯地帶，在這個地帶的低處是很長的一段尾沙地段，基本上可以斷定這個地段是大陸塊體上侵蝕下來的物質(zhì)被水沖到深水處形成的。
This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the 100-fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean floor at 2,500-3,500 fathoms. The slope averages about 1 in 30. but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses.
寫作法則提煉：“中文表達：“大陸架慢坡一般是從差不多100英尋（≈183米）水深的地方開始的，一直延伸到幾百英里遠深達2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底”英文表達：“這些大陸架慢坡通常（一般）開始s在地方 somewhere 接近100英尋的位置and在（延伸）過程 of 幾百英里到真正的海洋底在2500-3500英尋”
8】本世紀已研制出許多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要數(shù)氣墊船了。1953年，有一位50多歲名叫克里斯托弗.科克雷的原電子工程師，改行在諾福克郡的湖泊地區(qū)從事造船業(yè)，他向英國政府和工業(yè)界提出了他研究多年的一項計劃。他的設(shè)想是：用一個低壓空氣或軟墊來支撐船體，軟墊周圍用高壓空氣環(huán)繞。
Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles. It was the idea of supporting a craft on a 'pad', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“本世紀已研制出許多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要數(shù)氣墊船了”英文表達：“很多新奇的方式 of 交通被研制出來在我們的世紀,最新奇的 of 它們或許要數(shù)氣墊船了”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft”
9】作為一個船舶技師，科克雷爾在尋找解決波浪阻力的方法，因為波浪阻力浪費掉了船在水面行駛的大量動力，從而限制了船的速度。他的解決辦法是把船體提離水面，讓船在一個氣墊上行駛，氣墊只有一兩英尺厚。船底裝上大量環(huán)狀噴氣嘴以實現(xiàn)這一目的。這樣，船就能飛了，但飛不高。它的飛行限決于它所懸浮的水面或地面。
As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher -- its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“作為一個船舶技師，科克雷爾在尋找解決波浪阻力的方法，因為波浪阻力浪費掉了船在水面行駛的大量動力，從而限制了船的速度”英文表達：“作為一個船舶技師，科克雷在盡力ing尋找一個解決的辦法 to 問題 of 波浪的阻力 which 浪費掉很多of 表面船的能量 and 限制s它的速度”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed”
10】1959年，在蘇倫特海峽進行的首次試航引起了轟動，氣墊船先是在水面上行駛，后又登上海岸，爬上沙丘，最后停在路上。后來氣墊船跨越英吉利海峽，平衡地在波浪上方行駛，波浪不再產(chǎn)生阻力。
The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation. The hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road. Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“。后來氣墊船跨越英吉利海峽，平衡地在波浪上方行駛，波浪不再產(chǎn)生阻力”英文表達：“之后它（氣墊船）穿過ed （英吉利）海峽，行駛平穩(wěn)地通過波浪，which現(xiàn)在阻力不再使問題”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem”
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“但是相比之下，對于科學史家來說，伽利略只是現(xiàn)代才變成了一個新的難題”英文表達：“相比之下，它僅僅是在現(xiàn)代that 伽利略才變成一個問題小孩（新）for 歷史學家s of 科學”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“but,in contrast ,it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.”
2】今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學史家中間，一個新的更加復雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了。與此同時，我們對伽利略的反對派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望遠鏡所作的觀察確實是不朽的，這些觀察當時引起人們極大的興趣，具有重要的理論意義，并充分顯示出了儀表和儀器的潛在力量。
Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown somewhat. His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學史家中間，一個新的更加復雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了”英文表達：“今天，雖然老的（已故）的伽利略生活在很多流行（通俗）作品s中，（但）在歷史學家s of 科學（界）一個新的和更復雜的形象出現(xiàn)ed 了”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“today ,although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings ,among historians of science a new and sophisticated picture has emerged.
3】對雕塑的鑒賞力取決于對立體的反應(yīng)能力。雕塑被說成是所有藝術(shù)中最難的藝術(shù)，可能就是這個道理。欣賞雕塑品當然比欣賞平面的藝術(shù)品要難。“形盲”的人數(shù)比“色盲”的人數(shù)要多得多。正在學看東西的兒童起初只會分辨二維形態(tài)，不會判斷距離和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和實際需要，兒童必須發(fā)展（部分通過觸覺）粗略判斷三維空間距離的能力。
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“對雕塑的鑒賞力取決于對立體的反應(yīng)能力”英文表達：“鑒賞力 of 雕像依賴（取決于）能力 to 反應(yīng) to 結(jié)構(gòu)（體）in 程度（能力）”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“appreciate of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension.”
4】而雕塑家就必須做到這一點。他必須勤于想像并且利用形體在空間中的完整性。可以說，當他想像一個物體時，不管其大小如何，他腦子里得到的是一個立體的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一樣。他的大腦能從物體周圍的各個角度勾畫出其復雜的形象，他看物體的一邊時，便知道另一邊是個什么樣子。他把自身和物體重心、質(zhì)量、重量融為一體。他能意識到物體的體積，那就是它的形狀有空氣中所占的空間。
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like, he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“可以說，當他想像一個物體時，不管其大小如何，他腦子里得到的是一個立體的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一樣”英文表達：“他得到（形成）物體（實體）形狀，因為它是（可以說）在他的腦子里-他想像 of 它（物體），不管它的大小如何，就好像他已經(jīng)抓住它的整體性被裝入在洞（手心）of 他的手掌”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“ He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.”
5】100年前，我們只知道海洋是二維平面形的，以及靠近陸地淺水區(qū)的深淺不一能給航行帶來危險。無邊無際的海洋深邃而又神秘，凡是稍稍想過大海海底的人大概都會認為海底是平坦的。Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“100年前，我們只知道海洋是二維平面形的”英文表達：“我們的知識 of 海洋100年前是有限ed的 to 二維空間的形狀 of 海表面”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface”
6】1839年，詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士曾測得海水深度超過2，400英尋；但直到1869年，皇家學會用英國“豪豬”號艦艇進行了幾次巡航后，才在大西洋測得一個海水深度，同時能過挖掘海底，取得了研究海底的首批樣品。
Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“1839年，詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士曾測得海水深度超過2，400英尋（中古英語fadme<古英語fæthm兩臂伸開，現(xiàn)指測量水深的單位，1英尋=6英尺=1.8288米）”英文表達：“詹姆斯.克拉克.羅斯爵士獲得測量 of 超過2400英尋s在1839年”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839”
7】大陸架慢坡一般是從差不多100英尋水深的地方開始的，一直延伸到幾百英里遠深達2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底。坡度平均約為1/30，但其中包括陡峭的、乃至垂直的峭壁和沉積物覆蓋的緩和的階梯地帶，在這個地帶的低處是很長的一段尾沙地段，基本上可以斷定這個地段是大陸塊體上侵蝕下來的物質(zhì)被水沖到深水處形成的。
This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the 100-fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean floor at 2,500-3,500 fathoms. The slope averages about 1 in 30. but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses.
寫作法則提煉：“中文表達：“大陸架慢坡一般是從差不多100英尋（≈183米）水深的地方開始的，一直延伸到幾百英里遠深達2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底”英文表達：“這些大陸架慢坡通常（一般）開始s在地方 somewhere 接近100英尋的位置and在（延伸）過程 of 幾百英里到真正的海洋底在2500-3500英尋”
8】本世紀已研制出許多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要數(shù)氣墊船了。1953年，有一位50多歲名叫克里斯托弗.科克雷的原電子工程師，改行在諾福克郡的湖泊地區(qū)從事造船業(yè)，他向英國政府和工業(yè)界提出了他研究多年的一項計劃。他的設(shè)想是：用一個低壓空氣或軟墊來支撐船體，軟墊周圍用高壓空氣環(huán)繞。
Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles. It was the idea of supporting a craft on a 'pad', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“本世紀已研制出許多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要數(shù)氣墊船了”英文表達：“很多新奇的方式 of 交通被研制出來在我們的世紀,最新奇的 of 它們或許要數(shù)氣墊船了”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft”
9】作為一個船舶技師，科克雷爾在尋找解決波浪阻力的方法，因為波浪阻力浪費掉了船在水面行駛的大量動力，從而限制了船的速度。他的解決辦法是把船體提離水面，讓船在一個氣墊上行駛，氣墊只有一兩英尺厚。船底裝上大量環(huán)狀噴氣嘴以實現(xiàn)這一目的。這樣，船就能飛了，但飛不高。它的飛行限決于它所懸浮的水面或地面。
As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher -- its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“作為一個船舶技師，科克雷爾在尋找解決波浪阻力的方法，因為波浪阻力浪費掉了船在水面行駛的大量動力，從而限制了船的速度”英文表達：“作為一個船舶技師，科克雷在盡力ing尋找一個解決的辦法 to 問題 of 波浪的阻力 which 浪費掉很多of 表面船的能量 and 限制s它的速度”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed”
10】1959年，在蘇倫特海峽進行的首次試航引起了轟動，氣墊船先是在水面上行駛，后又登上海岸，爬上沙丘，最后停在路上。后來氣墊船跨越英吉利海峽，平衡地在波浪上方行駛，波浪不再產(chǎn)生阻力。
The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation. The hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road. Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
寫作法則提煉：中文表達：“。后來氣墊船跨越英吉利海峽，平衡地在波浪上方行駛，波浪不再產(chǎn)生阻力”英文表達：“之后它（氣墊船）穿過ed （英吉利）海峽，行駛平穩(wěn)地通過波浪，which現(xiàn)在阻力不再使問題”完全轉(zhuǎn)換：“Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem”