Publish or perish runs the adage．The publication of research is the bedrock of scientific careers and the foundation of grant applications．But for many years people have questioned the system’s fairness． The normal mechanism is that scientists offer the fruits of their research--often bankrolled by the taxpayer—for nothing to publishers。Those publishers then charge money to people who wish to read their jurnals．Publishers have been making handsome profits from this arrangement．But change is afoot．Open-access publishin9，in which papers are freely available immediately upon publication，is sweeping the dusty corridors．①The catch is that the sponsors of research will have to fork out more money to pay for it．
The new fashion is to be found on both sides of the Atlantic．In America John Cornyn，fl Republican senator from Texas，and Joe Lieberman，a Democrat senator from Connecticut，recently introduced a bill that seeks to compel all federal government agencies“to develop public-access policies relating to research conducted by employees of that agency or from funds administered by that agency"．If it is passed， every American government outfit that commissions more than$100m-worth of research a year will have to make the results free to all-comers as soon as they are accepted for publication．
America’s biggest sponsor of medical research，the National Institutes of Health，has．a(chǎn)lready thrown its weight behind such a move．For the past year it has strongly encouraged the recipients of its grants to make their results available on a free archive，called PubMed Central，as soon as they are published elsewhere．
In Britain，meanwhile，the Wellcome Trust(the world’s second-biggest medical—research charity)， has gone a steD further． Rather than encouraging its researchers to deposit electronic copies of their findings with PubMed Central，it compels them to do so--although they have six months after publication in which to comply．The trust，which spent￡483m($879m)on research last year，also gives its grant holders extra money to pay the charges levied by publishers who already offer open-access publication．a(chǎn)nd is helping to develop a British version of PubMed Central．
Other arms of the British scientific establishment are involved，t00．On June 28th three of the eight research councils that distribute government money to British scientists announced that，in future,any work they pay for will have to be published freely soon after being accepted for publication by a journal； the other five support the principle but are not in fl position to enforce it．[415 words]
1．The phrase“publish or perish”in the beginning of the text means that______．
A．publication indicates the SUCCESS Of a scientific career
B．a(chǎn) scientist can never be remembered without publication
C．if a scientist has nothing published，he is certainly unqualified
D．a(chǎn) scientist’s work will not be acknowledged without publication
2．As mentioned in the first paragraph，the system’s fairness has been challenged．It is primarily because______
A．scientific research fruits are not free to public readers
B．scientific researches are ultimately supported by taxpayers
C．publishers make huge profits from publishing research papers
D．scientists get nothing for the publication of their research papers
3．“The new fashion”in the beginning of the third paragraph refers t0______．
A．the trend of opening access to research fruits
B．more money paid by sponsors of research
C．the well-known adage“publish or perish”
D．the publication of papers for nothing
4．Which of the following statements about PubMed Central is TRUE?
A．There is one PubMed Central in either America or Britain．
B．PubMed Centralis attached to the National Institutes of Health．
C．The data available in PubMed Central are open to everyone for free use．
D．All scientists in Britain must contribute their findings to PubMed Central．
5．The text is mainly about______．
A．the foundation of scientific careers
B．the spreading of free access to research
C．a(chǎn) new fashion on both sides of the Atlantic
D．the free publication in America and Britain
The new fashion is to be found on both sides of the Atlantic．In America John Cornyn，fl Republican senator from Texas，and Joe Lieberman，a Democrat senator from Connecticut，recently introduced a bill that seeks to compel all federal government agencies“to develop public-access policies relating to research conducted by employees of that agency or from funds administered by that agency"．If it is passed， every American government outfit that commissions more than$100m-worth of research a year will have to make the results free to all-comers as soon as they are accepted for publication．
America’s biggest sponsor of medical research，the National Institutes of Health，has．a(chǎn)lready thrown its weight behind such a move．For the past year it has strongly encouraged the recipients of its grants to make their results available on a free archive，called PubMed Central，as soon as they are published elsewhere．
In Britain，meanwhile，the Wellcome Trust(the world’s second-biggest medical—research charity)， has gone a steD further． Rather than encouraging its researchers to deposit electronic copies of their findings with PubMed Central，it compels them to do so--although they have six months after publication in which to comply．The trust，which spent￡483m($879m)on research last year，also gives its grant holders extra money to pay the charges levied by publishers who already offer open-access publication．a(chǎn)nd is helping to develop a British version of PubMed Central．
Other arms of the British scientific establishment are involved，t00．On June 28th three of the eight research councils that distribute government money to British scientists announced that，in future,any work they pay for will have to be published freely soon after being accepted for publication by a journal； the other five support the principle but are not in fl position to enforce it．[415 words]
1．The phrase“publish or perish”in the beginning of the text means that______．
A．publication indicates the SUCCESS Of a scientific career
B．a(chǎn) scientist can never be remembered without publication
C．if a scientist has nothing published，he is certainly unqualified
D．a(chǎn) scientist’s work will not be acknowledged without publication
2．As mentioned in the first paragraph，the system’s fairness has been challenged．It is primarily because______
A．scientific research fruits are not free to public readers
B．scientific researches are ultimately supported by taxpayers
C．publishers make huge profits from publishing research papers
D．scientists get nothing for the publication of their research papers
3．“The new fashion”in the beginning of the third paragraph refers t0______．
A．the trend of opening access to research fruits
B．more money paid by sponsors of research
C．the well-known adage“publish or perish”
D．the publication of papers for nothing
4．Which of the following statements about PubMed Central is TRUE?
A．There is one PubMed Central in either America or Britain．
B．PubMed Centralis attached to the National Institutes of Health．
C．The data available in PubMed Central are open to everyone for free use．
D．All scientists in Britain must contribute their findings to PubMed Central．
5．The text is mainly about______．
A．the foundation of scientific careers
B．the spreading of free access to research
C．a(chǎn) new fashion on both sides of the Atlantic
D．the free publication in America and Britain