在這一講中我們要談?wù)勥^去五十年中對(duì)穩(wěn)定世界經(jīng)濟(jì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的兩個(gè)重要國際組織 Iternational Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金組織和 World Trade Organisation 世界貿(mào)易組織及其前身 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，簡稱 GATT，也就是關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定的由來和發(fā)展。
澳廣金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克首先介紹了這兩個(gè)國際組織誕生的歷史背景：
These institutions came into existence because policy makers in the United States and the United Kingdom, the dominant players in the post-World War II planning game, wanted to avoid a repeat of the mistakes made during the inter-war years.
From an economic perspective, the period between the two world wars might best be described as an era of instability and collapse. The 1930s saw a drastic contraction of world trade, lower income and high unemployment.
下面我們分段聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話和中文翻譯：（英文略）
這些機(jī)構(gòu)的成立是由于美國和英國這兩個(gè)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后制定計(jì)劃時(shí)占支配地位國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人希望避免重復(fù)在兩次大戰(zhàn)之間那段時(shí)期犯的錯(cuò)誤。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來看，第一次和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的那段時(shí)期可以說是動(dòng)蕩與崩潰的時(shí)期。在一九三十年代，世界貿(mào)易嚴(yán)重收縮，收入降低，失業(yè)增加。
接下來我們完整聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話。（略）
澳大利亞莫納什大學(xué)的里查德斯納普教授對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史背景作了進(jìn)一步的解釋。他在談話中使用了這樣一些詞組：
1 international monetary system 國際貨幣秩序
2 currency turmoil 貨幣動(dòng)蕩
3 erecting trade barriers 設(shè)立貿(mào)易壁壘
4 bilateralism 雙邊主義
5 preference 優(yōu)先，特惠
6 contagious 可蔓延（傳染）的
斯納普教授說：
There were two or three main things: one of course was the collapse of the international monetary system with countries restricting payments abroad and access to foreign currencies - and so there was a great deal of currency turmoil. And then, with the onset of recession and depression in the world, you had countries erecting trade barriers, trying in fact to export unemployment, trying to stimulate demand for their own products by keeping imports out.
And this was contagious, so that in the early 1930s, you had a very, very substantial decrease in international trade and, of course, with that, an increase in inefficiency, as countries were trying to do more and more themselves.
You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis - that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source - you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.
And so you had three aspects going on really: You had first of all a currency turmoil; you had, secondly, very substantially increasing trade barriers and associated with that and with the Depression greatly decreasing trade; thirdly you had a great deal of channelling of trade with preferred countries.
澳廣金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克首先介紹了這兩個(gè)國際組織誕生的歷史背景：
These institutions came into existence because policy makers in the United States and the United Kingdom, the dominant players in the post-World War II planning game, wanted to avoid a repeat of the mistakes made during the inter-war years.
From an economic perspective, the period between the two world wars might best be described as an era of instability and collapse. The 1930s saw a drastic contraction of world trade, lower income and high unemployment.
下面我們分段聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話和中文翻譯：（英文略）
這些機(jī)構(gòu)的成立是由于美國和英國這兩個(gè)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后制定計(jì)劃時(shí)占支配地位國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人希望避免重復(fù)在兩次大戰(zhàn)之間那段時(shí)期犯的錯(cuò)誤。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來看，第一次和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的那段時(shí)期可以說是動(dòng)蕩與崩潰的時(shí)期。在一九三十年代，世界貿(mào)易嚴(yán)重收縮，收入降低，失業(yè)增加。
接下來我們完整聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話。（略）
澳大利亞莫納什大學(xué)的里查德斯納普教授對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史背景作了進(jìn)一步的解釋。他在談話中使用了這樣一些詞組：
1 international monetary system 國際貨幣秩序
2 currency turmoil 貨幣動(dòng)蕩
3 erecting trade barriers 設(shè)立貿(mào)易壁壘
4 bilateralism 雙邊主義
5 preference 優(yōu)先，特惠
6 contagious 可蔓延（傳染）的
斯納普教授說：
There were two or three main things: one of course was the collapse of the international monetary system with countries restricting payments abroad and access to foreign currencies - and so there was a great deal of currency turmoil. And then, with the onset of recession and depression in the world, you had countries erecting trade barriers, trying in fact to export unemployment, trying to stimulate demand for their own products by keeping imports out.
And this was contagious, so that in the early 1930s, you had a very, very substantial decrease in international trade and, of course, with that, an increase in inefficiency, as countries were trying to do more and more themselves.
You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis - that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source - you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.
And so you had three aspects going on really: You had first of all a currency turmoil; you had, secondly, very substantially increasing trade barriers and associated with that and with the Depression greatly decreasing trade; thirdly you had a great deal of channelling of trade with preferred countries.