例如:
After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat.
★修改原則:改正從屬連詞引起的破句時(shí),可以把該從句附屬于其前或其后某個(gè)子句上。也可以去掉破句中的連詞。
I arrived in Chicago by bus and found a place to stay. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat.
當(dāng)然,對(duì)于其它形式的破句,可以根據(jù)不同情況給予改正。如,改正-ing結(jié)構(gòu)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬在其前或其后的某個(gè)句子上,可以添加主語,把-ing形式改變成謂語動(dòng)詞,把being形式改成作謂語的be動(dòng)詞(is, are, was, were, am );改正不定式結(jié)構(gòu)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬于前句上;改正添加細(xì)節(jié)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬在前面一個(gè)表達(dá)完整思想的句子上;可以給破句加上主語和動(dòng)詞使它成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立子句;可以盡可能改變?cè)~序,輔以增減詞,使破句成為前句的組成部分;改正缺少主語的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬于前句上,也可以給破句添加主語(通常是指代前句主語的代詞形式)。
3. Faulty Parallelism(錯(cuò)誤的平行結(jié)構(gòu))
兩個(gè)(或以上)意思并列的成份(包括單詞、詞組、從句和句子)在寫作時(shí)要用同等的語法形式表達(dá),否則就破壞了其平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
• Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very expensive.
★修改原則
使句子中意思并列的成份在結(jié)構(gòu)上并行的關(guān)鍵是用同等的語法形式表達(dá)這些成份。修改平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤時(shí),關(guān)鍵要找到平行點(diǎn)(單詞、詞組、從句或句子),然后刪去引起不平行的多余成份或添加所缺成份。
• Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient, and inexpensive.
4. Misplaced Modifiers (修飾語錯(cuò)置)
修飾語可以是單詞、詞組或從句。修飾語位置不當(dāng),就無法清楚表達(dá)作者的原意,可能引發(fā)句子的歧義現(xiàn)象。
• Misplaced: The old man walked into the lamp post going to the optician. (Who has bad eyesight, the old man or the lamp post?)
★修改原則
A.避免修飾語錯(cuò)置的關(guān)鍵是使修飾語盡可能靠近被修飾語。
B.副詞短語和時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等狀語從句可以萬無一失地置于句首。
C.把那些很難安排位置的修飾語置于句首。
D.避免因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)修飾語和句子中多個(gè)成份之間存在潛在的修飾關(guān)系而引發(fā)歧義現(xiàn)象。
• Corrected: While going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post.
• Going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post.
5. Dangling modifiers (懸垂修飾語)
懸垂修飾錯(cuò)誤是句子中短語(包括介詞短語、分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式結(jié)構(gòu))或省略句(無主句或主謂省略句。]缺少修飾對(duì)象造成的。
• Dangling: Going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him.
★修改原則
A.明確動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者,使懸垂成份所修飾的對(duì)象成為主句主語。、
B.將懸垂修飾語擴(kuò)展成從句。
• Revised: While he was going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him.
• Going through a red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty.
備考過程中,考生面臨多種難以逾越的障礙,如:由于知識(shí)面窄、想象不豐富導(dǎo)致文章內(nèi)容貧乏;文章結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,句與句之間、段與段之間缺乏邏輯關(guān)系,中心不突出;語言不地道,文章中滿是漢語式、翻譯式的句子;且句型單調(diào);語言貧乏,缺乏美感,沒有吸引力等。在新航道的新托福寫作課堂中,筆者還將幫助同學(xué)們一一針對(duì)性地解決這些問題。
After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat.
★修改原則:改正從屬連詞引起的破句時(shí),可以把該從句附屬于其前或其后某個(gè)子句上。也可以去掉破句中的連詞。
I arrived in Chicago by bus and found a place to stay. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat.
當(dāng)然,對(duì)于其它形式的破句,可以根據(jù)不同情況給予改正。如,改正-ing結(jié)構(gòu)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬在其前或其后的某個(gè)句子上,可以添加主語,把-ing形式改變成謂語動(dòng)詞,把being形式改成作謂語的be動(dòng)詞(is, are, was, were, am );改正不定式結(jié)構(gòu)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬于前句上;改正添加細(xì)節(jié)引起的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬在前面一個(gè)表達(dá)完整思想的句子上;可以給破句加上主語和動(dòng)詞使它成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立子句;可以盡可能改變?cè)~序,輔以增減詞,使破句成為前句的組成部分;改正缺少主語的破句時(shí),可以把它附屬于前句上,也可以給破句添加主語(通常是指代前句主語的代詞形式)。
3. Faulty Parallelism(錯(cuò)誤的平行結(jié)構(gòu))
兩個(gè)(或以上)意思并列的成份(包括單詞、詞組、從句和句子)在寫作時(shí)要用同等的語法形式表達(dá),否則就破壞了其平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
• Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very expensive.
★修改原則
使句子中意思并列的成份在結(jié)構(gòu)上并行的關(guān)鍵是用同等的語法形式表達(dá)這些成份。修改平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤時(shí),關(guān)鍵要找到平行點(diǎn)(單詞、詞組、從句或句子),然后刪去引起不平行的多余成份或添加所缺成份。
• Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient, and inexpensive.
4. Misplaced Modifiers (修飾語錯(cuò)置)
修飾語可以是單詞、詞組或從句。修飾語位置不當(dāng),就無法清楚表達(dá)作者的原意,可能引發(fā)句子的歧義現(xiàn)象。
• Misplaced: The old man walked into the lamp post going to the optician. (Who has bad eyesight, the old man or the lamp post?)
★修改原則
A.避免修飾語錯(cuò)置的關(guān)鍵是使修飾語盡可能靠近被修飾語。
B.副詞短語和時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等狀語從句可以萬無一失地置于句首。
C.把那些很難安排位置的修飾語置于句首。
D.避免因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)修飾語和句子中多個(gè)成份之間存在潛在的修飾關(guān)系而引發(fā)歧義現(xiàn)象。
• Corrected: While going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post.
• Going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post.
5. Dangling modifiers (懸垂修飾語)
懸垂修飾錯(cuò)誤是句子中短語(包括介詞短語、分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式結(jié)構(gòu))或省略句(無主句或主謂省略句。]缺少修飾對(duì)象造成的。
• Dangling: Going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him.
★修改原則
A.明確動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者,使懸垂成份所修飾的對(duì)象成為主句主語。、
B.將懸垂修飾語擴(kuò)展成從句。
• Revised: While he was going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him.
• Going through a red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty.
備考過程中,考生面臨多種難以逾越的障礙,如:由于知識(shí)面窄、想象不豐富導(dǎo)致文章內(nèi)容貧乏;文章結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,句與句之間、段與段之間缺乏邏輯關(guān)系,中心不突出;語言不地道,文章中滿是漢語式、翻譯式的句子;且句型單調(diào);語言貧乏,缺乏美感,沒有吸引力等。在新航道的新托福寫作課堂中,筆者還將幫助同學(xué)們一一針對(duì)性地解決這些問題。