很高興又與同學(xué)們相聚網(wǎng)上課堂。本講我要給同學(xué)們介紹的是提高聽(tīng)力能力的語(yǔ)言因素和知識(shí)因素。大家都知道，要在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中取得好的成績(jī)，需要有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基本功、良好的聽(tīng)力習(xí)慣、高超的聽(tīng)力技能和相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)。同學(xué)們有必要了解聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)、命題規(guī)律和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。
一、 語(yǔ)言因素在聽(tīng)力中的運(yùn)用
聽(tīng)力理解可分為字面理解和深層理解。要做到字面理解，就必須具備一定的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)、一定的詞匯知識(shí)和一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。也只有在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上才有可能對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行深層次的理解，所以語(yǔ)言因素是聽(tīng)力理解的基礎(chǔ)。我們常提到的語(yǔ)言因素包括：
1、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
聽(tīng)力不同于閱讀，要求同學(xué)們必須具備準(zhǔn)確辨音的能力，這是口頭交際的基礎(chǔ)。在正確掌握每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音的同時(shí)，必須注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
（1）英語(yǔ)中小對(duì)立體的發(fā)音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行發(fā)音訓(xùn)練，比如繞口令之類(lèi)的練習(xí)，如She sells sea cells by the seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)一些針對(duì)性的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。
（2）重讀與弱讀：漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)漢字一個(gè)音節(jié)，而英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單詞可能就有好多音節(jié)，這就造成了英漢節(jié)奏的差別。而英語(yǔ)中的一些虛詞一般要弱讀，這有可能會(huì)給聽(tīng)力造成一定的困難。對(duì)此也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。如：
What's the time? Sing us a song. I've eaten them all. He has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.(紅體部分的音節(jié)重讀)
（3）連讀：連讀時(shí)語(yǔ)速加快，連讀的單詞之間沒(méi)有了間隔，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)困難。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：聽(tīng)力時(shí)不能一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞地去理解，應(yīng)該注意意群，因?yàn)橐馊褐g間隔之處正是停頓之處，注意下列語(yǔ)句朗讀時(shí)停頓的差別：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些單詞發(fā)音相同，也可能給聽(tīng)力理解帶來(lái)困難，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
這里在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，很難分請(qǐng)是read還是red。
（6）語(yǔ)調(diào)：語(yǔ)調(diào)是說(shuō)話(huà)者表達(dá)情感的一種手段，同樣一個(gè)句子如果語(yǔ)調(diào)不同，則意思就有可能發(fā)生變化，如：
Open the door, will you?↗
Open the door, won't you?↘
用聲調(diào)表示一種請(qǐng)求，用降調(diào)表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升調(diào)表示疑問(wèn)，降升表示吃驚和不相信。
測(cè)試中同樣有可能考查語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用，如：
① W: Where do you want to eat?
M: Is there anything wrong with the↘ coffee shop?
Q: What does the man mean?
A. He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop.
B. He doesn't know why the coffee tastes bad.
C. He only wants coffee because he isn't happy.
D. He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop.
一般疑問(wèn)句，卻用了降調(diào)，表示出說(shuō)話(huà)者愿意去咖啡館的肯定態(tài)度，答案應(yīng)是D。
② M: I'm terribly sorry I'm late, but I just couldn't help it.
I got there as soon as I could.
W: Well, it's not soon enough, ↘is it?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. It's soon enough to get here.
B. It's not soon enough to get here.
C. It's not late to get here.
D. It's early enough to get here.
降調(diào)的使用,說(shuō)明說(shuō)話(huà)人堅(jiān)信第一部分說(shuō)的是事實(shí)，由此可以判斷答案為B。
2、詞匯和語(yǔ)法
（1）注意擴(kuò)充詞匯量：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯量是影響聽(tīng)力的主要因素之一，詞匯量的匱乏往往是造成聽(tīng)力能力提高的首要因素。因此，同學(xué)們?cè)谟?xùn)練聽(tīng)力技巧的同時(shí)，應(yīng)注意詞匯量的擴(kuò)充。
（2）加強(qiáng)同義表達(dá)方式的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練：在聽(tīng)力選擇中，相當(dāng)一部分情況下，答案就是對(duì)話(huà)信息的同義表達(dá)方式。如：
①W: The speech the blind girl gave this evening was extremely
touching.
M: I think everybody felt the same.
Q: How did the man feel about the girl's speech?
A. It was boring. B. It was entertaining.
C. It was moving. D. It was encouraging.
Moving與touching意思相近，答案為C。再如：
②M: Nancy, why were you late today?
W: I overslept and missed the bus.
Q: Why was Nancy late? (1999.1)
A. She got up later than usual.
B. The bus was late.
C. She forgot she had classes.
D. Her clock was slow.
Overslept 也就是got up later than usual。
（3）加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)法概念的單句理解練習(xí)：聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有相當(dāng)一部分情況下，有對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)表意功能的考查，如虛 擬語(yǔ)氣的含義，建議的表達(dá)方式等。如：
①W: We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem
is the space for it.
M: How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen?
Q: What does the man suggest they should do? (1995.6)
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table.
C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.
如果考生清楚How about用來(lái)提出建議，就可以根據(jù)moving the old dining table判斷答案為D。再如：
②W: The movie starts in 5 minutes and there is bound to be a long line.
M: Why don't we come back for the next show? I'm sure it would be less crowded.
Q: What is the man suggesting? ( 1996.6)
A. Coming back for a later shouw. B. Waiting in a queue.
C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today.
Why don't 表示建議，由此可以判斷答案為A。
③M: What do you think of my paper?
W: The ideas are good. If I were you, though, I'd rewrite the
last two paragraphs to make it better.
Q: What is the woman's comment on the man's paper? (1996.1)
A. The ideas of the paper are not convincing.
B. Some parts of the paper are not well written.
C. The handwriting of the paper is not good.
D. The paper is not complete.
本題考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子的理解，答案是B。
二、知識(shí)因素在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用
這里所說(shuō)的知識(shí)包括與聽(tīng)力材料有關(guān)的背景知識(shí)、對(duì)話(huà)和文章的話(huà)題知識(shí)、聽(tīng)力的策略知識(shí)以及聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的命 題規(guī)律等知識(shí)。
1、背景知識(shí)
對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的背景知識(shí)的了解有助于聽(tīng)力材料的理解，而缺乏應(yīng)有的背景知識(shí)常常是造成理解失敗的原因。聽(tīng) 力對(duì)話(huà)和聽(tīng)力短文所涉及的領(lǐng)域廣泛，要求同學(xué)們注意積累有關(guān)文化、歷史、地理、宗教、政治、風(fēng)俗、生活 等各方面的知識(shí)，正是Rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension.
2、話(huà)題知識(shí)
無(wú)論是對(duì)話(huà)還是短文，都有其所涉及的話(huà)題，所要說(shuō)明的主題，而材料中的一切又都是為了這一主題服務(wù)，表 現(xiàn)同一主題，或同一話(huà)題又有與其同現(xiàn)的詞匯。同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)這些詞匯推測(cè)文章的話(huà)題，然后通過(guò)文章的主 題，預(yù)測(cè)文章的大體內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)短文進(jìn)行整體的理解。同學(xué)們同樣可以通過(guò)同現(xiàn)的詞匯推測(cè)對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn) ，會(huì)話(huà)人之間的關(guān)系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)判斷對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)以及會(huì)話(huà)人之間的關(guān)系和身份、職業(yè)等。如：
① M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, let's go there. I hear that they have a complete menu
and a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and the woman going? (1989.1)
A. To the beach. B. To a play.
C. To a movie theater D. To a restaurant.
從menu一詞結(jié)合a nice place to eat，同學(xué)們便可輕松判斷答案D。
② M: How about the food I ordered? I've been waiting for 20
minutes.
W: I'm very sorry, sir. I'll be back with your order in a
minute.
Q: Who is the man most probably speaking to?
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator.
C. A waitress D. A clerk.
從order的使用可以判斷答案為C。
③ M: Why didn't you stop when we first signaled?
W: I'm sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the
woman?
A. Policeman and driver. B. Policeman and thief.
C. Teacher and pupil. D. Director and actress.
從signal, stop, pay a fine可以看出，說(shuō)話(huà)者之間的關(guān)系為警察和司機(jī)的關(guān)系。答案為A。
(2) 利用話(huà)題和主題知識(shí)把握全文：
文章的主題一般出現(xiàn)在文章的首句，在聽(tīng)時(shí)一定要注意首句的理解，然后根據(jù)首句推測(cè)文章可能會(huì)包括的內(nèi)容 ，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程注意用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的信息，進(jìn)行前后的連貫思索，就可以輕松地理解全文。事實(shí)上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì) 文章主題的考查。如：
There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of 20th century and social and economic effects of the World War Two had a great impact on the traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of man their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are far healthier. Infant death rate was low. Above all, parents now can plan the size of their family if they wish to more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have effected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to know that the concept of the family as a social unit has survived all these changes.
Q: What is the passage mainly about?
A. The liberation movement of British woman.
B. Rapid economic development in Britain.
C. Changing attitudes to family life.
D. Reasons for changes in family life in Britain.
通過(guò)對(duì)短文首句的理解，可以判斷答案是D。
3、策略知識(shí)
除具備以上知識(shí)以外，為了保證聽(tīng)力的質(zhì)量，同學(xué)們，還必須了解一些策略知識(shí)，包括聽(tīng)力策略和聽(tīng)力應(yīng)試策略。
1） 聽(tīng)力策略
聽(tīng)力策略是聽(tīng)力質(zhì)量的保證。一般情況下，同學(xué)們應(yīng)掌握的聽(tīng)力策略有：
（1）有目的地去聽(tīng)：聽(tīng)要有目的，是要了解大意還是具體的細(xì)節(jié)，什么細(xì)節(jié)，在聽(tīng)之前應(yīng)該首先確定聽(tīng)的目 的。
（2）聽(tīng)大意：聽(tīng)大意的方式與閱讀中的覽讀技巧相同，要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候?qū)⒆⒁饬性谠?huà)題上，和要 表達(dá)的主題上，抓主要的東西，而不是具體的細(xì)節(jié)。
（3）聽(tīng)具體信息：與"聽(tīng)大意"不同，該聽(tīng)力技巧要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候只注意相關(guān)具體細(xì)節(jié)就可，如文中的 具體任務(wù)，具體事件，事件發(fā)生的具體地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，原因等。
（4）記筆記：在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中，同學(xué)們有必要對(duì)重要信息做一下記錄，以幫助對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的記憶，也便于隨后 的推理和判斷。
（5）預(yù)測(cè)：在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中對(duì)下文進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)是整體理解的保證，預(yù)測(cè)愈是準(zhǔn)確，理解也愈是簡(jiǎn)單。
2）應(yīng)試策略
所謂應(yīng)試策略指應(yīng)付考試的有效手段，一般包括
（1）預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)
預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)指在聽(tīng)之前先將試題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)瀏覽一遍。這是做好聽(tīng)力必備的技巧。通過(guò)分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以對(duì)所提 問(wèn)的問(wèn)題有個(gè)大體的了解，使聽(tīng)更富于目的性，帶著問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，有助于提高注意力，將注意力集中于對(duì)話(huà)中的 某一點(diǎn)信息，減少聽(tīng)的負(fù)擔(dān)，解題也更加準(zhǔn)確，快捷。如：
① A. Once a week B. Twice a week.
C. Three times a week D. Four times a week. （1994.1）
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是表示頻度，顯然對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容與做什么事，每周幾次有關(guān)，帶著這個(gè)問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，就不難找到問(wèn)題的答 案。請(qǐng)看原文：
M: Your son seems to have made much progress in playing the piano.Does he attend any piano classes?
W: Yes, he takes lessons twice a week, but from next week on, he will go to the class on Saturday evenings, too.
Q: How often will the woman's son have piano lessons from next
week on?
對(duì)話(huà)中提到一周上幾次鋼琴課，但以前是一周兩次，從下星期周六加，也就是三次。由于不知道問(wèn)的是以前一周幾次，還是以后一周幾次，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，有必要記清楚。當(dāng)聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，便可立即決定答案是C。
② A. To the beach B. To the play
C. To a movie theater. D. To a restaurant. (1989.1)
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)明確表示要去的地方，顯然問(wèn)題問(wèn)的應(yīng)該要到什么地方去，這樣，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，我們就可以把注意力集中在地點(diǎn)名詞上，或用來(lái)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)的名詞上。請(qǐng)看原文：
M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, let's go there. I hear that they have a complete menu and
a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and woman going?
從對(duì)話(huà)中的a nice place to eat 和menu可以判斷，他們是要去飯店，答案不言自明。
③ A. Go out to work. B. Listen carefully to John.
C. Be calm and patient. D. Do the easiest thing. (1995.1)
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是祈使句，說(shuō)明問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是會(huì)話(huà)這一方建議另一方做什么，這樣考生就可以將注意力集中于表示建議的語(yǔ)句上。請(qǐng)看原文：
W: I'm really angry at John. He never listens to me.
M: Take it easy, Allen. Things will work out.
Q: What does the man advise Allen to do?
從take it easy可以判斷答案是C。
下面請(qǐng)大家先預(yù)讀幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的選項(xiàng)，推測(cè)文章的大概內(nèi)容。
④ A. She sat back and relaxed.
B. She decided to retire.
C. She entered university.
D. She worked out a new English program.
⑤ A. 8 years B. 20 years C. 16 years D. 30 years
⑥ A. Bring a great deal of useful experience to the university.
B. Improve human relationship in the university.
C. Bring a fear of aging among young students on the campus.
D. Improve the reputation of the university.
⑦ A. She is learning English and Drama.
B. She is learning how to make sound judgements.
C. She is learning how to teach minority students.
D. She is learning to perceive, not to judge.
綜合四道題的選項(xiàng)，我們猜出"她"可能是工作了多少年要退休了，后來(lái)又學(xué)習(xí)其它什么之類(lèi)內(nèi)容。然后帶著這些問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，看是否是到了退休的年齡，工作了到底多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，是否真的退休了，之后又是做了什么，開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)什么。有了聽(tīng)的目標(biāo)，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中就可以將注意力集中在自己想了解的內(nèi)容上，忽略不相關(guān)的信息，采用跳聽(tīng)的方式。請(qǐng)看原文：
After retiring from 30 years of teaching, Ethbell Pepper could easily have decided to sit back and relax and enjoy a peaceful retirement. But that kind of life is not for Ethbell Pepper. "I just wanted to do some thing different. If you are going to participate in life, do it. Don't just sit down and look out the window." She says. At 68, she decided to become one of the pioneer participation in a program at the university of California. The program offers campus housing and classes to people over sixty. She enrolled in a class called Human Relationships and Diverse Society. " I taught minority students in my English and drama classes in high school for 20 year. But in this course, I found out a lot about other cultures I didn't know then. One of the more important lessons that I'm learning is to perceive, not to judge." Older adults can add to the educational resources of university by bringing with them a lot of valuable experiences. Their presence on campus helps break some long beliefs of aging. Young students may have fears of growing older. But that kind of fear can be reduced as they see the older people can be active, healthy, and continue to contribute to society. The younger students can begin to see aging as a natural part of living. （1999.1）
即使不聽(tīng)問(wèn)題，同學(xué)們也能大體判斷出各題的答案了。我們來(lái)看以下問(wèn)題：
④ What did Ethbell do when she was 68?
⑤ How long did Ethbell teach minority students?
⑥ How do elderly people do to the university?
⑦ What's the most important lesson Ethbell is learning?
文中提到了兩個(gè)時(shí)間，一個(gè)是教學(xué)30年， 一個(gè)是教少數(shù)民族學(xué)生20年，只要聽(tīng)時(shí)注意兩個(gè)時(shí)間的區(qū)別，就可以判斷⑤題答案為B。聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，知道④題問(wèn)的是Ethbell 68歲時(shí)，實(shí)際上也就是退休后，干什么了，答案同樣很清楚應(yīng)該是C。聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中同學(xué)們應(yīng)該已經(jīng)判斷出有些選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容不符，聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，便可以很輕松地確定 ?、揞}答案為A，⑦題答案為D。
(2)記筆記
記筆記是一項(xiàng)比較重要的聽(tīng)力技巧，尤其是在聽(tīng)短文時(shí)，實(shí)際上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì)記筆記的專(zhuān)項(xiàng)考題，如聽(tīng)寫(xiě)填空。因?yàn)楦黝}的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有可能在對(duì)話(huà)中或文章中出現(xiàn)，記筆記有助于分清具體的細(xì)節(jié)，以免出現(xiàn)混淆。如：
Susan Anthony was born in Massachusetts in 1820 and died in Rochester, N.Y., in 1906. In the 1850s, she saw many problems in her country and wanted to do soemthing about them.
One of these problems was that women did not have the right to vote in the United States. Susan Anthony and many others felt that women and men should have equal rights. In 1869 she helped start the National Women's Association. This group worked hard to get women the rights to vote in the United States.
In 1869, the state of Wyoming gave women the right to vote. Some other states also allowed women to have the right to vote. They worked to add this to the Constitution of the United States. Finally, in 1920, fourteen years after Susan Anthony's death, an article was added to the Constitution. It gave all American women the right to vote. (1996.1)
12.Who among the American women had the right to vote before 1920?
A. The women of some states.
B. The women in the state of Wyoming only.
C. The member of the National Women's Association.
D. The women in the state of Massachusetts only.
13.When did all women finally get the right to vote in the United
States?
A. At the very beginning of the 20th century.
B. At the end of the 19th century.
C. After Susan Anthony's death.
D. Just before Susan Anthony's death.
如果同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)之前預(yù)讀以下選項(xiàng)，就可以猜出本篇聽(tīng)力材料中時(shí)間一定不少，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中就應(yīng)該做一下筆記，記一下時(shí)間與事件之間的關(guān)系。時(shí)間弄清楚了，答案也就清楚了，12題為A，13題為C。
（3）整體理解
無(wú)論是對(duì)話(huà)還是文章都是圍繞一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，文章的一切細(xì)節(jié)都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)主題。一般選擇題的設(shè)計(jì)也都是針對(duì)文章的主題和用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，考生通過(guò)預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)了解了文章的話(huà)題范圍，這樣在聽(tīng)的之后就可以搜索與該話(huà)題有關(guān)的信息，前后聯(lián)系，綜合考慮，從而把握文章的主題。前后的關(guān)聯(lián)，整體的把握對(duì)聽(tīng)力文章的理解至關(guān)重要，不能因?yàn)榧?xì)節(jié)而忽略整體。要做到整體理解需要：
① 注意文章的首句。一般文章的主題由首句提出，然后以舉例、列舉、比較、對(duì)照等手段，抓住首句也就掌握了文章的主題，對(duì)文章的敘事方式也就有了預(yù)測(cè)性的了解。理解起來(lái)也就簡(jiǎn)單了許多。
② 抓關(guān)鍵詞。并不是每個(gè)單詞，每個(gè)句子都同樣的重要，有的是論點(diǎn)，有的是論據(jù)，有的只表示關(guān)聯(lián)，更有很多是冗余信息。因此，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，同學(xué)們要注意分清哪些是關(guān)鍵詞匯，哪些是關(guān)鍵句子，將注意力集中在關(guān)鍵之處。
③ 忽略。所謂忽略，指當(dāng)同學(xué)們遇到難以理解的詞句時(shí)不要停，而是跳過(guò)去，繼續(xù)聽(tīng)下文，根據(jù)上下文的關(guān)系去理解文章。
影響聽(tīng)力的因素很多，有助于聽(tīng)力的技巧也很多，如四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的模式、考查重點(diǎn)和具體應(yīng)對(duì)策略
一、 語(yǔ)言因素在聽(tīng)力中的運(yùn)用
聽(tīng)力理解可分為字面理解和深層理解。要做到字面理解，就必須具備一定的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)、一定的詞匯知識(shí)和一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。也只有在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上才有可能對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行深層次的理解，所以語(yǔ)言因素是聽(tīng)力理解的基礎(chǔ)。我們常提到的語(yǔ)言因素包括：
1、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
聽(tīng)力不同于閱讀，要求同學(xué)們必須具備準(zhǔn)確辨音的能力，這是口頭交際的基礎(chǔ)。在正確掌握每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音的同時(shí)，必須注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
（1）英語(yǔ)中小對(duì)立體的發(fā)音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行發(fā)音訓(xùn)練，比如繞口令之類(lèi)的練習(xí)，如She sells sea cells by the seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)一些針對(duì)性的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。
（2）重讀與弱讀：漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)漢字一個(gè)音節(jié)，而英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單詞可能就有好多音節(jié)，這就造成了英漢節(jié)奏的差別。而英語(yǔ)中的一些虛詞一般要弱讀，這有可能會(huì)給聽(tīng)力造成一定的困難。對(duì)此也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。如：
What's the time? Sing us a song. I've eaten them all. He has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.(紅體部分的音節(jié)重讀)
（3）連讀：連讀時(shí)語(yǔ)速加快，連讀的單詞之間沒(méi)有了間隔，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)困難。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：聽(tīng)力時(shí)不能一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞地去理解，應(yīng)該注意意群，因?yàn)橐馊褐g間隔之處正是停頓之處，注意下列語(yǔ)句朗讀時(shí)停頓的差別：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些單詞發(fā)音相同，也可能給聽(tīng)力理解帶來(lái)困難，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
這里在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，很難分請(qǐng)是read還是red。
（6）語(yǔ)調(diào)：語(yǔ)調(diào)是說(shuō)話(huà)者表達(dá)情感的一種手段，同樣一個(gè)句子如果語(yǔ)調(diào)不同，則意思就有可能發(fā)生變化，如：
Open the door, will you?↗
Open the door, won't you?↘
用聲調(diào)表示一種請(qǐng)求，用降調(diào)表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升調(diào)表示疑問(wèn)，降升表示吃驚和不相信。
測(cè)試中同樣有可能考查語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用，如：
① W: Where do you want to eat?
M: Is there anything wrong with the↘ coffee shop?
Q: What does the man mean?
A. He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop.
B. He doesn't know why the coffee tastes bad.
C. He only wants coffee because he isn't happy.
D. He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop.
一般疑問(wèn)句，卻用了降調(diào)，表示出說(shuō)話(huà)者愿意去咖啡館的肯定態(tài)度，答案應(yīng)是D。
② M: I'm terribly sorry I'm late, but I just couldn't help it.
I got there as soon as I could.
W: Well, it's not soon enough, ↘is it?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. It's soon enough to get here.
B. It's not soon enough to get here.
C. It's not late to get here.
D. It's early enough to get here.
降調(diào)的使用,說(shuō)明說(shuō)話(huà)人堅(jiān)信第一部分說(shuō)的是事實(shí)，由此可以判斷答案為B。
2、詞匯和語(yǔ)法
（1）注意擴(kuò)充詞匯量：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯量是影響聽(tīng)力的主要因素之一，詞匯量的匱乏往往是造成聽(tīng)力能力提高的首要因素。因此，同學(xué)們?cè)谟?xùn)練聽(tīng)力技巧的同時(shí)，應(yīng)注意詞匯量的擴(kuò)充。
（2）加強(qiáng)同義表達(dá)方式的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練：在聽(tīng)力選擇中，相當(dāng)一部分情況下，答案就是對(duì)話(huà)信息的同義表達(dá)方式。如：
①W: The speech the blind girl gave this evening was extremely
touching.
M: I think everybody felt the same.
Q: How did the man feel about the girl's speech?
A. It was boring. B. It was entertaining.
C. It was moving. D. It was encouraging.
Moving與touching意思相近，答案為C。再如：
②M: Nancy, why were you late today?
W: I overslept and missed the bus.
Q: Why was Nancy late? (1999.1)
A. She got up later than usual.
B. The bus was late.
C. She forgot she had classes.
D. Her clock was slow.
Overslept 也就是got up later than usual。
（3）加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)法概念的單句理解練習(xí)：聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有相當(dāng)一部分情況下，有對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)表意功能的考查，如虛 擬語(yǔ)氣的含義，建議的表達(dá)方式等。如：
①W: We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem
is the space for it.
M: How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen?
Q: What does the man suggest they should do? (1995.6)
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table.
C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.
如果考生清楚How about用來(lái)提出建議，就可以根據(jù)moving the old dining table判斷答案為D。再如：
②W: The movie starts in 5 minutes and there is bound to be a long line.
M: Why don't we come back for the next show? I'm sure it would be less crowded.
Q: What is the man suggesting? ( 1996.6)
A. Coming back for a later shouw. B. Waiting in a queue.
C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today.
Why don't 表示建議，由此可以判斷答案為A。
③M: What do you think of my paper?
W: The ideas are good. If I were you, though, I'd rewrite the
last two paragraphs to make it better.
Q: What is the woman's comment on the man's paper? (1996.1)
A. The ideas of the paper are not convincing.
B. Some parts of the paper are not well written.
C. The handwriting of the paper is not good.
D. The paper is not complete.
本題考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子的理解，答案是B。
二、知識(shí)因素在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用
這里所說(shuō)的知識(shí)包括與聽(tīng)力材料有關(guān)的背景知識(shí)、對(duì)話(huà)和文章的話(huà)題知識(shí)、聽(tīng)力的策略知識(shí)以及聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的命 題規(guī)律等知識(shí)。
1、背景知識(shí)
對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的背景知識(shí)的了解有助于聽(tīng)力材料的理解，而缺乏應(yīng)有的背景知識(shí)常常是造成理解失敗的原因。聽(tīng) 力對(duì)話(huà)和聽(tīng)力短文所涉及的領(lǐng)域廣泛，要求同學(xué)們注意積累有關(guān)文化、歷史、地理、宗教、政治、風(fēng)俗、生活 等各方面的知識(shí)，正是Rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension.
2、話(huà)題知識(shí)
無(wú)論是對(duì)話(huà)還是短文，都有其所涉及的話(huà)題，所要說(shuō)明的主題，而材料中的一切又都是為了這一主題服務(wù)，表 現(xiàn)同一主題，或同一話(huà)題又有與其同現(xiàn)的詞匯。同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)這些詞匯推測(cè)文章的話(huà)題，然后通過(guò)文章的主 題，預(yù)測(cè)文章的大體內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)短文進(jìn)行整體的理解。同學(xué)們同樣可以通過(guò)同現(xiàn)的詞匯推測(cè)對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn) ，會(huì)話(huà)人之間的關(guān)系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)判斷對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)以及會(huì)話(huà)人之間的關(guān)系和身份、職業(yè)等。如：
① M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, let's go there. I hear that they have a complete menu
and a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and the woman going? (1989.1)
A. To the beach. B. To a play.
C. To a movie theater D. To a restaurant.
從menu一詞結(jié)合a nice place to eat，同學(xué)們便可輕松判斷答案D。
② M: How about the food I ordered? I've been waiting for 20
minutes.
W: I'm very sorry, sir. I'll be back with your order in a
minute.
Q: Who is the man most probably speaking to?
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator.
C. A waitress D. A clerk.
從order的使用可以判斷答案為C。
③ M: Why didn't you stop when we first signaled?
W: I'm sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the
woman?
A. Policeman and driver. B. Policeman and thief.
C. Teacher and pupil. D. Director and actress.
從signal, stop, pay a fine可以看出，說(shuō)話(huà)者之間的關(guān)系為警察和司機(jī)的關(guān)系。答案為A。
(2) 利用話(huà)題和主題知識(shí)把握全文：
文章的主題一般出現(xiàn)在文章的首句，在聽(tīng)時(shí)一定要注意首句的理解，然后根據(jù)首句推測(cè)文章可能會(huì)包括的內(nèi)容 ，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程注意用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的信息，進(jìn)行前后的連貫思索，就可以輕松地理解全文。事實(shí)上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì) 文章主題的考查。如：
There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of 20th century and social and economic effects of the World War Two had a great impact on the traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of man their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are far healthier. Infant death rate was low. Above all, parents now can plan the size of their family if they wish to more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have effected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to know that the concept of the family as a social unit has survived all these changes.
Q: What is the passage mainly about?
A. The liberation movement of British woman.
B. Rapid economic development in Britain.
C. Changing attitudes to family life.
D. Reasons for changes in family life in Britain.
通過(guò)對(duì)短文首句的理解，可以判斷答案是D。
3、策略知識(shí)
除具備以上知識(shí)以外，為了保證聽(tīng)力的質(zhì)量，同學(xué)們，還必須了解一些策略知識(shí)，包括聽(tīng)力策略和聽(tīng)力應(yīng)試策略。
1） 聽(tīng)力策略
聽(tīng)力策略是聽(tīng)力質(zhì)量的保證。一般情況下，同學(xué)們應(yīng)掌握的聽(tīng)力策略有：
（1）有目的地去聽(tīng)：聽(tīng)要有目的，是要了解大意還是具體的細(xì)節(jié)，什么細(xì)節(jié)，在聽(tīng)之前應(yīng)該首先確定聽(tīng)的目 的。
（2）聽(tīng)大意：聽(tīng)大意的方式與閱讀中的覽讀技巧相同，要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候?qū)⒆⒁饬性谠?huà)題上，和要 表達(dá)的主題上，抓主要的東西，而不是具體的細(xì)節(jié)。
（3）聽(tīng)具體信息：與"聽(tīng)大意"不同，該聽(tīng)力技巧要求同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候只注意相關(guān)具體細(xì)節(jié)就可，如文中的 具體任務(wù)，具體事件，事件發(fā)生的具體地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，原因等。
（4）記筆記：在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中，同學(xué)們有必要對(duì)重要信息做一下記錄，以幫助對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的記憶，也便于隨后 的推理和判斷。
（5）預(yù)測(cè)：在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中對(duì)下文進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)是整體理解的保證，預(yù)測(cè)愈是準(zhǔn)確，理解也愈是簡(jiǎn)單。
2）應(yīng)試策略
所謂應(yīng)試策略指應(yīng)付考試的有效手段，一般包括
（1）預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)
預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)指在聽(tīng)之前先將試題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)瀏覽一遍。這是做好聽(tīng)力必備的技巧。通過(guò)分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以對(duì)所提 問(wèn)的問(wèn)題有個(gè)大體的了解，使聽(tīng)更富于目的性，帶著問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，有助于提高注意力，將注意力集中于對(duì)話(huà)中的 某一點(diǎn)信息，減少聽(tīng)的負(fù)擔(dān)，解題也更加準(zhǔn)確，快捷。如：
① A. Once a week B. Twice a week.
C. Three times a week D. Four times a week. （1994.1）
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是表示頻度，顯然對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容與做什么事，每周幾次有關(guān)，帶著這個(gè)問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，就不難找到問(wèn)題的答 案。請(qǐng)看原文：
M: Your son seems to have made much progress in playing the piano.Does he attend any piano classes?
W: Yes, he takes lessons twice a week, but from next week on, he will go to the class on Saturday evenings, too.
Q: How often will the woman's son have piano lessons from next
week on?
對(duì)話(huà)中提到一周上幾次鋼琴課，但以前是一周兩次，從下星期周六加，也就是三次。由于不知道問(wèn)的是以前一周幾次，還是以后一周幾次，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，有必要記清楚。當(dāng)聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，便可立即決定答案是C。
② A. To the beach B. To the play
C. To a movie theater. D. To a restaurant. (1989.1)
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)明確表示要去的地方，顯然問(wèn)題問(wèn)的應(yīng)該要到什么地方去，這樣，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，我們就可以把注意力集中在地點(diǎn)名詞上，或用來(lái)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)的名詞上。請(qǐng)看原文：
M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, let's go there. I hear that they have a complete menu and
a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and woman going?
從對(duì)話(huà)中的a nice place to eat 和menu可以判斷，他們是要去飯店，答案不言自明。
③ A. Go out to work. B. Listen carefully to John.
C. Be calm and patient. D. Do the easiest thing. (1995.1)
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是祈使句，說(shuō)明問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是會(huì)話(huà)這一方建議另一方做什么，這樣考生就可以將注意力集中于表示建議的語(yǔ)句上。請(qǐng)看原文：
W: I'm really angry at John. He never listens to me.
M: Take it easy, Allen. Things will work out.
Q: What does the man advise Allen to do?
從take it easy可以判斷答案是C。
下面請(qǐng)大家先預(yù)讀幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的選項(xiàng)，推測(cè)文章的大概內(nèi)容。
④ A. She sat back and relaxed.
B. She decided to retire.
C. She entered university.
D. She worked out a new English program.
⑤ A. 8 years B. 20 years C. 16 years D. 30 years
⑥ A. Bring a great deal of useful experience to the university.
B. Improve human relationship in the university.
C. Bring a fear of aging among young students on the campus.
D. Improve the reputation of the university.
⑦ A. She is learning English and Drama.
B. She is learning how to make sound judgements.
C. She is learning how to teach minority students.
D. She is learning to perceive, not to judge.
綜合四道題的選項(xiàng)，我們猜出"她"可能是工作了多少年要退休了，后來(lái)又學(xué)習(xí)其它什么之類(lèi)內(nèi)容。然后帶著這些問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)，看是否是到了退休的年齡，工作了到底多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，是否真的退休了，之后又是做了什么，開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)什么。有了聽(tīng)的目標(biāo)，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中就可以將注意力集中在自己想了解的內(nèi)容上，忽略不相關(guān)的信息，采用跳聽(tīng)的方式。請(qǐng)看原文：
After retiring from 30 years of teaching, Ethbell Pepper could easily have decided to sit back and relax and enjoy a peaceful retirement. But that kind of life is not for Ethbell Pepper. "I just wanted to do some thing different. If you are going to participate in life, do it. Don't just sit down and look out the window." She says. At 68, she decided to become one of the pioneer participation in a program at the university of California. The program offers campus housing and classes to people over sixty. She enrolled in a class called Human Relationships and Diverse Society. " I taught minority students in my English and drama classes in high school for 20 year. But in this course, I found out a lot about other cultures I didn't know then. One of the more important lessons that I'm learning is to perceive, not to judge." Older adults can add to the educational resources of university by bringing with them a lot of valuable experiences. Their presence on campus helps break some long beliefs of aging. Young students may have fears of growing older. But that kind of fear can be reduced as they see the older people can be active, healthy, and continue to contribute to society. The younger students can begin to see aging as a natural part of living. （1999.1）
即使不聽(tīng)問(wèn)題，同學(xué)們也能大體判斷出各題的答案了。我們來(lái)看以下問(wèn)題：
④ What did Ethbell do when she was 68?
⑤ How long did Ethbell teach minority students?
⑥ How do elderly people do to the university?
⑦ What's the most important lesson Ethbell is learning?
文中提到了兩個(gè)時(shí)間，一個(gè)是教學(xué)30年， 一個(gè)是教少數(shù)民族學(xué)生20年，只要聽(tīng)時(shí)注意兩個(gè)時(shí)間的區(qū)別，就可以判斷⑤題答案為B。聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，知道④題問(wèn)的是Ethbell 68歲時(shí)，實(shí)際上也就是退休后，干什么了，答案同樣很清楚應(yīng)該是C。聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中同學(xué)們應(yīng)該已經(jīng)判斷出有些選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容不符，聽(tīng)到問(wèn)題后，便可以很輕松地確定 ?、揞}答案為A，⑦題答案為D。
(2)記筆記
記筆記是一項(xiàng)比較重要的聽(tīng)力技巧，尤其是在聽(tīng)短文時(shí)，實(shí)際上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì)記筆記的專(zhuān)項(xiàng)考題，如聽(tīng)寫(xiě)填空。因?yàn)楦黝}的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有可能在對(duì)話(huà)中或文章中出現(xiàn)，記筆記有助于分清具體的細(xì)節(jié)，以免出現(xiàn)混淆。如：
Susan Anthony was born in Massachusetts in 1820 and died in Rochester, N.Y., in 1906. In the 1850s, she saw many problems in her country and wanted to do soemthing about them.
One of these problems was that women did not have the right to vote in the United States. Susan Anthony and many others felt that women and men should have equal rights. In 1869 she helped start the National Women's Association. This group worked hard to get women the rights to vote in the United States.
In 1869, the state of Wyoming gave women the right to vote. Some other states also allowed women to have the right to vote. They worked to add this to the Constitution of the United States. Finally, in 1920, fourteen years after Susan Anthony's death, an article was added to the Constitution. It gave all American women the right to vote. (1996.1)
12.Who among the American women had the right to vote before 1920?
A. The women of some states.
B. The women in the state of Wyoming only.
C. The member of the National Women's Association.
D. The women in the state of Massachusetts only.
13.When did all women finally get the right to vote in the United
States?
A. At the very beginning of the 20th century.
B. At the end of the 19th century.
C. After Susan Anthony's death.
D. Just before Susan Anthony's death.
如果同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)之前預(yù)讀以下選項(xiàng)，就可以猜出本篇聽(tīng)力材料中時(shí)間一定不少，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中就應(yīng)該做一下筆記，記一下時(shí)間與事件之間的關(guān)系。時(shí)間弄清楚了，答案也就清楚了，12題為A，13題為C。
（3）整體理解
無(wú)論是對(duì)話(huà)還是文章都是圍繞一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，文章的一切細(xì)節(jié)都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)主題。一般選擇題的設(shè)計(jì)也都是針對(duì)文章的主題和用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，考生通過(guò)預(yù)讀選項(xiàng)了解了文章的話(huà)題范圍，這樣在聽(tīng)的之后就可以搜索與該話(huà)題有關(guān)的信息，前后聯(lián)系，綜合考慮，從而把握文章的主題。前后的關(guān)聯(lián)，整體的把握對(duì)聽(tīng)力文章的理解至關(guān)重要，不能因?yàn)榧?xì)節(jié)而忽略整體。要做到整體理解需要：
① 注意文章的首句。一般文章的主題由首句提出，然后以舉例、列舉、比較、對(duì)照等手段，抓住首句也就掌握了文章的主題，對(duì)文章的敘事方式也就有了預(yù)測(cè)性的了解。理解起來(lái)也就簡(jiǎn)單了許多。
② 抓關(guān)鍵詞。并不是每個(gè)單詞，每個(gè)句子都同樣的重要，有的是論點(diǎn)，有的是論據(jù)，有的只表示關(guān)聯(lián)，更有很多是冗余信息。因此，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，同學(xué)們要注意分清哪些是關(guān)鍵詞匯，哪些是關(guān)鍵句子，將注意力集中在關(guān)鍵之處。
③ 忽略。所謂忽略，指當(dāng)同學(xué)們遇到難以理解的詞句時(shí)不要停，而是跳過(guò)去，繼續(xù)聽(tīng)下文，根據(jù)上下文的關(guān)系去理解文章。
影響聽(tīng)力的因素很多，有助于聽(tīng)力的技巧也很多，如四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的模式、考查重點(diǎn)和具體應(yīng)對(duì)策略