一、時態(tài)和語態(tài) 前言
考試題型及考試重點：
考試題型：
有五種題型：1.閱讀理解;2.詞匯和語法;3.挑錯;4.英譯漢;5.漢譯英
從英語學(xué)習(xí)的一般規(guī)律來看，在英語學(xué)習(xí)的初級階段，一般說來，要把語法放在非常重要的地位。因為語法作為語言的規(guī)則，是構(gòu)成語言的框架，沒有規(guī)則不成方圓。
在三級考試中，語法和詞匯中的語法要占到15～20道題，在第三題的改錯中全部考的是語法，語法的考察在30～35之間。因此，要求我們在做三級試題的時候必須拿下28～30道題。
語法的考試點及考試規(guī)律：
1)三級考試所考察的語法只是一些語法的規(guī)則。
2)考試具有重復(fù)性。
3)語法考試的普遍性：在所有這些語法中，每年都會涉及到一些不是非常重要的語法。
要求大家必須做到的：
1)聽懂課堂上所講的內(nèi)容
2)熟悉語法的規(guī)則
3)會做后面的練習(xí)。
(一)時態(tài)
英語中一共有16種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時，以及這四者的進行時、完成時和完成進行時。但從92年以來的考題統(tǒng)計來看，時態(tài)考題中，考查將來完成時多，時態(tài)考查的次序依次為：將來完成時—— 過去完成時 —— 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 —— 現(xiàn)在完成時。
先看以下各題：
1)We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)
A.had already started
B.will already have started
C.have already started
D.have already been started
2)When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
3)English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
4)Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
5)All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
6)He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
7)About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
8)I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
9)When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.(2003.11)
A.has left
B.was leaving
C.would leave
D.had left
10)Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
「答案」BCDBD CBDDA
「評析」
1.以上試題對時態(tài)的考查可以分為兩部分內(nèi)容，一部分是與條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中的時態(tài)有關(guān)，如2)和4);另一部分是與完成時態(tài)有關(guān)，其余各題便是如此。
2.一般在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來，用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成，用一般過去時表示過去將來。如2)和4)。
2)When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
答案：C
4)Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
答案：B
再如：
If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to come
A B C
and see me when he will be free.(2000.6 )
D
答案：D.will be 應(yīng)改為is.
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時有兩種用法，一種表示過去發(fā)生，但對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作或狀態(tài)，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非確定性過去的時間狀語連用，如3)。
3)English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
答案：C
再如：
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of the experiments.
同時，注意上句中副詞already的位置。
現(xiàn)在完成時的另外一種用法是：表示從過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，如6)：
6)He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
答案：C
同時，還要注意這道試題反映出來的另外一個問題：在完成時態(tài)中，終止性動詞不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動作持續(xù)的謂語動詞必須與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
4.過去完成時表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的：表示"過去的過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)"，如7)
7)About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
答案：B
5.將來完成時態(tài)表示到將來某個時間為止已經(jīng)完成的動作。如1)和5)。
1)We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)
A.had already started
B.will already have started.
C.have already started
D.have already been started
答案：B
5)All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
答案：D
再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A.will have risen
B.has risen
C.will be rising
D.has been rising
答案：A
6.與現(xiàn)在完成時不同，現(xiàn)在完成進行時則表示某個動作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進行，如8)和10)。
8)I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
答案：D
10)Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
答案：A
再如：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
「考試策略」
1)根據(jù)時間狀語選擇時態(tài)，特別是完成時的時間狀語一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語居多。如果句中的時間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動詞一般用完成時態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
2)如果沒有時間狀語，那就根據(jù)試題中出現(xiàn)的動作發(fā)生的順序做出判斷。如：
He found the book that he had lost.
A B
3)注意特殊句型中的時態(tài)，如：
①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
我剛放下話筒，電話又響了。
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
他們一得到消息，他們就去酒吧喝酒了。
②祈使句表示一種條件，第二個分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。如：
Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy families.
A.are often seeing
B.often see
C.will often see
D.have often seen
答案：C
但是，本題中often的使用可能會造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對各種時態(tài)的表達方式，以及其作用了解清楚。will可以表示習(xí)慣。
(二)語態(tài)
現(xiàn)在我們一起來看一下三級考試中對語態(tài)的考查。語態(tài)的考查一般都與時態(tài)的考查、情態(tài)動詞的考查、非謂語動詞的考查相結(jié)合，在考試中應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮這些因素。請做下面的試題：
考例：
1)The course would have been offered this term, but it
A
cancelled because too few students had registered before
B C
registration closed.(2000.6)
D
2)The development of industry has also brought about large
A B
numbers of problems which have to solve.(2002.6)
C D
3)These part-time students expect to offer some jobs on
A B
campus during the coming summer vacation.(2004.4)
C D
4)We shall ask for samples and then we can make our decision.(2003.11)
A.to be sent
B.being sent
C.to have been sent
D.to sent
5)The question at the meeting tomorrow is very important.(2004.11)
A.to discuss
B.being discussed
C.to be discussed
D.will be discussed
6)I can't find the recorder in the room.It by somebody.(2003.11)
A.must have taken
B.may have taken
C.may have been taken
D.should have been taken
7)Being felt that she had done something wonderful, she sat down to rest.(2005.4)
A B C D
8)The dish terrible! I don't like it at all.
A.can't
B.tasted
C.will taste
D.is tasted
9)The goods ______ when we arrived at the airport.
A.were just unloading
B.were just been unloading
C.had just unloaded
D.were just being unloaded
「答案」BDAAC CABD
「評析」
1.是否可用被動語態(tài)主要看謂語動詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系，如果是動賓關(guān)系自然用被動語態(tài)。這樣單純考察被動語態(tài)的試題只會出現(xiàn)在辨別改錯中，如：1)、2)和3)。
1)The course would have been offered this term, but it
A
cancelled because too few students had registered before
B C
registration closed.(2000.6)
D
答案：B
2)The development of industry has also brought about large
A B
numbers of problems which have to solve.(2002.6)
C D
答案：D
3)These part-time students expect to offer some jobs on
A B
campus during the coming summer vacation.(2004.4)
C D
答案：A
2.考查被動語態(tài)和時態(tài)的結(jié)合，如：9)。
9)The goods __________ when we arrived at the airport.
A.were just unloading
B.were just been unloading
C.had just unloaded
D.were just being unloaded
答案：D
3.考查被動語態(tài)和情態(tài)動詞的結(jié)合，如：6)。
6)I can't find the recorder in the room.It by somebody.(2003.11)
A.must have taken
B.may have taken
C.may have been taken
D.should have been taken
答案：C
4.考查被動語態(tài)和非謂語動詞的結(jié)合，如：4)、5)和7)。
4)We shall ask for samples and then we can make our decision.(2003.11)
A.to be sent
B.being sent
C.to have been sent
D.to sent
答案：A
5)The question at the meeting tomorrow is very important.(2004.11)
A.to discuss
B.being discussed
C.to be discussed
D.will be discussed
答案：C
5.轉(zhuǎn)化為系動詞的感官動詞+表語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用動詞的主動形式表達被動意義。這樣的動詞有feel, smell, sound, taste等，如8)。再如：
Good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。
This material feels very soft.這種材料摸起來很柔軟。
再者：
不及物動詞不可能有被動語態(tài)，但及物動詞也未必有被動語態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達的概念，如：
This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A.is worn
B.wears
C.wearing
D.are worn
答案：B
題中wear表示眼鏡的特點，不可用被動語態(tài)。這樣的動詞有cut, read, sell, wash, wear, write等。例如：
This kind of software sells well.這種軟件賣得很好。
The knife cuts well.這把刀很好切。
Nylon underwear washes well.尼龍內(nèi)衣很容易洗。
考試題型及考試重點：
考試題型：
有五種題型：1.閱讀理解;2.詞匯和語法;3.挑錯;4.英譯漢;5.漢譯英
從英語學(xué)習(xí)的一般規(guī)律來看，在英語學(xué)習(xí)的初級階段，一般說來，要把語法放在非常重要的地位。因為語法作為語言的規(guī)則，是構(gòu)成語言的框架，沒有規(guī)則不成方圓。
在三級考試中，語法和詞匯中的語法要占到15～20道題，在第三題的改錯中全部考的是語法，語法的考察在30～35之間。因此，要求我們在做三級試題的時候必須拿下28～30道題。
語法的考試點及考試規(guī)律：
1)三級考試所考察的語法只是一些語法的規(guī)則。
2)考試具有重復(fù)性。
3)語法考試的普遍性：在所有這些語法中，每年都會涉及到一些不是非常重要的語法。
要求大家必須做到的：
1)聽懂課堂上所講的內(nèi)容
2)熟悉語法的規(guī)則
3)會做后面的練習(xí)。
(一)時態(tài)
英語中一共有16種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時，以及這四者的進行時、完成時和完成進行時。但從92年以來的考題統(tǒng)計來看，時態(tài)考題中，考查將來完成時多，時態(tài)考查的次序依次為：將來完成時—— 過去完成時 —— 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 —— 現(xiàn)在完成時。
先看以下各題：
1)We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)
A.had already started
B.will already have started
C.have already started
D.have already been started
2)When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
3)English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
4)Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
5)All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
6)He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
7)About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
8)I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
9)When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.(2003.11)
A.has left
B.was leaving
C.would leave
D.had left
10)Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
「答案」BCDBD CBDDA
「評析」
1.以上試題對時態(tài)的考查可以分為兩部分內(nèi)容，一部分是與條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中的時態(tài)有關(guān)，如2)和4);另一部分是與完成時態(tài)有關(guān)，其余各題便是如此。
2.一般在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來，用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成，用一般過去時表示過去將來。如2)和4)。
2)When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
答案：C
4)Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
答案：B
再如：
If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to come
A B C
and see me when he will be free.(2000.6 )
D
答案：D.will be 應(yīng)改為is.
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時有兩種用法，一種表示過去發(fā)生，但對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作或狀態(tài)，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非確定性過去的時間狀語連用，如3)。
3)English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
答案：C
再如：
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of the experiments.
同時，注意上句中副詞already的位置。
現(xiàn)在完成時的另外一種用法是：表示從過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，如6)：
6)He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
答案：C
同時，還要注意這道試題反映出來的另外一個問題：在完成時態(tài)中，終止性動詞不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動作持續(xù)的謂語動詞必須與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
4.過去完成時表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的：表示"過去的過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)"，如7)
7)About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
答案：B
5.將來完成時態(tài)表示到將來某個時間為止已經(jīng)完成的動作。如1)和5)。
1)We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)
A.had already started
B.will already have started.
C.have already started
D.have already been started
答案：B
5)All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
答案：D
再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A.will have risen
B.has risen
C.will be rising
D.has been rising
答案：A
6.與現(xiàn)在完成時不同，現(xiàn)在完成進行時則表示某個動作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進行，如8)和10)。
8)I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
答案：D
10)Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
答案：A
再如：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
「考試策略」
1)根據(jù)時間狀語選擇時態(tài)，特別是完成時的時間狀語一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語居多。如果句中的時間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動詞一般用完成時態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
2)如果沒有時間狀語，那就根據(jù)試題中出現(xiàn)的動作發(fā)生的順序做出判斷。如：
He found the book that he had lost.
A B
3)注意特殊句型中的時態(tài)，如：
①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
我剛放下話筒，電話又響了。
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
他們一得到消息，他們就去酒吧喝酒了。
②祈使句表示一種條件，第二個分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。如：
Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy families.
A.are often seeing
B.often see
C.will often see
D.have often seen
答案：C
但是，本題中often的使用可能會造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對各種時態(tài)的表達方式，以及其作用了解清楚。will可以表示習(xí)慣。
(二)語態(tài)
現(xiàn)在我們一起來看一下三級考試中對語態(tài)的考查。語態(tài)的考查一般都與時態(tài)的考查、情態(tài)動詞的考查、非謂語動詞的考查相結(jié)合，在考試中應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮這些因素。請做下面的試題：
考例：
1)The course would have been offered this term, but it
A
cancelled because too few students had registered before
B C
registration closed.(2000.6)
D
2)The development of industry has also brought about large
A B
numbers of problems which have to solve.(2002.6)
C D
3)These part-time students expect to offer some jobs on
A B
campus during the coming summer vacation.(2004.4)
C D
4)We shall ask for samples and then we can make our decision.(2003.11)
A.to be sent
B.being sent
C.to have been sent
D.to sent
5)The question at the meeting tomorrow is very important.(2004.11)
A.to discuss
B.being discussed
C.to be discussed
D.will be discussed
6)I can't find the recorder in the room.It by somebody.(2003.11)
A.must have taken
B.may have taken
C.may have been taken
D.should have been taken
7)Being felt that she had done something wonderful, she sat down to rest.(2005.4)
A B C D
8)The dish terrible! I don't like it at all.
A.can't
B.tasted
C.will taste
D.is tasted
9)The goods ______ when we arrived at the airport.
A.were just unloading
B.were just been unloading
C.had just unloaded
D.were just being unloaded
「答案」BDAAC CABD
「評析」
1.是否可用被動語態(tài)主要看謂語動詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系，如果是動賓關(guān)系自然用被動語態(tài)。這樣單純考察被動語態(tài)的試題只會出現(xiàn)在辨別改錯中，如：1)、2)和3)。
1)The course would have been offered this term, but it
A
cancelled because too few students had registered before
B C
registration closed.(2000.6)
D
答案：B
2)The development of industry has also brought about large
A B
numbers of problems which have to solve.(2002.6)
C D
答案：D
3)These part-time students expect to offer some jobs on
A B
campus during the coming summer vacation.(2004.4)
C D
答案：A
2.考查被動語態(tài)和時態(tài)的結(jié)合，如：9)。
9)The goods __________ when we arrived at the airport.
A.were just unloading
B.were just been unloading
C.had just unloaded
D.were just being unloaded
答案：D
3.考查被動語態(tài)和情態(tài)動詞的結(jié)合，如：6)。
6)I can't find the recorder in the room.It by somebody.(2003.11)
A.must have taken
B.may have taken
C.may have been taken
D.should have been taken
答案：C
4.考查被動語態(tài)和非謂語動詞的結(jié)合，如：4)、5)和7)。
4)We shall ask for samples and then we can make our decision.(2003.11)
A.to be sent
B.being sent
C.to have been sent
D.to sent
答案：A
5)The question at the meeting tomorrow is very important.(2004.11)
A.to discuss
B.being discussed
C.to be discussed
D.will be discussed
答案：C
5.轉(zhuǎn)化為系動詞的感官動詞+表語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用動詞的主動形式表達被動意義。這樣的動詞有feel, smell, sound, taste等，如8)。再如：
Good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。
This material feels very soft.這種材料摸起來很柔軟。
再者：
不及物動詞不可能有被動語態(tài)，但及物動詞也未必有被動語態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達的概念，如：
This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A.is worn
B.wears
C.wearing
D.are worn
答案：B
題中wear表示眼鏡的特點，不可用被動語態(tài)。這樣的動詞有cut, read, sell, wash, wear, write等。例如：
This kind of software sells well.這種軟件賣得很好。
The knife cuts well.這把刀很好切。
Nylon underwear washes well.尼龍內(nèi)衣很容易洗。