三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 不定式(to + V)
    動(dòng)名詞
    分詞-ing
    分詞-ed
    (一)動(dòng)詞不定式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)
    動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)法功能
    可以做除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。
    1)作主語(yǔ)
    不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：
    To serve the people well is our duty.
    動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。上述句子也可改為：
    It is our duty to serve the people well.
    類似這樣不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型有:
    It is + n.+ to do
    It takes sb.+ some time + to do
    It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
    It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
    例如：
    It is our duty to help them.
    It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
    It is easy for us to answer this question.
    It is kind of you to help me.
    注：
    1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
    2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
    2)作賓語(yǔ)
    We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
    注意：
    如果不定式作賓語(yǔ)而又跟有補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，通常要用"it"作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。
    例如：
    他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
    賓語(yǔ)　賓補(bǔ)
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
    √They found it impossible to get everything ready in
    賓補(bǔ)　賓語(yǔ)
    advance.
    再看下面的兩個(gè)例句：
    I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
    Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
    三級(jí)出題方式：
    I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
    A.consider it my duty
    B.consider it is my duty
    3)作定語(yǔ)
    This is the best way to solve the problem.
    注意：
    ①用不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。
    例如：
    Mary needs a friend to play with.
    There is nothing to worry about.
    Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
    A.a good place to live
    B.a good place for living in
    C.a good place to be lived in
    D.a good place to live in
    答案：D
    ②不定式作定語(yǔ)，如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
    例如：
    ×Here is a letter for you to type it.
    √Here is a letter for you to type.
    ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
    √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
    同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
    4)作狀語(yǔ)
    In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
    注意：
    ①不定式能夠修飾作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
    例如：
    √The water is unfit to drink.
    ×The water is unfit to drink it.
    √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
    ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
    同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
    ②作狀語(yǔ)的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)一致。
    例如：
    ×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
    √To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
    讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級(jí)試題：
    To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
    A.one needs being patient person.
    B.patience is to need.
    C.one needs to be patient.
    D.patience is what needed.
    答案：C
    2.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
    如要表明不定式或不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語(yǔ))，就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如：
    Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
    The conference is too important for you to miss.
    3.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
    不定式有一般、完成、進(jìn)行等幾種常用的形式，也有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例：
    主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)一般式to study; to be studied
    進(jìn)行式to be studying
    完成式to have studied; to have been studied
    1)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
    不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在其后發(fā)生的。如：
    Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
    不定式的進(jìn)行式(to be doing)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，而且是正在進(jìn)行的。如：
    They seemed to be getting along quite well.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(to have done)表示限于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，to have + V-ed 表示動(dòng)作，to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如：
    She seems to have finished her work.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行著。如：
    She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
    2)不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)
    每個(gè)不定式都有其邏輯主語(yǔ)，如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動(dòng)式，如果其邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)式。如：
    The doctor recommended him to air the room.
    醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
    The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
    醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
    考試重點(diǎn)：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況
    (1)在口語(yǔ)中，以why開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)句中。例如：
    Why do it that way?
    Why not go out for a walk?
    (2)某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let，have等后面跟動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，用省略to的不定式。如：
    Let him do it.讓他做吧。
    I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
    (3)表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后接不定時(shí)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式不帶to.這類詞有：
    feel　覺(jué)得　observe 注意到，看到　hear聽(tīng)到
    watch注視　listen to聽(tīng)　perceive察覺(jué)，感知
    notice注意　see看見(jiàn)　look at看
    注意：
    表示 "感覺(jué)"的動(dòng)詞，既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但兩者有含義上的差別?，F(xiàn)在分詞作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行，以不帶to的不定式作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作的完成。
    例如:
    I heard her playing the violin.
    我聽(tīng)到她在拉小提琴.
    I don't see the ball break the window.
    我沒(méi)有看到球砸壞玻璃.
    注意：
    上述使役動(dòng)詞與感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后的不定式需帶to，如：
    He was seen to come.
    The boy was made to go to bed early.
    (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
    Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
    昨天晚上，除了看電視，我什么也沒(méi)干。
    但是，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是"do nothing，anything，everything"，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to.
    The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
    醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。
    There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
    除了保持沉默以外，他們沒(méi)有別的辦法。
    記憶口訣：
    前面有do，后面省to，前面無(wú)do，后面帶to.
    (5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法，只能用省to的不定式形式。
    can not help but do(不得不)
    can not but do(不得不)
    cannot choose but do(只能)
    have no choice but do (只能)
    had better do()
    would rather do(寧愿)
    例如：
    When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
    不定式練習(xí)
    翻譯下列句子：
    走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型)
    下一步做什么還沒(méi)定。(考查疑問(wèn)詞+不定式的用法)
    我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ))
    學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)考察不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))
    他是我們班說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人。(考查不定式作定語(yǔ))
    他說(shuō)話太快，我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    大廳足夠大，能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    起床后媽媽會(huì)提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補(bǔ))
    為了不讓我們失望，你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    參考答案
    It takes ten minutes to walk there.
    What to do next is not decided / hasn't been decided.
    It is impossible for us to catch the first bus.
    It is necessary for a student of English to have a good dictionary.
    He is the only one in our class to speak English.
    He speaks too fast for us to follow.
    The hall is large enough to hold one hundred people.
    My mother will remind me to wash my face after I get up.
    You must keep your promise in order not to let us down.
    改正下列句子中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤：
    1.He gave me a piece of paper to write on it.
    2.How many people are there for you to interview them?
    3.Do you think a preposition(介詞)is a good word to end a sentence with it?
    4.I've got several telephone calls to make them this morning.
    5.This is a difficult to put it into English.
    (二)動(dòng)名詞(doing)
    1.動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)法功能
    1)作主語(yǔ)
    Swimming is never as fast as running.
    注意：動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)句中使用形式主語(yǔ)it，如：
    It is no use talking about it.
    談?wù)摯耸虏o(wú)用處。
    注意：
    不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以做主語(yǔ)，在意義上區(qū)別不大。
    例如：
    It is impossible to get there before dark.
    It is impossible getting there before dark.
    但在下列固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，不能用不定式：
    It is no good doing…
    It is no use doing…
    It is worthwhile doing…
    It is a waste of time doing…
    例如：
    It is no good objecting反對(duì)沒(méi)有用。
    It is no use crying哭沒(méi)有用。
    It's worthwhile reading the book.讀這本書很值。
    2)作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))
    Would you mind waiting for a moment?
    有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如下所示：
    acknowledge承認(rèn)　admit 承認(rèn)　appreciate 感激
    avoid避免　delay延遲　deny否認(rèn)
    escape逃避　keep保持　mind 介意
    permit 允許 postpone延遲 resist抵抗
    risk冒險(xiǎn) prevent阻止　quit放棄停止
    recommend 推薦 suggest建議
    注意：
    有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別
    ①forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
    forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)
    ②remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
    remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
    ③regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾
    regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔
    ④try to do努力、企圖做某事
    try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
    ⑤mean to do打算，有意要…
    mean doing意味著
    ⑥go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
    go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情)
    ⑦propose to do 打算(要做某事)
    propose doing建議(做某事)
    ⑧stop to do 停下來(lái)去做另一件事
    stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
    ⑨be used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于…
    used to do過(guò)去曾經(jīng)…
    2.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
    一般情況下，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ);如果動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則需要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。用作動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的詞類有：物主代詞和名詞所有格。試比較：
    Tom insisted on going with them.(He went with them)
    湯姆堅(jiān)持要和他們一起去。(他去了)
    Tom insisted on my going with them.(I went with them)
    湯姆堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。
    His taking part in the work will help us a lot.
    他參加這項(xiàng)工作對(duì)我們有很大幫助。(物主代詞)
    但是，如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)相同，則不應(yīng)再有主語(yǔ)：
    She regrets_____idle when young.
    A.To have been
    B.her being
    C.her having been
    D.having been
    答案：D
    注：
    動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢杂萌朔Q代詞賓格或名詞的普通格，如：
    He doesn't like my father and me interfering in her affairs.
    她不愿意我父親和我干涉她的事情。(名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格)
    3.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
    1)完成式：
    如果表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，要用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)，形式為: having done.例如：
    He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.
    His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us.
    2)被動(dòng)式
    當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是該動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，該動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)式。形式為：being done.例如：
    He did it without being asked.
    We insisted on being given the task.
    考試重點(diǎn)：
    動(dòng)名詞在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的使用
    1.have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time + (in)+doing
    例如：
    We had difficulty (in)carrying out the plan.
    這一結(jié)構(gòu)變化一下后，形成"There is +difficulty/trouble + pleasure+(in)doing".
    例如：
    Will there be any difficulty (in)getting a driving license?
    There was some trouble (in)reading her handwriting.
    2.feel like + 名詞/動(dòng)名詞 "想要" (=would like to +原形動(dòng)詞)
    例如：
    I feel like a newborn baby.
    Do you feel like going to a movie?
    3.spend/waste time doing sth.
    例如：
    They spent a lot time (in)making preparations.
    4.cannot help doing sth.忍不住(做什么)
    例如：
    I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
    注意：
    這一句型要和can not help but do(不得不)以及can not but do(不得不)區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。
    5.something need/want/deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義;+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示"要(修、清理等)"意思。
    例如：
    Your bike needs repairing.
    (= Your bike needs to be repaired)
    6.be busy doing sth.忙于干某事
    例如：
    I am busy doing my homework.
    7.be worth doing sth.值得…
    例如：
    The plan is worth considering.
    8.What about/how about doing …怎么樣?
    例如：
    What about having a game of table tennis?
    How about going on a picnic?
    動(dòng)名詞練習(xí)
    翻譯下列句子：
    強(qiáng)迫孩子學(xué)習(xí)是沒(méi)有好處的。(考查動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的固定句型)
    明天去看電影怎么樣?(考查關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的固定句型)
    那個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)值得參觀。(考查關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的固定句型)
    沒(méi)有必要查閱每個(gè)生詞。(考查關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的固定句型)
    請(qǐng)醫(yī)生沒(méi)用，已經(jīng)太晚了。(考查動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的固定句型)
    參考答案：
    It's no good forcing children to learn.
    How about seeing a movie tomorrow?
    The little town is worth visiting.
    There is no need/point in looking up every new word.
    It is no use sending for the doctor, for it is too late.