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        成人英語三級考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo):高分語法(1)

        字號:

        (1) the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示一類人或物,如:the fern(蕨類), the wallflower
            (2) 序數(shù)詞之前必須用the,如:the first woman, the nineteenth century  但前面有物主代詞時除外,如 my first baby
            (3) 形容詞級之前必須用the(有物主代詞時除外),如:the largest city, the most advanced technology
            (4) of連接的名詞前多用the, 如:the development of the watch,
            (5) 世界上獨一無二的東西前應(yīng)加the, 如:the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun
            在下列情況下,一般不用the:
            (1) 表示人名、地名、國家名等專有名詞前, 一般不加,如: Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英語), February(二月), America(美 國)
            但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時要加上the the Great Lakes(美國五大湖), the Changjiang River(長江)
            (2) 無特指的不可數(shù)名詞前,如:algebra(代數(shù)學(xué)), advertising, accounting(會計學(xué))
            (3) 表示類別的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,如:Historians believe that…, Amphibians(兩棲動物) hatch from…
            (4) 一些固定詞組中,如:in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed
            乘車的詞組:
            by train(乘火車), by car (乘汽車), by bicycle(騎腳踏車), by bus (乘公共汽車), by land(由陸路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通過航空) on foot (步行), by plane(乘飛機), by ship (乘船),
            打球的詞組:
            play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
            注意:表示職位的詞之前的冠詞有無均可, 如:He was elected (the)chairman of the committee. 不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞和不可數(shù)名詞原形連用, 下面這些限定詞后面一定跟不可數(shù)名詞:much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、豐富的) little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 屬不可數(shù)名詞專用另外一些詞(詞組)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長”、“ 比…..優(yōu)越”等含義,因此也就沒有比 較級 和級。
            比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。這些形容詞往往和 to連用 ,而不和than連用。
            有些形容詞本身就具備“最、極”的含義,所以就沒有級和比較級。如:absolute(絕對的), unique(獨一無二的), infinite(無限的), round(圓的),right(對的), correct(正確的), wrong(錯誤的), perfect(完美的),這類形容詞往往被稱 為絕對形容詞對于most來講,除了構(gòu)成某些詞級外,most的用法有幾點需要注意,經(jīng)常成為改錯題的考點:
            1. 當(dāng)most表示大多數(shù)時,之前不加the, 并且有兩種形式來表示大多數(shù),分別 為:most + 名詞,
            如:most people, most Indian tribes;most + of + 限定詞 + 名詞或代詞,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists
            2. most有時意思等同于very, 此時most之前用不定冠詞,
            如:
            a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal
            例題:
            (1)
            The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.
            A        B   C     D
            答案:A
            應(yīng)改為:Most
            解釋:most只有在表示形容詞級作定語時需加定冠詞,此句表示“大多數(shù)”,沒必要加the. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals
            A          B      C
            oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.
            D
            考點:程度副詞
            答案:D
            應(yīng)改為:still more
            解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
            幾點參考規(guī)則:
            1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:She sings very well.
            I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
            I met just now your uncle (錯)
            2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:These two are only slightly different.
            right after this, very smoothly
            當(dāng)然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
            I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
            3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis. 、He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
            4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
            第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
            D
            考點:程度副詞
            答案:D
            應(yīng)改為:still more
            解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
            幾點參考規(guī)則:
            1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:She sings very well. I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now. I met just now your uncle (錯)
            2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:These two are only slightly different.
            right after this, very smoothly
            當(dāng)然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
            I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
            3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis. He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
            4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
            第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
            hard (努力,副詞) -hardly (幾乎不,副詞)
            close (接近,形容詞) -closely(接近,副詞)
            near (接近,形容詞) -nearly (幾乎,副詞), nearby (adj.鄰近的)
            most (大多數(shù)的,形容詞) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副詞)
            late (遲、晚,形容詞) -lately (最近,副詞),later(adv.稍后的)
            high (高的,形容詞) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的)
            另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可愛的、有趣的),盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y, 但是都是形容詞作主語:不定式短語可作主語如:To see is to believe (百聞不如一見)
            To work hard should be your major concern.
            注意:由于英文不習(xí)慣句子主語過長,不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第十七章)
            例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋?It should be your major concern to work hard.
            又如: It is very nice of you to help me
            不定式常接在名詞之后作定語,如:something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare,
            a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.
            由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動賓關(guān)系,因此不及物動詞之后必須加上相
            搭配的介詞(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)不定式定語還可表示將來的含義,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June
            獨立主格的主語和句子主語不一致
            如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (獨立主格) 對于分詞來講其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致: Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.
            在TOEFL考試中,經(jīng)常混淆反身代詞的寫法,結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯
            反身代詞的用法
            可以用來做賓語: He hurt himself when he fell.
            可以用來做表語: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
            反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來進行強調(diào), 表示“親自”的意思
            I myself do it.
            I do it myself.
            They made the research themselves.