文章的寫(xiě)作
1. 文章的基本要求
2. 文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
3. 文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法
4. 文章開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法
5. 文章中的過(guò)渡本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
1.2.1 文章的基本要求
文章是由段落組成的完整的語(yǔ)篇單位。雖然長(zhǎng)度不一、字?jǐn)?shù)不等。但文章一般具有以下共同的特點(diǎn):
1) 論點(diǎn)明確一致;
2) 內(nèi)容完整統(tǒng)一;
3) 論據(jù)詳實(shí)具體;
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落寫(xiě)作基本理論與技巧
4) 銜接合理連貫;
5) 語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)。
具體地說(shuō),一篇寫(xiě)得好的文章應(yīng)該擁有一個(gè)貫穿全文的主題思想(theme or central idea),能用大量、具體的材料對(duì)主題作比較充分的論證;還應(yīng)該有開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展部分和結(jié)尾,注重布局、銜接及文筆流暢恰當(dāng)。
1.2.2 文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
雖然段落和文章在長(zhǎng)度上明顯不同,但段落卻素有“微型作文”之稱,其結(jié)構(gòu)及寫(xiě)作與文章有許多相似之處。請(qǐng)比較:
從上圖可見(jiàn),段落和文章都是由三個(gè)主要部分組成的:開(kāi)頭、擴(kuò)展部分、結(jié)尾。只不過(guò)在段落中,作擴(kuò)展句的部分在文章中成了正文部分各段落的主題句并得到了進(jìn)一步充分的擴(kuò)展和論述。無(wú)論是段落還是文章,所有的內(nèi)容必須是圍繞一個(gè)主題以求得全面、完整和統(tǒng)一,同時(shí)必須注重連貫性。
1.2.3 文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法
文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法與前面談到的段落的展開(kāi)方法相似,主要有列舉法、舉例法、因果法、比較對(duì)照法、分類法、定義法、時(shí)間順序法和空間順序法等。段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫(xiě)作方法基本可以用于文章和寫(xiě)作之中,這里就不再一一贅述。
1.2.4 開(kāi)始段的寫(xiě)法來(lái)源:考試大
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文通常由三個(gè)段落組成。由于字?jǐn)?shù)有限,一篇文章基本上頭、尾段短,中間段長(zhǎng)。文章的開(kāi)頭雖短,但舉足輕重,是文章成敗的關(guān)鍵。開(kāi)始段(Opening Paragraph)的目的在于提示主題,即引出文章要討論的核心問(wèn)題,從而起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的作用。因此,開(kāi)始段要達(dá)到兩個(gè)目的:一是抓住讀者的興趣及注意力;二是陳述文章主題、介紹相關(guān)背景并引導(dǎo)正文內(nèi)容。
文章的開(kāi)篇方法多種多樣,大家必須根據(jù)文章的題材、體裁、讀者等來(lái)加以選擇。這里介紹四種常用的開(kāi)篇方法:
1) 開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山,直入主題
開(kāi)始段可用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言直陳主題思想,既可以吸引讀者的注意力,又可以避免跑題。例如:
主題:Euthanasia(安樂(lè)死)
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option. In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
該段第一句引入安樂(lè)死這一討論的主題,第二句接著直接陳述作者對(duì)安樂(lè)死的看法。從這個(gè)開(kāi)始段不難看出,全文將闡述“為什么實(shí)行安樂(lè)死是對(duì)的”。
2) 以問(wèn)句形式開(kāi)頭,點(diǎn)明主題
文章的開(kāi)頭還可用設(shè)問(wèn)的方式點(diǎn)明主題,提示全文內(nèi)容,激發(fā)讀者讀下去,探個(gè)究竟。例如:
主題:Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty.What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句說(shuō)中國(guó)水資源豐富,第二句指出中國(guó)許多城市卻缺水,第三句提出了讀者心中的疑問(wèn):是什么原因?qū)е氯彼兀繌亩ぐl(fā)讀者的興趣,吸引讀者讀下去,尋找問(wèn)題的答案。
3) 引用名言、諺語(yǔ),點(diǎn)明主題
開(kāi)始段還可以巧妙引用與主題相關(guān)的名言、常用習(xí)語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、格言等,既可增強(qiáng)文章的感染力,也可點(diǎn)題或表明作者的觀點(diǎn)。例如:
主題:Honor(榮譽(yù))
“We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.”
So ends the Declaration of Independence. The men who founded the United States had many differences, but they agreed on one thing: Honor. Two hundred years later we seem to have lost it.
該段引用《獨(dú)立宣言》的結(jié)束語(yǔ)(“我們謹(jǐn)以我們的生命、我們的命運(yùn)和我們神圣的榮譽(yù)相互立誓”),很自然地引入“榮譽(yù)”這一討論的主題,同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。
4) 描寫(xiě)共有經(jīng)歷,引起共鳴本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
開(kāi)始段還可通過(guò)描寫(xiě)與讀者共有的經(jīng)歷,引起讀者的共鳴,增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力。例如:
主題:Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?”
Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
本段通過(guò)許多年經(jīng)人常常從他們父母那聽(tīng)到的話開(kāi)頭,引出“白日做夢(mèng)”這一主題,很容易引起讀者的共鳴,激發(fā)他們的興趣,同時(shí)又能增強(qiáng)了文章的說(shuō)服力。
1.2.5 結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法
結(jié)尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同開(kāi)篇一樣重要。結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)、表達(dá)作者的目的,以求留給讀者一個(gè)深刻完整的印象,增強(qiáng)文章的效果。下面介紹四種常見(jiàn)的結(jié)尾方法:
1) 總結(jié)全文,得出結(jié)論本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
結(jié)尾段可用總結(jié)全文的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)、概括全文的主要內(nèi)容,加深讀者對(duì)全文的深刻了解與認(rèn)識(shí)。例如:
主題:Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise. I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work. I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段總結(jié)了全文,加深讀者對(duì)“體育鍛煉有益于健康”這一主題的認(rèn)識(shí)。
2) 提出建議,號(hào)召行動(dòng),表達(dá)決心或展望未來(lái)
結(jié)尾段還可以在總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)文中所提的暫時(shí)無(wú)法解決或尚無(wú)定論的問(wèn)題適當(dāng)引申,或提出建議,號(hào)召別人采取行動(dòng),或展望未來(lái)。這種方法可以啟發(fā)讀者思考并予以鼓舞,有助于增強(qiáng)文章的感染力。例如:
主題:Generation gap來(lái)源:www.examda.com
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
該段就怎樣彌補(bǔ)代溝方面提出一些建議。
3) 建議與結(jié)論
文章的結(jié)尾常結(jié)合兩種寫(xiě)法。有的先提出建議或解決辦法,再做結(jié)論。有的則先做出結(jié)論,再提出建議,例如:
主題:Shortage of natural resources(自然資源短缺)
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
該段首先進(jìn)行總結(jié):人類社會(huì)持續(xù)的發(fā)展證明,如果沒(méi)有自然資源,人口的繁衍、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展最終都是不可能的。
作者接著建議,為了節(jié)約有限的資源,我們必須采取一些措施,正確處理人口與資源的關(guān)系。
4) 提醒讀者事物的兩面性
文章的結(jié)尾還可以以轉(zhuǎn)折的形式,提醒讀者任何事物都有兩面性,從而認(rèn)識(shí)到其不足或負(fù)面的影響。例如:
主題:Solar Energy(太陽(yáng)能)
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
該段指出了太陽(yáng)能的兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn):一、太貴;二、太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)在陰雨天和晚上無(wú)法工作,從而讓人們更全面地了解太陽(yáng)能。
值得注意的是,在指出某一事物的另一面時(shí),不能用太多筆墨,否則會(huì)喧賓奪主,淡化主題思想。
1.2.6 文章中的過(guò)渡方法
一致性和連貫性是作文的兩個(gè)基本原則。而過(guò)渡是保持文章的一致性和連貫性的重要手段。過(guò)渡是指上下文之間的銜接與轉(zhuǎn)換,在寫(xiě)作中起承上啟下的作用。過(guò)渡幫助讀者了解文章的條理和層次,沿著文章的思路由一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)層次,由前一段過(guò)渡到下一段,以致感到全文連貫暢達(dá),融會(huì)貫通。
文章中常用的過(guò)渡方法有三種:
(1) 用詞語(yǔ)過(guò)渡來(lái)源:考試大的美女編輯們
從一個(gè)句子過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)句子可以恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽硎具^(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。同樣,段落之間的過(guò)渡也可通過(guò)使用表示過(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。
例如:
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up這一短語(yǔ),從前面對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的討論過(guò)渡到總結(jié)全文,表明自己對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的看法。
(2) 用句子過(guò)渡
文章由一段內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)入另一段內(nèi)容,從一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)層次需用過(guò)渡句。用句子過(guò)渡主要有三種情況:
a. 通過(guò)設(shè)問(wèn)或提示導(dǎo)入正文
這種過(guò)渡句通常在第一段的末尾,或在第二段的開(kāi)頭。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result,they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是過(guò)渡句。作者用設(shè)問(wèn)方式引導(dǎo)讀者轉(zhuǎn)入下一段的正題——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通過(guò)總結(jié),引出結(jié)論本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
這種過(guò)渡句通常位于最后一段的開(kāi)頭。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人長(zhǎng)壽的原因之后,用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作為過(guò)渡句,總結(jié)全文,并展望未來(lái)的前景。
c. 通過(guò)提示,轉(zhuǎn)入對(duì)比來(lái)源:考試大
說(shuō)明文和議論文等從一個(gè)段落過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)段落,表示轉(zhuǎn)入與前段內(nèi)容所闡述的問(wèn)題相反,或者形成對(duì)比時(shí),常在段首使用過(guò)渡句。這種過(guò)渡句需在句前用一個(gè)表示對(duì)比的過(guò)渡詞或者短語(yǔ)。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段:
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 連接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”這樣一個(gè)表示明顯轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡句,把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”轉(zhuǎn)到“dis- advantages”上,使文章上下文有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
(3) 用段落過(guò)渡本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
文章內(nèi)容由一層意思轉(zhuǎn)入另一層意思的交接處,可以安排一個(gè)起承上啟下作用的過(guò)渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的過(guò)渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在這一段落中,“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起著承上段的作用;而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起著啟下段的作用。顯然,下一段將闡述如何合理分配能量問(wèn)題。
好,下面我對(duì)這一講內(nèi)容做一下小結(jié)。在這一講里,我主要談到了
1)段落的結(jié)構(gòu);2)段落的要求;3)段落的寫(xiě)作步驟和發(fā)展方法;4)文章的基本要求;5)文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6)文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法;7)文章的開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法。
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的基本理論和技巧就介紹到這里,下面我們進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題,請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容,在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中要注意審題,考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的方法及文章中的過(guò)渡方法等。下面,我們先來(lái)看一下題目要求。
練習(xí)一:大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)四方談
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power,_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。
1. 文章的基本要求
2. 文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
3. 文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法
4. 文章開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法
5. 文章中的過(guò)渡本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
1.2.1 文章的基本要求
文章是由段落組成的完整的語(yǔ)篇單位。雖然長(zhǎng)度不一、字?jǐn)?shù)不等。但文章一般具有以下共同的特點(diǎn):
1) 論點(diǎn)明確一致;
2) 內(nèi)容完整統(tǒng)一;
3) 論據(jù)詳實(shí)具體;
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落寫(xiě)作基本理論與技巧
4) 銜接合理連貫;
5) 語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)。
具體地說(shuō),一篇寫(xiě)得好的文章應(yīng)該擁有一個(gè)貫穿全文的主題思想(theme or central idea),能用大量、具體的材料對(duì)主題作比較充分的論證;還應(yīng)該有開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展部分和結(jié)尾,注重布局、銜接及文筆流暢恰當(dāng)。
1.2.2 文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
雖然段落和文章在長(zhǎng)度上明顯不同,但段落卻素有“微型作文”之稱,其結(jié)構(gòu)及寫(xiě)作與文章有許多相似之處。請(qǐng)比較:
從上圖可見(jiàn),段落和文章都是由三個(gè)主要部分組成的:開(kāi)頭、擴(kuò)展部分、結(jié)尾。只不過(guò)在段落中,作擴(kuò)展句的部分在文章中成了正文部分各段落的主題句并得到了進(jìn)一步充分的擴(kuò)展和論述。無(wú)論是段落還是文章,所有的內(nèi)容必須是圍繞一個(gè)主題以求得全面、完整和統(tǒng)一,同時(shí)必須注重連貫性。
1.2.3 文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法
文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法與前面談到的段落的展開(kāi)方法相似,主要有列舉法、舉例法、因果法、比較對(duì)照法、分類法、定義法、時(shí)間順序法和空間順序法等。段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫(xiě)作方法基本可以用于文章和寫(xiě)作之中,這里就不再一一贅述。
1.2.4 開(kāi)始段的寫(xiě)法來(lái)源:考試大
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文通常由三個(gè)段落組成。由于字?jǐn)?shù)有限,一篇文章基本上頭、尾段短,中間段長(zhǎng)。文章的開(kāi)頭雖短,但舉足輕重,是文章成敗的關(guān)鍵。開(kāi)始段(Opening Paragraph)的目的在于提示主題,即引出文章要討論的核心問(wèn)題,從而起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的作用。因此,開(kāi)始段要達(dá)到兩個(gè)目的:一是抓住讀者的興趣及注意力;二是陳述文章主題、介紹相關(guān)背景并引導(dǎo)正文內(nèi)容。
文章的開(kāi)篇方法多種多樣,大家必須根據(jù)文章的題材、體裁、讀者等來(lái)加以選擇。這里介紹四種常用的開(kāi)篇方法:
1) 開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山,直入主題
開(kāi)始段可用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言直陳主題思想,既可以吸引讀者的注意力,又可以避免跑題。例如:
主題:Euthanasia(安樂(lè)死)
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option. In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
該段第一句引入安樂(lè)死這一討論的主題,第二句接著直接陳述作者對(duì)安樂(lè)死的看法。從這個(gè)開(kāi)始段不難看出,全文將闡述“為什么實(shí)行安樂(lè)死是對(duì)的”。
2) 以問(wèn)句形式開(kāi)頭,點(diǎn)明主題
文章的開(kāi)頭還可用設(shè)問(wèn)的方式點(diǎn)明主題,提示全文內(nèi)容,激發(fā)讀者讀下去,探個(gè)究竟。例如:
主題:Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty.What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句說(shuō)中國(guó)水資源豐富,第二句指出中國(guó)許多城市卻缺水,第三句提出了讀者心中的疑問(wèn):是什么原因?qū)е氯彼兀繌亩ぐl(fā)讀者的興趣,吸引讀者讀下去,尋找問(wèn)題的答案。
3) 引用名言、諺語(yǔ),點(diǎn)明主題
開(kāi)始段還可以巧妙引用與主題相關(guān)的名言、常用習(xí)語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、格言等,既可增強(qiáng)文章的感染力,也可點(diǎn)題或表明作者的觀點(diǎn)。例如:
主題:Honor(榮譽(yù))
“We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.”
So ends the Declaration of Independence. The men who founded the United States had many differences, but they agreed on one thing: Honor. Two hundred years later we seem to have lost it.
該段引用《獨(dú)立宣言》的結(jié)束語(yǔ)(“我們謹(jǐn)以我們的生命、我們的命運(yùn)和我們神圣的榮譽(yù)相互立誓”),很自然地引入“榮譽(yù)”這一討論的主題,同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。
4) 描寫(xiě)共有經(jīng)歷,引起共鳴本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
開(kāi)始段還可通過(guò)描寫(xiě)與讀者共有的經(jīng)歷,引起讀者的共鳴,增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力。例如:
主題:Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?”
Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
本段通過(guò)許多年經(jīng)人常常從他們父母那聽(tīng)到的話開(kāi)頭,引出“白日做夢(mèng)”這一主題,很容易引起讀者的共鳴,激發(fā)他們的興趣,同時(shí)又能增強(qiáng)了文章的說(shuō)服力。
1.2.5 結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法
結(jié)尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同開(kāi)篇一樣重要。結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)、表達(dá)作者的目的,以求留給讀者一個(gè)深刻完整的印象,增強(qiáng)文章的效果。下面介紹四種常見(jiàn)的結(jié)尾方法:
1) 總結(jié)全文,得出結(jié)論本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
結(jié)尾段可用總結(jié)全文的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)、概括全文的主要內(nèi)容,加深讀者對(duì)全文的深刻了解與認(rèn)識(shí)。例如:
主題:Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise. I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work. I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段總結(jié)了全文,加深讀者對(duì)“體育鍛煉有益于健康”這一主題的認(rèn)識(shí)。
2) 提出建議,號(hào)召行動(dòng),表達(dá)決心或展望未來(lái)
結(jié)尾段還可以在總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)文中所提的暫時(shí)無(wú)法解決或尚無(wú)定論的問(wèn)題適當(dāng)引申,或提出建議,號(hào)召別人采取行動(dòng),或展望未來(lái)。這種方法可以啟發(fā)讀者思考并予以鼓舞,有助于增強(qiáng)文章的感染力。例如:
主題:Generation gap來(lái)源:www.examda.com
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
該段就怎樣彌補(bǔ)代溝方面提出一些建議。
3) 建議與結(jié)論
文章的結(jié)尾常結(jié)合兩種寫(xiě)法。有的先提出建議或解決辦法,再做結(jié)論。有的則先做出結(jié)論,再提出建議,例如:
主題:Shortage of natural resources(自然資源短缺)
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
該段首先進(jìn)行總結(jié):人類社會(huì)持續(xù)的發(fā)展證明,如果沒(méi)有自然資源,人口的繁衍、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展最終都是不可能的。
作者接著建議,為了節(jié)約有限的資源,我們必須采取一些措施,正確處理人口與資源的關(guān)系。
4) 提醒讀者事物的兩面性
文章的結(jié)尾還可以以轉(zhuǎn)折的形式,提醒讀者任何事物都有兩面性,從而認(rèn)識(shí)到其不足或負(fù)面的影響。例如:
主題:Solar Energy(太陽(yáng)能)
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
該段指出了太陽(yáng)能的兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn):一、太貴;二、太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)在陰雨天和晚上無(wú)法工作,從而讓人們更全面地了解太陽(yáng)能。
值得注意的是,在指出某一事物的另一面時(shí),不能用太多筆墨,否則會(huì)喧賓奪主,淡化主題思想。
1.2.6 文章中的過(guò)渡方法
一致性和連貫性是作文的兩個(gè)基本原則。而過(guò)渡是保持文章的一致性和連貫性的重要手段。過(guò)渡是指上下文之間的銜接與轉(zhuǎn)換,在寫(xiě)作中起承上啟下的作用。過(guò)渡幫助讀者了解文章的條理和層次,沿著文章的思路由一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)層次,由前一段過(guò)渡到下一段,以致感到全文連貫暢達(dá),融會(huì)貫通。
文章中常用的過(guò)渡方法有三種:
(1) 用詞語(yǔ)過(guò)渡來(lái)源:考試大的美女編輯們
從一個(gè)句子過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)句子可以恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽硎具^(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。同樣,段落之間的過(guò)渡也可通過(guò)使用表示過(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。
例如:
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up這一短語(yǔ),從前面對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的討論過(guò)渡到總結(jié)全文,表明自己對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的看法。
(2) 用句子過(guò)渡
文章由一段內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)入另一段內(nèi)容,從一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)層次需用過(guò)渡句。用句子過(guò)渡主要有三種情況:
a. 通過(guò)設(shè)問(wèn)或提示導(dǎo)入正文
這種過(guò)渡句通常在第一段的末尾,或在第二段的開(kāi)頭。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result,they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是過(guò)渡句。作者用設(shè)問(wèn)方式引導(dǎo)讀者轉(zhuǎn)入下一段的正題——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通過(guò)總結(jié),引出結(jié)論本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
這種過(guò)渡句通常位于最后一段的開(kāi)頭。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人長(zhǎng)壽的原因之后,用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作為過(guò)渡句,總結(jié)全文,并展望未來(lái)的前景。
c. 通過(guò)提示,轉(zhuǎn)入對(duì)比來(lái)源:考試大
說(shuō)明文和議論文等從一個(gè)段落過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)段落,表示轉(zhuǎn)入與前段內(nèi)容所闡述的問(wèn)題相反,或者形成對(duì)比時(shí),常在段首使用過(guò)渡句。這種過(guò)渡句需在句前用一個(gè)表示對(duì)比的過(guò)渡詞或者短語(yǔ)。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段:
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 連接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”這樣一個(gè)表示明顯轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡句,把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”轉(zhuǎn)到“dis- advantages”上,使文章上下文有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
(3) 用段落過(guò)渡本文來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
文章內(nèi)容由一層意思轉(zhuǎn)入另一層意思的交接處,可以安排一個(gè)起承上啟下作用的過(guò)渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的過(guò)渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在這一段落中,“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起著承上段的作用;而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起著啟下段的作用。顯然,下一段將闡述如何合理分配能量問(wèn)題。
好,下面我對(duì)這一講內(nèi)容做一下小結(jié)。在這一講里,我主要談到了
1)段落的結(jié)構(gòu);2)段落的要求;3)段落的寫(xiě)作步驟和發(fā)展方法;4)文章的基本要求;5)文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6)文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法;7)文章的開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法。
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的基本理論和技巧就介紹到這里,下面我們進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題,請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容,在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中要注意審題,考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的方法及文章中的過(guò)渡方法等。下面,我們先來(lái)看一下題目要求。
練習(xí)一:大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)四方談
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power,_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。