第八節(jié) 動 詞（7-1~13-1）
    考試大綱要求
    動詞包括時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、動名詞、分詞以及虛擬語氣。
    （1）動詞的分類：及物動詞與不及物動詞；連系動詞；助動詞；情態(tài)動詞。
    （2）動詞的基本形式：動詞原形、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞；不規(guī)則動詞的形式
    （3）動詞主要時態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其用法。包括一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進行時，一般過去時，過去進行時，過去完成時，完成進行時，一般將來時，將來完成時，過去將來時。
    （4）情態(tài)動詞及其基本用法。
    （5）非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞、分詞）的形式及主要用法。
    （6）被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其基本用法。
    （7）虛擬語氣的常見形式及其基本用法。
    一、動詞的分類
    動詞類型 在句子中的用法
    及物動詞 后面接賓語
    不及物動詞 后面不接賓語，或接“介詞/副詞+賓語”
    連系動詞 后面接表語
    助動詞 后面接動詞原形
    情態(tài)動詞 后面接動詞原形，或接動詞的完成式
    二、動詞的基本形式
    動詞除原形外，還有過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞三種形式。
    （一）過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成
    1.一般情況下在原形后加-ed.如：work-worked， help-helped.
    2.以e結(jié)尾的單詞，在原形后加-d.如：like-liked， joke-joked， hope-hoped.
    3. 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加-ed.如：study-studied， carry-carried， copy-copied.
    4.以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的單詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ed.如：stop-stopped， prefer-preferred， admit-admitted， plan-planned.
    有些動詞的過去式和過去分詞有特殊的形式。
    cost-cost-cost meet-met- met catch-caught-caught rise-rose-risen drive-drove- driven get-got-got/gotten leave-left-left smell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelled tell-told-told
    take-took-taken
    （二）現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成
    1.一般情況下在原形后加-ing.如：go-going， carry-carrying， play-playing， answer-answering， ask-asking. 2.以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單詞，去e加-ing .如：live-living， come-coming， dance-dancing， write-writing. 3.以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ing . 如：sit-sitting， begin-beginning， permit-permitting， run-running， forget-forgetting.
    有些動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有其特殊形式。如：die-dying， lie-lying， tie-tying， picnic-picnicking.
    三、動詞的主要時態(tài)
    （一）一般現(xiàn)在時
    一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作、現(xiàn)在的特征和狀態(tài)、普遍真理等。
    Galileo said the earth moves around the sun.
    一般現(xiàn)在時的謂語形式：
    1.當(dāng)動詞為實義動詞，如read， go， look時，謂語用動詞原形，否定句在動詞前面加do not ，疑問句加助動詞do .常和always， often， usually， sometimes， everyday等表示時間的狀語連用。
    I go to school everyday.
    I read the newspapers after lunch.
    Do you agree with me？（agree with sb. 同意某人觀點）
    I don't quite agree with you.
    主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞后面一般加s（具體變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)相同）。否定句加does not， 疑問句加does . My father gets up at six everyday. He loves sports. Does it hurt？ Does Miss Wu teach us English？ The machine doesn't run smoothly.
    2.當(dāng)動詞為be時，謂語隨人稱和數(shù)的不同用am， is， are 三種形式。
    One is not guilty until he is proved. 在被證明有罪之前， 人都是無罪的。
    Knowledge is power.知識就是力量。 She isn't afraid to go to school alone now.
    Are you from Yunnan？（be from 來自……地方） What she says is true.
    3.當(dāng)動詞為have， 表示“有”時，謂語用have， 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，用has. 否定句相應(yīng)用haven't， hasn't， 或don't have ， doesn't have， 疑問句將have， has 提至主語前面或加助動詞do， does.
    My sister has a lot of toys. She always have a lot of homework to do.
    Has she/Does she have any money on her？ They don't have/haven't much experience.
    當(dāng)have 作實義動詞，如have a look， have breakfast， have lunch， have supper時，句子的謂語形式與其他實義動詞相同。 Let's have a look at the picture. I always have breakfast at home. She often has lunch in the dinning hall.
    always、often通常放在系動詞之后，實意動詞之前。1. It is an accepted custom in our country for men to remove their hats when a woman ______ the room.
    A. enter B. enters C. entering D. entered
    wheh狀語從句中的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)， 答案 B
    2. “I'm leaving now. ” “Make sure _______ the door.”
    A. you lock B. you'll lock C. for locking D. locking
    make sure+動詞原型或句子。 答案 A
    3. Jean could be a very attractive girl but she ________ to her clothes.
    A. pays no attention B. paying no attention
    C. was paying attention D. had paid attention 答案 A
    4. “How does Alma like her new work？” “She _______ with the hours.”
    A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
    be satisfied with 對……滿意 答案 B
    （二）一般過去時
    一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或情況，包括過去的習(xí)慣性動作。常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：a minute ago， yesterday， last week， in 1990， during the night， in those days. 用過去時時， 說“過多少時間之后”， 一般用 after， 不用in.
    一般過去時的謂語形式：
    1.動詞為實義動詞時，謂語用動詞的過去式，否定句在原形前加did not， 疑問句加助動詞did. 如：
    John suddenly fell ill yesterday.（fall-fell-fallen）
    My mother didn't look well when I saw her last time.
    It happened after four days. Did they go to Canada last week？
    Nothing happened since then. He went out just now.（just now 剛才）
    A book that cost a few jiao several years ago is worth 30 yuan now.
    2.動詞為be， 主語是I 或第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語用was， 其他情況用were. 如
    They were classmates when they were ten years old. She was once a doctor but now she has retired .
    Why were you absent from school yesterday？
    3. 動詞為have 時，肯定句謂語用had. 表示“有”時，否定句可用had not，疑問句將had 提至主語前面，也可與have作實義動詞時相同，即否定句用didn't have， 疑問句加助動詞did.如：
    They didn't have any money left and they couldn't afford the house.
    She didn't have any rest at noon and continued to work.
    Did you have dinner with Mr. Wang at that famous restaurant the day before yesterday？
    We had a big factory forty years ago.
    1. John was finishing his assignments when his father _______ home from work.
    A. came B. comes C. has come D. is coming
    主句為過去時，狀語從句也為過去時。 答案 A
    2. The first zoological garden in the United States _________ in Philadelphia in 1874.（zoo）
    A. had established B. has established C. was established D. established
    考試時應(yīng)先考慮句子是主動還是被動，然后再考慮時態(tài)。 動物園應(yīng)該是被建
    A、D都是主動語態(tài)。 答案 C
    （三）現(xiàn)在進行時
    現(xiàn)在進行時主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作?？膳cnow， at present， at this moment， these days等時間狀語連用。
    現(xiàn)在進行時的謂語形式：am / is / are +現(xiàn)在分詞。
    What are you doing， Jack？ We're trying to plan our future.
    The train is now rapidly approaching the city.（approach 接近）
    Life is changing all the time. The woman who is standing here is my mother.
    動詞go， come， leave， stay， arrive， die 等用于進行時態(tài)中，可以表示將要進行的動作。
    The bus is leaving， please hurry up. It's going to rain. Don't forget to take the umbrella.
    My uncle is coming to see us this weekend.
    The boy is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.（leave for 動身）
    1. Health experts in many countries still ________ their ideas about the relationships between our food and our health.
    A. have tested B. tested C. are testing D. test
    still（仍舊）一般用于進行時。 still一般放在系動詞后面，實義動詞前面。 答案 C
    2. What is this noise？ Tell me what _______ here. A. went on B. goes on C. is going on D. will go on 答案 C
    （四）過去進行時
    過去進行時主要表示過去某個時刻或一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。
    過去進行時的謂語形式：was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞。
    My son was practicing the piano this time yesterday evening.
    When I called him， he was having his breakfast.
    While we were having a meeting， Mary came in and told us the terrible news.
    I was leaving the room when the telephone rang.
    1. James has just arrived， but I didn't know he _____ until yesterday.
    A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes
    現(xiàn)在完成時表明的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
    had been過去完成時，表示過去的過去。 was coming用過去進行時表示將要的動作。答案 B
    2. “What were you doing when Anna phoned you？”
    “I had just finished my work and _______ to take a bath.'
    A. starting B. to start C. have started D. was starting
    what were you doing提問的是過去進行時。 答案 D
    （五）一般將來時
    一般將來時主要表示準(zhǔn)備做的事、將要發(fā)生的動作情況、按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。
    一般將來時的謂語形式：
    1.am / is / are going to +動詞原形
    2.will / shall +動詞原形（shall用于第一人稱）
    3.am / is / are +不定式
    We'll have eggs and toast for breakfast this morning.
    How are you going to spend your summer vacation？
    I think it's going to rain.
    We are going to the zoo tomorrow.
    The factory is to go into production.
    The line is to be opened to traffic on May Day.
    The machine won't work.
    The meeting won't last long.
    be about to 可表示即將做某事。
    He is about to leave.
    My mother is about to retire.
    一般將來時有時還可以用來表示一種傾向。
    Crops will die without water.
    Whenever I have time， I'll go and see you.
    Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake.
    Oil will float on water.
    用Shall I…？ Shall we…？ 開頭可以表示征求對方的意見?？隙ɑ卮鹩?“Yes， please”或 “Please do”； 否定回答用 “No， please don't ” 等來回答。
    ——Shall I close the window， it's too cold here.
    ——Yes， please. （No， Please don't.）
    ——Shall we call a taxi？
    ——Yes， let's. （No， I don't think we shall.）
    時間和條件狀語主句是將來時，從句中一般不能用將來時態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替。
    Liping will let you have the book when he is through.（主動語態(tài)里let后面再出現(xiàn)動詞省略to）
    We shall help you if you ask us.
    I'll ask my mother as soon as she comes.
    It will be six years before we meet again.
    She will miss the train unless she hurries up.
    1. No matter how much _______， it well be worth it.
    A. will the watch cost B. the watch will cost
    C. does the watch cost D. the watch costs
    狀語從句主句將來時從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
    how much+主語+謂語
    單問表的價錢：How much does the watch cost？
    答案 D
    2. Although he promised to change， I'm still wondering when he ______ able to put his heart into his studies.
    A. was B. will be C. be D. were
    be able to do
    選項C中when是時間狀語從句，謂語不直接跟系動詞be.
    答案 B
    3. “Will Susan get her Ph.D.？”
    “It is likely that she _______.”
    A. will B. does C. will do it D. gets it
    用將來時提問直接用將來時回答即可。
    答案 A
    4. “Did you visit Grace last summer？”
    “No， but I ______ her over the Christmas vacation.”
    A. will see B. be seen C. have seen D. have been seeing
    答案 A
    5. Mr. And Mrs. Zhang are going to Brazil next week and they _______ to Mexico later in the month.
    A. will go B. would go C. went D. have gone
    答案 A
    6. “Are there going to be many people at your party today？”
    “We hope that _________.”
    A. there will be B. there is C. there are D. there are going to
    答案 A
    7. “When will the plane arrive？”
    “I'll tell you when I _______.”
    A. will find out B. find out
    C. am finding out D. have been finding out
    時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中主句為將來時則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
    find out 查出原因
    find 發(fā)現(xiàn) look for 尋找
    答案 B
    （六）過去將來時
    過去將來時主要表示在過去某個時間打算要做的事，或從過去某個時間看來將要發(fā)生的事。過去將來時常用于間接引語中。
    過去將來時的謂語形式：
    1.was / were going to +動詞原形
    2.would / should +動詞原形
    3.was / were to +動詞原形
    We never imagined that my sister would become a doctor.
    He said he would come back the next day.
    I thought you wouldn't have any objection to it.（objection to sth. 反對某事）
    We were sure we would win final victory.
    He informed us the train was to leave at six .
    I didn't know when they were going to come again.
    He was about to get there when it began to rain.
    You knew I would come.
    1. They thought it ________ fun to take the car.
    A. can be B. will be C. would be D. has been
    答案 C
    2. “Has John finished the report？”
    “No， he knew that he _________ time to finish it by tomorrow.”
    A. won't have B. will have
    C. wouldn't have D. shall not have
    答案 C
    （七）現(xiàn)在完成時
    現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的但對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作，或從過去某個時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還會持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。
    現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語形式：have / has +過去分詞。
    現(xiàn)在完成時常常與for， since 等表示一段時間的狀語連用，副詞 just， already， yet， never， ever， lately， recently， so far等也常用于現(xiàn)在完成時中。
    The car has arrived.
    My parents have had a good education.
    I have bought a dictionary.
    The delegation has already left.
    So far we have only discussed the first two chapters.
    We haven't had much rain this winter.
    I have just received a letter from my parents.
    （just already never ever放在have、has后面，過去分詞前面）
    We haven't reached an agreement yet.
    Have they got the plan yet？
    My mother has been a teacher for thirty years and now she has retired. （她退休已經(jīng)十年了不能用She has been retired for ten years表達(dá)，retire不能表一段延續(xù)的時間，有for或since時謂語動詞一定是可以表延續(xù)的動詞）
    My mother has been a teacher since she graduated from the university.
    My mother has been a teacher since ten years ago.
    for接一段延續(xù)的時間，since后接過去時的句子或時間狀語。
    I have been here since last October.
    My sister has caught a bad cold.
    She has been ill for a week.
    完成時態(tài)的運用還應(yīng)注意以下兩點
    1.come， go ， leave， arrive， begin， start， become， join， get up 等表示短暫性動作的動詞，不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，這些動作需用表示狀態(tài)的詞替代。
    I have had this coat for one year. （ 替代have bought）
    My uncle has been back for two days. （替代 has come back）
    The train has been away for an hour. （替代 has left）
    The twin brothers have been in the army for three years. （替代have joined the army）
    The film has been on for ten minutes. （替代 has begun）
    We've been up for two hours.（替代 have got up）
    2.have been to 與 have gone to 的區(qū)別
    have been to 表示“去過某地”或“去干過某事”，人現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了；have gone to 表示“去某地了”或“去干某事了”，人還沒有回來。
    We have been to the Great Wall.
    I've been to see a doctor.
    I have been to the library.
    He has gone to the library.
    Where is Xiao Wang？ -He has gone to Shanghai.
    1. “Who's that good-looking girl Frank is dancing with？”
    “I don't know. I ______ her before.”
    A. had never seen B. was never seeing
    C. have never seen D. never seen
    答案 C
    2. “Sorry， I'm a little bit late.”
    “Oh， I ______ here just a few minutes.”
    A. have been B. had been C. am D. will be
    答案 A
    3. “What a boring speaker！”
    “Yes， by the time he finishes， everyone ________.”
    A. was asleep B. will asleep C. has been asleep D. slept
    asleep只能放在系動詞后面。
    答案 C
    4. We used to go skating in Michigan every winter， but I ______ for the past five seasons.
    A. don't go B. haven't gone C. am not going D. didn't go
    答案 B
    used to do 過去常常做某事
    5. Lead _______ as a material for sculpture since the time of the early Greeks.
    A. has used B. used C. being used D. has been used
    答案 D
    6. “When did you decide to be a doctor？”
    “Let me see. I'm twenty， and I have wanted to be a doctor since ______.”
    A. ten years B. ten years ago C. I was ten D. Both B and C
    since接過去時的句子或過去時的狀語
    答案 D
    （八）現(xiàn)在完成進行時
    現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示在現(xiàn)在以前這段時間里一直在進行的動作，該動作可能仍在進行，也可能已經(jīng)停止了一會兒。
    現(xiàn)在完成進行時的謂語形式：have / has been +現(xiàn)在分詞。
    We've just been talking about you.
    I've been sitting here all afternoon.
    How long has it been snowing？
    I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.
    Recently he has been doing his work quite regularly.
    所有的動詞都可以有現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但是有些動詞用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時意義差別不大，有些則只能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時中。
    He's been shaving since last year. （不能用has shaved）
    You've been saying that for two years. （不能用have said ）
    My father has been writing letters all this morning.（不能用has written）
    I've been going to the same grocer's since we lived here. （不能用have gone）
    How long have you been waiting for me？ （可以用have waited）
    My family has been living here for ten years.（可以用has lived）
    有些動詞不表延續(xù)不可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時，但所有動詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
    1. “Who has been planning the dance？”
    “Everyone in the club ________.”
    A. is B. are C. have D. has
    答案 D
    2. Though they _______ side by side for twenty years， the two neighbors are not very friendly.
    A. having been lived B. had been living
    C. have been living D. having been living
    答案 C
    3. “You haven't got the textbook for my chemistry course yet.”
    “I know， and we _______ to get it for the last five weeks.”
    A. have been trying B. had tried
    C. will be trying D. will have been trying
    for the last five weeks表示延續(xù)的時間狀語
    答案 A
    （九）過去完成時
    過去完成時表示在過去某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，簡單地說就是表示“過去的過去”。
    過去完成時的謂語形式：had +過去分詞。
    When we got to the theatre， the play had already started.
    He suddenly remembered that he hadn't locked the door when he left.
    By the end of that year we had trained more than 1，000 employees.
    They had been married many years before a child was born to them.
    No sooner had we left the school than it began to rain.（no sooner…than= as soon as 一……就……，no sooner開頭的句子要倒裝）
    （十）過去完成進行時
    表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間。這個時態(tài)必須以一過去的時間為前提。
    過去完成進行時的謂語形式：had been+現(xiàn)在分詞
    I had been looking for it four days before I found it.
    The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
    It had been raining for two days. The fields were all under water.
    At last we got the letter we had been expecting.
    1. “How long had you been waiting before Mr. Winter finally arrived？”
    “Well， he came at three o'clock， and I _______ the day before.”
    A. had waited after B. had been waiting since
    C. was waiting from D. had been waiting for
    等某人 wait for sb.
    for接一段延續(xù)的時間，since接過去時間狀語或過去時句子。
    答案 B
    （十一）　將來完成時
    表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響。
    將來完成時的謂語形式： will （shall） have+ 過去分詞
    I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
    Before long， he will have forgotten all about the matter.（before long 不久）
    How many words will you have learnt by the end of the term？
    When we get there they'll probably have left.
    He will have finished his term paper by the end of this month.
    1. My niece has been to Sumatra（蘇門達(dá)臘） and Iran（伊朗） as well as all of Europe. By the time she's twenty， she ______ almost everywhere.
    A. will be B. would be C. will have been D. would have been
    答案 C
    2. By the time you get to Greenwich you ________ the most historic parts of London.
    A. will be seeing B. will see
    C. are going to see D. will have seen
    答案 D
    主要復(fù)習(xí)了動詞的十一個時態(tài)。重點記憶主句將來時，時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時?，F(xiàn)在完成時中for和since的區(qū)別，for接一段連續(xù)的時間狀語，since接過去時句子或過去的時間狀語。有for或since的現(xiàn)在完成時句子中，動詞只可以是表延續(xù)的動詞?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時可以接所有的動詞。
    進行時態(tài)的運用往往根據(jù)上下文來決定。
    Be quiet， everybody. The students of Class One are having a listening test.
    When I was cooking these potatoes， I forgot to put any salt in it.
    在運用完成時態(tài)時，應(yīng)特別注意表示瞬息間動作的動詞不能與for 引導(dǎo)的一段時間狀語連用。
    瞬息間動詞往往須換成“be+副詞/介詞結(jié)構(gòu)”的形式，或選用句式“It is / has been + 時間狀語 + since ……”來表態(tài)。
    1.“Have the visitors arrived？”
    “Yes， they have been here for an hour.”
    2.By the time we got to the cinema， the film _______ for half an hour.
    A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. had been on
    （begun不表延續(xù)，答案 D）
    3.It has been less than three months since she joined the army. / she has been in the army for less than three months.（不能說 She has joined the army for less than three months.）
    過去完成時也是一個相對的時態(tài)，是在過去的某個時間或動作之前發(fā)生的事。
    1.He has already gone home. But before he left， he _________ all the mistakes in his translation.
    A. had corrected B. has corrected C. would correct D. will correct
    （答案 A）
    2.He showed me the pictures he had taken of the animals the day before.
    過去將來時也是一個相對的時態(tài)，是在過去的某個時間看將要發(fā)生的事。
    I had a discussion with my tutor and hoped he would give us an early reply.
    He said they were going to spend the weekend in the countryside.
    四、被動語態(tài)
    （一）被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be+過去分詞
    一般現(xiàn)在時 am / is / are +過去分詞
    一般過去時 was / were +過去分詞
    一般將來時 shall / will + be +過去分詞
    過去將來時 should / would + be +過去分詞
    現(xiàn)在進行時 am / is / are + being +過去分詞
    過去進行時 was / were + being +過去分詞
    現(xiàn)在完成時 have / has + been +過去分詞
    過去完成時 had been +過去分詞
    情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞+ be +過去分詞
    （二）被動語態(tài)的基本用法
    當(dāng)句子的主語和謂語呈被動關(guān)系，即主語是動作的承受者時（相對于執(zhí)行者），謂語要用被動語態(tài)。具體說來，被動語態(tài)主要用于以下兩種情況：
    1.不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者。
    Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
    Such books are written for children.
    Everything has been taken away.
    When will the museum be opened for the public？
    I was born in 1980.
    2.動作的承受者是談話的中心。
    The composition was written with great care.
    These questions are settled through negotiation.（negotiation 談判）
    The flowers will be planted next week.
    He is said to be a good teacher.
    For this he was often made fun of.（make fun of 開玩笑）
    若要同時將動作的執(zhí)行者表達(dá)出來，往往可以在執(zhí)行者前面加上by.
    I'm puzzled by what the teacher has said.
    The door was locked by me when I left the room last night.
    The construction of the road has been held up by a flood.（hold up 阻礙、阻擋）
    He was sent to school by his parents when he was only five years old.
    （三）被動句與主動句的關(guān)系
    被動句的主語實際上是主動句的賓語，主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，主語往往被省略。
    We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again.-The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again.
    I found a poor girl lying on the ground.-The poor girl was found lying on the ground.
    My mother bought me a pair of new shoes.-I was bought a pair of new shoes； -A pair of new shoes was bought for me.
    When we came to the theatre， we found all the seats occupied.-When we came to the theatre， all the seats were found occupied.
    They paint their houses white in spring.-Their houses are painted white in spring.
    The people in the town recognize him as a genius.-He is recognized as a genius by the people in the town.
    有些動詞，如let， make， hear， see， watch， notice， have（讓，使）， feel 等，在主動語態(tài)中，其后面的不定式作賓語補足語時to 被省略，但在被動語態(tài)中需將to表達(dá)出來。在被動語態(tài)中，如果一個簡單句中有兩個動詞，后一動詞一定要加to.
    I saw him turn round the corner.-He was seen to turn round the corner.
    The teacher made the students copy the sentences many times until they could make sentences themselves.-The students were made to copy the sentences many times until they could make sentences themselves.
    含有被動意義的主動語態(tài)：
    （1）某些連系動詞，如smell， taste， sound， prove， feel.
    The flowers smell sweet.
    The food tastes nice.
    （2） 某些與can't， won't 等連用的不及物動詞， 如move， lock， shut， open.
    It can't move.（不能說 It can't be moved.）
    The door won't shut.
    （3） 某些可和well， easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read， write， wash， clean， draw， burn， cook.
    The cloth washes well.
    The poem reads smoothly.
    The meat is cooking.
    動詞的語態(tài)部分主要應(yīng)掌握被動語態(tài)的基本用法及其在不同的時態(tài)中的表現(xiàn)形式。
    1.It remains a question when the new classroom building _________.
    A. will be completed B. had been completed
    C. would be completed D. has been completed
    （答案 A）
    2.My mother knows Jane； they _____ to each other at a party.
    A. have been introduced B. are introduced
    C. were introduced D. had been introduced
    （主動語態(tài)：introduce sb. to sb.）
    （答案 C）
    被動語態(tài)部分還須特別注意動詞make， hear， see等詞，其后面用動詞不定式作補足語時，to 應(yīng)該保留。
    Those who won't work should be made to work.
    The teacher was made to give up his teaching because of poor health.（give up 放棄；health 名詞；healthy 形容詞；breath 名詞；breathe 動詞）
    1. In modern times， great female chefs have become known， and some of the best cook books _______ by women.
    A. have written B. are written C. were written D. have been written
    答案 D
    2. ________ a new shopping center will be built here next year.
    A. He is said B. It has said C. It is said C. It says
    It is said that 據(jù)說
    答案 C
    3. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they _______ fully.
    A. accept B. receive C. are accepted D. are received
    they 指代new ideas
    receive：1.收到別人給予的東西，不含收件人是否愿意接受之義。
    I received a letter from a good friend of mine yesterday.
    2.也可表示“得到”， “領(lǐng)受”，“遭受”之意。
    The book was favorably received by the public.
    Accept： “收到”，強調(diào)主觀意愿決定“接受”，“收授”。而receive只表示收到，不一定接受。
    She received a gift from him， but did not accept it.
    receive 與 accept 在表示贊成某一看法，意見時可以換用。
    The moral code is now received / accepted by all.
    答案 C
    4. In some parks visitors _________ to keep off the grass.
    A. request B. requests C. are requested D. is requested
    keep off 遠(yuǎn)離
    答案 C
    5. He remembered ________ to the zoo by his father when he was little.
    A. taking B. being taken C. to have taken D. have been taken
    remeber doing 記得過去做的事情
    答案 B
    6. English ________ in a new way at my college in the past few years.
    A. has been teaching B. was being taught
    C. has been taught D. had been taught
    in the past few years 近幾年?，F(xiàn)在完成時
    答案 C
    7. All the machines _______ next month.
    A. will be repaired B. will repair
    C. will have repaired D. will have repair
    被動語態(tài)必不可少的時系動詞be
    答案 A
    8. The rooms were then empty and most of them _______.
    A. have shut up B. had shut up
    C. have been shut up D. had been shut up
    答案 D
    9. When they had finished playing， the children were made _______ all the toys they had taken out.
    A. put away B. to put away
    C. putting away D. be put away
    put away 將某物收起來，放入箱子或抽屜
    答案 B
    分析句子首先要判斷主語能不能發(fā)出謂語的動作，如果不能發(fā)出動作，就選擇被動語態(tài)，然后再考慮不同的時態(tài)。
    五、情態(tài)動詞
    情態(tài)動詞有can， could， may， might， must， should， ought to， need， dare， had better， would rather 等。情態(tài)動詞相當(dāng)于助動詞，不能單獨使用，必須再接動詞原型。ought to 整個相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞，否定是在情態(tài)動詞后加not，但是ought to的否定是ought not to.
    1.can， could
    表示能力、允許、客觀可能性。
    She is only four， but she can read.
    Is there anything that I can do for you？
    This sort of thing can't go on.
    I couldn't follow her speech.
    Could you lend me your bike？
    Fire can't destroy gold.真金不怕火練
    2.may， might
    表示允許、猜測。
    The dialect of one province may be quite different from that of the next one.
    Students may not stay out after midnight without written permission.（stay out 在外邊待的很晚）
    He asked his mother if he might go out to play.
    “May I open the window？” “Yes， please./ Please don't./ No， you mustn't.” （may 如果要否定用mustn't，could和might用在現(xiàn)在時表委婉的說法）
    3.must
    表示“肯定”、“準(zhǔn)是”，還可以表示“必須”，與have to 意思接近，但must 側(cè)重說明主觀看法，have to 強調(diào)客觀需要。must時主觀表達(dá)方式，have to是客觀表達(dá)方式。mustn't 表示“千萬不要”、“一定不要”。
    If you must go， at least you wait till the rain is over.
    Teachers always tell us we must do everything step by step.
    ——Must I go tomorrow？
    ——No， you needn't.（Yes， I'm afraid so. must一般疑問句的否定用needn't來回答）
    He has to tidy up the room everyday.（tidy up 打掃干凈）
    （He must tidy up the room everyday.）
    We have to study a foreign language.
    You mustn't talk like that to your parents.
    4.ought to ， should
    表示應(yīng)該做的事和非?？赡艿氖?。
    You ought to go to see a doctor for you don't look well.
    You shouldn't talk like that.
    The old man said you ought to tell the police.
    You oughtn't to smoke so much everyday.
    The work ought to be finished by next Friday.
    The book should be available in the bookstore. （available 可得到的）