1.2.6 文章中的過(guò)渡方法
一致性和連貫性是作文的兩個(gè)基本原則。而過(guò)渡是保持文章的一致性和連貫性的重要手段。過(guò)渡是指上下文之間的銜接與轉(zhuǎn)換，在寫作中起承上啟下的作用。過(guò)渡幫助讀者了解文章的條理和層次，沿著文章的思路由一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)層次，由前一段過(guò)渡到下一段，以致感到全文連貫暢達(dá)，融會(huì)貫通。
文章中常用的過(guò)渡方法有三種：
(1) 用詞語(yǔ)過(guò)渡
從一個(gè)句子過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)句子可以恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽硎具^(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。同樣，段落之間的過(guò)渡也可通過(guò)使用表示過(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。
例如：來(lái)源：考試大的美女編輯們
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up這一短語(yǔ)，從前面對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的討論過(guò)渡到總結(jié)全文，表明自己對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的看法。
(2) 用句子過(guò)渡
文章由一段內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)入另一段內(nèi)容，從一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)層次需用過(guò)渡句。用句子過(guò)渡主要有三種情況：
a. 通過(guò)設(shè)問(wèn)或提示導(dǎo)入正文
這種過(guò)渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的開(kāi)頭。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是過(guò)渡句。作者用設(shè)問(wèn)方式引導(dǎo)讀者轉(zhuǎn)入下一段的正題——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通過(guò)總結(jié)，引出結(jié)論
這種過(guò)渡句通常位于最后一段的開(kāi)頭。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人長(zhǎng)壽的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作為過(guò)渡句，總結(jié)全文，并展望未來(lái)的前景。
c. 通過(guò)提示，轉(zhuǎn)入對(duì)比采集者退散
說(shuō)明文和議論文等從一個(gè)段落過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)段落，表示轉(zhuǎn)入與前段內(nèi)容所闡述的問(wèn)題相反，或者形成對(duì)比時(shí)，常在段首使用過(guò)渡句。這種過(guò)渡句需在句前用一個(gè)表示對(duì)比的過(guò)渡詞或者短語(yǔ)。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 連接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”這樣一個(gè)表示明顯轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡句，把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”轉(zhuǎn)到“dis- advantages”上，使文章上下文有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
(3) 用段落過(guò)渡
文章內(nèi)容由一層意思轉(zhuǎn)入另一層意思的交接處，可以安排一個(gè)起承上啟下作用的過(guò)渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的過(guò)渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在這一段落中，“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起著承上段的作用;而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起著啟下段的作用。顯然，下一段將闡述如何合理分配能量問(wèn)題。
好，下面我對(duì)這一講內(nèi)容做一下小結(jié)。在這一講里，我主要談到了
1)段落的結(jié)構(gòu);2)段落的要求;3)段落的寫作步驟和發(fā)展方法;4)文章的基本要求;5)文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6)文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法;7)文章的開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫法。
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)寫作的基本理論和技巧就介紹到這里，下面我們進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題，請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容，在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫作的過(guò)程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的方法及文章中的過(guò)渡方法等。下面，我們先來(lái)看一下題目要求。
練習(xí)一：來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
一致性和連貫性是作文的兩個(gè)基本原則。而過(guò)渡是保持文章的一致性和連貫性的重要手段。過(guò)渡是指上下文之間的銜接與轉(zhuǎn)換，在寫作中起承上啟下的作用。過(guò)渡幫助讀者了解文章的條理和層次，沿著文章的思路由一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)層次，由前一段過(guò)渡到下一段，以致感到全文連貫暢達(dá)，融會(huì)貫通。
文章中常用的過(guò)渡方法有三種：
(1) 用詞語(yǔ)過(guò)渡
從一個(gè)句子過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)句子可以恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽硎具^(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。同樣，段落之間的過(guò)渡也可通過(guò)使用表示過(guò)渡的詞語(yǔ)。
例如：來(lái)源：考試大的美女編輯們
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up這一短語(yǔ)，從前面對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的討論過(guò)渡到總結(jié)全文，表明自己對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)的看法。
(2) 用句子過(guò)渡
文章由一段內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)入另一段內(nèi)容，從一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)層次需用過(guò)渡句。用句子過(guò)渡主要有三種情況：
a. 通過(guò)設(shè)問(wèn)或提示導(dǎo)入正文
這種過(guò)渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的開(kāi)頭。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是過(guò)渡句。作者用設(shè)問(wèn)方式引導(dǎo)讀者轉(zhuǎn)入下一段的正題——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通過(guò)總結(jié)，引出結(jié)論
這種過(guò)渡句通常位于最后一段的開(kāi)頭。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人長(zhǎng)壽的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作為過(guò)渡句，總結(jié)全文，并展望未來(lái)的前景。
c. 通過(guò)提示，轉(zhuǎn)入對(duì)比采集者退散
說(shuō)明文和議論文等從一個(gè)段落過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)段落，表示轉(zhuǎn)入與前段內(nèi)容所闡述的問(wèn)題相反，或者形成對(duì)比時(shí)，常在段首使用過(guò)渡句。這種過(guò)渡句需在句前用一個(gè)表示對(duì)比的過(guò)渡詞或者短語(yǔ)。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 連接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”這樣一個(gè)表示明顯轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡句，把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”轉(zhuǎn)到“dis- advantages”上，使文章上下文有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
(3) 用段落過(guò)渡
文章內(nèi)容由一層意思轉(zhuǎn)入另一層意思的交接處，可以安排一個(gè)起承上啟下作用的過(guò)渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的過(guò)渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在這一段落中，“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起著承上段的作用;而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起著啟下段的作用。顯然，下一段將闡述如何合理分配能量問(wèn)題。
好，下面我對(duì)這一講內(nèi)容做一下小結(jié)。在這一講里，我主要談到了
1)段落的結(jié)構(gòu);2)段落的要求;3)段落的寫作步驟和發(fā)展方法;4)文章的基本要求;5)文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6)文章正文的擴(kuò)展方法;7)文章的開(kāi)始段和結(jié)尾段的寫法。
關(guān)于英語(yǔ)寫作的基本理論和技巧就介紹到這里，下面我們進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題，請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容，在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫作的過(guò)程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的方法及文章中的過(guò)渡方法等。下面，我們先來(lái)看一下題目要求。
練習(xí)一：來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.