一、完形填空
There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service ___1___（VSO）for young people before they take up full-time employment, ___2___ there are opportunities for overseas service for ___3___ technicians in developing countries. Some people, ___4___ those who retire early, ___5___ their technical and business skills in countries ___6___ there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or ___7___ community service, there are more opportunities than there ___8___ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time ___9___, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations， and values may be different. ___10___ some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not ___11___ them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different ___12___, both personal and ___13___. One should not join them ___14___ to arm them with professional experience; they must be joined with commitment to the ___15___, not business efficiency. Because salaries are ___16___ or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But many retired people take part in community service for ___17___, simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible ___18___ retirement were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken ___19___ seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider ___20___ community service.
1）.
A. over the sea
B. over sea
C. over seas
D. overseas
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。從此空所在句后半句“……there are opportunities for overseas service……”中的“overseas service”可知，此空應(yīng)填“overseas”。D overseas可做形容詞“外國的，海外的”；也可做副詞“在海外”。本句前一個overseas是副詞，后一個overseas是形容詞。
2）.
A. as
B. so
C. then
D. that
正確答案： B
答案解析：本句意為：“正如年輕人在參加全職工作前有機會參加海外志愿服務(wù)一樣，發(fā)展中國家的合格技術(shù)人員也有機會參加海外服務(wù)?！眏ust as……so意為“正如……也?！笨梢夿為正確答案。
3）.
A. quantity
B. qualifying
C. quality
D. qualified
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“合格的技術(shù)人員”，此處應(yīng)選擇D. qualified“有資格的，合格的”。
4）.
A. partially
B. partly
C. particularly
D. passionately
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查副詞。根據(jù)句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，此處表示強調(diào)。故C. particularly“特別地，尤其地”為正確答案。
5）.
A. order
B. operate
C. offer
D. occupy
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞動詞的用法。本句意為“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人，在有特殊需求的國家提供他們的技術(shù)和商業(yè)技能?！眘kills“技能”前面只能用 offer“提供”。
6）.
A. before
B. on
C. in
D. at
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查介詞的用法。根據(jù)句意，所選詞表示的含義應(yīng)與后面during one's working life“在工作期間”相對。on retirement表示退休時；in retirement表示退休后。故C為佳答案。
7）.
A. much
B. very much
C. no more
D. no less
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查固定短語的用法。根據(jù)句意“在工作期間的活動也要認真進行”。D no less意為“不少于，多達”，符合句意，是正確答案。
8）.
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. taking
D. being taken
正確答案： C
答案解析： 本題考查非謂語動詞作動詞賓語的用法。consider要求其后面動詞用ing形式，作賓語。故C為正確答案。
9）.
A. subjective
B. subject
C. objectives
D. objects
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“為了不同的理由和目的”。C objective“目標，目的”符合句意。故C為正確答案。A subjective意為“主觀的”；B subject意為“主題”；D objects意為“物件，對象”。
10）.
A. organization
B. organizational
C. organized
D. organizing
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查形容詞的用法。根據(jù)both……and……結(jié)構(gòu)，此處所選詞應(yīng)與前面personal“個人的”相對應(yīng)，均為形容詞，故B organizational“組織的”為正確答案。
11）.
A. expecting
B. to expect
C. being expected
D. expected
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查動詞+ing作賓語補足語的用法。A expecting為賓語補足語，表示伴隨狀況；B to expect表示謂語的目的。根據(jù)句意，A更貼切。因此，A為正確答案。
12）.
A. course
B. cause
C. case
D. caution
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。本句意為“他們必須為這項事業(yè)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而不是為了商業(yè)效益?！惫蔅 cause“事業(yè)，事件”為答案。
13）.
A. little
B. small
C. large
D. big
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查詞匯的用法。salary“薪水”應(yīng)當(dāng)用大小來修飾。同時根據(jù)上下文，義務(wù)工作的報酬不可能高。故B small為正確答案。
14）.
A. free
B. freedom
C. money
D. something
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查詞匯的固定搭配。for free表示“無償?shù)摹?。故A為正確答案。
15）.
A. which
B. where
C. as
D. that
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查關(guān)系副詞where的用法。countries，表示地點，where用于表示地點的詞語之后，意為“在那；該處”，故選擇B where.
16）.
A. paying
B. paid
C. to be paid
D. pay
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查過去分詞的用法。所選詞應(yīng)該與or前的voluntary對應(yīng)，因此，B paid“付費的”為正確答案，做定語。
17）.
A. before
B. lately
C. never
D. ever
正確答案： D
答案解析：此處是一個more than的比較結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在和以前做比較。本句意為“所以在考慮義務(wù)或付費的社區(qū)服務(wù)時，現(xiàn)在比一個人剛開始工作時有更多的機會。”D ever“曾經(jīng)”符合句意，故D為正確答案。
18）.
A. team
B. number
C. staff
D. crowd
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“大多數(shù)義務(wù)性的組織只有少數(shù)全職員工”。C staff“全體職工，全體人員”為佳答案。
19）.
A. In
B. By
C. With
D. Through
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查介詞。in some ways是固定搭配，意為“在某些地方”。故A為正確答案。
20）.
A. look at
B. comment
C. enjoy
D. judge
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。下文by commercial criteria（根據(jù)商業(yè)準則）提示此處選擇D judge“判斷，評價”。B comment意為“評論”，不合適。
二、閱讀理解
1. Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participants' psychosocial development and achievement motivation. However, the situation concerning parents and coaches in youth sport is somewhat of a conundrum—the roles of coach and parent are often synonymous, suggesting not simply an independent relationship with the child participant.
In recent years, a growing body of literature has emerged on parent influence in youth sport based on these and other theories. First, research shows that parents who are more supportive and less pressuring of their children are associated with youth participants who report higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation toward sport. Second, parents who encourage their child's participation and exhibit enjoyment of physical activity are related to children who report higher perceived competence and attraction toward physical activity. Finally, parents who hold stronger positive beliefs about their child's physical competence are associated with children who report higher self-perceptions, value toward sport, and physical activity levels.
A prevalent phenomenon of North American culture is the parent-coach dual role. Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players. Brown estimated that about 90% of the volunteer coaches in a given community are a parent of one or more team members. Although one can forward several positive aspects of the parent-coach phenomenon, there is also the potential for youth to perceive stress from this parent-child relationship. Several researchers reported that adolescent athletes felt pressure from their coaches and parents to perform well, and desired that parents be sources of social support and leave skill and strategy instruction to the coach's domain. Collectively, anecdotal accounts and empirical data suggest that exploring the benefits and costs of parents coaching their children is a worthy topic from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
Therefore, based on previous research on the role of parents and coaches in youth development, the purpose of the present study was to gain knowledge about the parent-coach phenomenon in competitive youth sport. We accomplished this purpose by interviewing youth soccer players who were coached by their parent, the child's teammates, and the parent-coach. We expect that child participants would identify both positive and negative aspects of having a parent as their coach, in line with previous research, but we were most curious to know if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child-athlete relationship.
1）. What does the word "conundrum" (Line 4, Para. 1) most probably mean?
A. Contradictory; with many disagreement
B. A difficult problem
C. Indistinct or not clear in definition
D. Not yet having been ascertained or determine
正確答案： B
答案解析：詞義題；該詞在原文的位置非常關(guān)鍵，所以要推斷這個詞的意思，我們需要對整個段落的含義有很好的把握。conundrum出現(xiàn)在這個以however引導(dǎo)的句子中，這個句子之前的句子表達的意思是“運動心理學(xué)的很多研究都記錄了父母和教練在青少年的心理發(fā)展和成就動機中的作用”。而破折號之后的內(nèi)容給我們的提示更加直接，說父母和教練的情況并沒有那么簡單。那我們需要的就是在選項中尋找一個“簡單”的反義詞，比較閱讀4個選項，B選項所表示的“難題”符合上下文的要求，是我們需要的正確答案。
2）. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
A. The influences from parents to children's competence can be either positive or negative
B. Parents' beliefs and behaviors are strongly related to children's psychological and behavioral outcome
C. Parents who give less pressuring can raise more competitive athlete
D. With the encouragement from parents, children can have inner motivations themselves
正確答案： B
答案解析：段落主旨題；提問方式很直接，我們通讀第二段之后進行總結(jié)，段落中的3個層次非常清楚，考生在閱讀中要首先關(guān)注“First Second和Finally”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)標志詞。在這樣清楚的結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們再比較閱讀4個選項，A選項是不對的，原文的3個層次所論述的都是家長對孩子積極的影響，A選項所說的negative是原文沒有的，排除A選項。B選項的概括是全面而正確的。C選項和D選項的錯誤類型一樣，都是片面的選項，請考生比較全面的正確選項和片面的干擾選項，體會命題思路。
3）. What does the author mean when he talked about the "dual role" of parent-coach in North American?
A. Some coaches are also parents of the young athlete
B. The parent-coach can give the athletes both positive aspects and pressure
C. The negative influence of a parent-coach can outweigh the positive one
D. A parent-coach may have different influences on individual athletes and collective one
正確答案： A
答案解析：細節(jié)題；在考研的閱讀理解命題中，越來越多的題目開始和主旨相關(guān)，以這個題目為例，我們將它歸類為細節(jié)題，但實際上要正確解答這個題目，仍然需要我們對于段落的大意有清晰的把握。按照題目中的定位線索dual role我們找到原文的第三段，要理解這里所說的dual role究竟是怎樣的角色，從段落中我們可以看到“Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players”，也就是說在北美，很多教練同時也是青少年運動員的父母，這就是雙重角色在文章中的含義。比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以知道A選項是正確答案。
4）. What are the researchers most interested to know about in their current study?
A. To make sure about the positive or negative aspects of having a parent as a coach
B. To interview young athletes face-to-face instead of just review the previous studies
C. To find out some new perspectives to address the parent-coach/child-athlete relationship
D. To include the teammates of the young athletes, not just their parents/coaches in the stud
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；我們在原文僅剩下的后一段中尋找，看到倒數(shù)第二行這樣一個表達“most curious to know”，和題目中要求我們回答的“most interested to know about”屬于同義表達，所以原文中的“ if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child athlete relationship”就是我們需要尋找的答題信息，比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以看到C選項的表達和這里的信息是符合的，是我們需要的正確答案。
5）. Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Helping youth in understanding the meaning of sport
B. The parent-coach/child-athlete relationship in youth sport
C. Coaches' encouragement of athletes' imagery us
D. The relationship between school education and sports coaching
正確答案： B
答案解析：標題選擇題，是文章主旨的變形命題方式；回顧全文信息，尤其是我們在解答前面4個題目的過程中所重點閱讀的部分，我們可以將全文的信息歸納為：對于同時為人父母并兼作教練對于孩子的心理發(fā)展和運動成績等方面的影響。在4個選項之中，我們可以看到B選項的概括是切題并且正確的。
2. According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S.
The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.
And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual users as "they" or "themself." "We've gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles," Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement.
In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun "they." That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. "People who haven't selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex," Gleit wrote.
Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained.
The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. "We've received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting," Gleit said.
1）. What does the word "traffic" (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?
A. The number of visits to a certain website
B. The change of website ranking
C. The amount of profit a website able to generate annually
D. The trend in communication industry
正確答案： A
答案解析：詞義題；我們首先查看目標詞匯在原文出現(xiàn)的語言環(huán)境，原文中“the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic”這樣的表達以及整個段落所討論的facebook這個網(wǎng)站越來越流行的種種跡象，我們知道這里的traffic是在討論和網(wǎng)絡(luò)有關(guān)的問題，結(jié)合上下文，這里的traffic作為訪問量來解釋是符合要求的，而比較4個選項，A選項表達了這樣的意思，是正確答案。
2）. Which one of the following is true about Facebook?
A. The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way
B. Registered user's profiles are open to anyone on the internet
C. Only friends and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles
D. The website is in English only since English is a universal language now
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；比較4個選項我們看到4個選項分別在論述這個網(wǎng)站的不同方面，所以我們需要結(jié)合每個選項，和原文的相關(guān)信息進行比對，來尋找正確答案。A選項的說法和原文的“exploded in popularity”沖突，需要排除。B選項和原文的“share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances”相矛盾，也需要排除。而C選項則是對這一點的正確表述，是正確答案。D選項則和原文中“the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months”的表述不一致，也需要排除。
3）. From the passage, we know that Facebook is now faced with the problem that ______.
A. less and less people are paying visits to it
B. people are cheating about their real gender on it
C. it is difficult to tell whether an user is male or female
D. users are using impropriate language there
正確答案： C
答案解析：歸納總結(jié)題；在原文的第二段，我們看到Facebook準備強制性地要求用戶明確自己的性別，而作者更是通過引用語的方式“when people have not specified a sex on their profiles”來直接點明了網(wǎng)站面對的問題，也就是用戶不明確自己的性別這樣一個問題，在4個選項中，C選項的表述是正確的。
4）. From the passage, we know that in some other language than English, ______.
A. there is no difference between male and female in pronouns
B. it is very rude to ask about the gender question on internet
C. even plural form of pronouns have gender tendencies
D. the singular form and plural form is the same
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；要求我們選擇的是在其他語言中存在的一個具體的情況，根據(jù)題目的要求我們確定原文中的“in other languages”這一點，而我們需要的答案就是對于“when the plural is always masculine or feminine”的正確解讀。在4個選項中，C選項是這一表述的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，是正確答案。
5）. Which one of the following is true under the new regulations of Facebook?
A. The users are encouraged to include their gender information in their extended profiles
B. Only the new registrations are influenced by this new regulation
C. Users can still choose not to specify their gender
D. Everyone is welcoming this new regulation since it brings about clarity and convenience
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；我們把4個選項和原文后一段的相關(guān)信息進行比較閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)，A選項
和原文的“on their basic membership profile”這樣的表述不符合。B選項和原文的“It will prompt existing users to define themselves”相互沖突。而C選項可以在原文中找到“Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender”這樣的信息來支持。而D選項則被原文中“We've received pushback in the past”這樣的信息否定。
3. The term massage therapy (also called massage, for short; massage also refers to an individual treatment session) covers a group of practices and techniques. There are over 80 types of massage therapy. In all of them, therapists press, rub, and otherwise manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body, often varying pressure and movement. They most often use their hands and fingers, but may use their forearms, elbows, or feet. Typically, the intent is to relax the soft tissues, increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas, warm them, and decrease pain.
Massage therapy dates back thousands of years. References to massage have been found in ancient writings from many cultures, including those of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Japan, China, Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent. In the United States, massage therapy first became popular and was promoted for a variety of health purposes starting in the mid-1800s. In the 1930s and 1940s, however, massage fell out of favor, mostly because of scientific and technological advances in medical treatments. Interest in massage revived in the 1970s, especially among athletes.
More recently, a 2002 national survey on Americans' use of CAM (published in 2004) found that 5 percent of the 31,000 participants had used massage therapy in the preceding 12 months, and 9.3 percent had ever used it. According to recent reviews, people use massage for a wide variety of health-related intents: for example, to relieve pain (often from musculoskeletal conditions, but from other conditions as well); rehabilitate sports injuries; reduce stress; increase relaxation; address feelings of anxiety and depression; and aid general wellness.
Massage therapy appears to have few serious risks if appropriate cautions are followed. A very small number of serious injuries have been reported, and they appear to have occurred mostly because cautions were not followed or a massage was given by a person who was not properly trained. Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors about their own health conditions.
Scientists are studying massage to understand what effects massage therapy has on patients, how it has those effects, and why. Some aspects of this are better understood than others. There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically. More well-designed studies are needed to understand and confirm these theories and other scientific aspects of massage.
1）. Which one of the following statements about massage is NOT correct according to the passage?
A. Many different practices and techniques can all be called massage
B. Soft tissues of the body are usually the target of massage
C. Hands and fingers aide the only body parts that therapists use when practicing massage
D. Massage can do much more than just providing relaxation
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；需要我們進行反向選擇，A選項的意思在原文中有“…covers a group of practices and techniques”作為支持。B選項和原文的“…manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body”所表達的意思一致。C選項和原文中“…but may use their forearms， elbows，or feet”有沖突，所以C選項是我們需要選擇的。D選項中的“much more”有原文的“…increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas，warm them，and decrease pain”作為佐證。
2）. Which one of the following statements is true about the history of massage?
A. It has a history of about several hundred year
B. It is only found in ancient Asia countries like China and Japan
C. It lost its popularity after 1970s because of medical advance
D. It had twists and turns in its development in
正確答案： D
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的定位詞history告訴我們解答這個題目需要的信息出現(xiàn)在原文的第二段。A選項和原文的“Massage therapy dates back thousands of years”有沖突。B選項和原文的“including those of Ancient Greece，Ancient Rome”表達的意思不一致。C選項的“l(fā)ost its popularity”和原文的“fell out of favor”為同義表達，而其中的“1970s”卻和原文的“In the 1930s and 1940s”不一致。D選項對于按摩療法在美國發(fā)展給出的總結(jié)是正確的，為正確答案。
3）. In the survey mentioned in paragraph 3, we know that 9.3 percent of the participants ______.
A. used massage therapy in 2002
B. used massage therapy in 2004
C. had used massage therapy at least once
D. used massage therapy in 2001
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；定位詞為“9.3 percent”，而題目也直接指向了原文的第三段。這里的“9.3 percent had ever used it”正是我們需要的答案，所以C選項是正確選項。其他幾個選項均出自這個段落，所以對信息的準確定位對于我們辨別干擾選項會起到很好的鋪墊作用。
4）. Paragraph 4 is mainly concerned about ______.
A. side effects and risks of massage therapy
B. safety of massage therapy
C. cautions that the therapists need to follow
D. the training processes of a qualified therapists
正確答案： A
答案解析：段落主旨題；第四段主要圍繞的問題是在進行按摩療法的時候可能會遇到的一些問題，比如“serious injuries have been reported”、“Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors”，結(jié)合4個選項，A選項所說的“按摩療法的副作用和風(fēng)險”是對這一段落好的概括，是我們需要的正確答案。
5）. From the passage, we know that the study of massage ______.
A. have not got started yet
B. needs more research on therapy practice
C. cannot explain therapy practice at all
D. can provide full explanations for therapy practice
正確答案： B
答案解析：細節(jié)題；結(jié)合前面4個題目對原文的分析，我們可以看到，這個題目很有可能對應(yīng)著原文的后一段，我們在后一段中尋找關(guān)于對按摩療法進行研究的相關(guān)信息。我們可以找到“There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically”這樣的表達，也就是說盡管按摩療法本身是很古老的，但是對它所進行的研究卻是剛開始，還有很多不能解釋的地方。所以比較4個選項，A、C和D選項的表述都過于絕對，不符合原文所表達的意思。B選項則符合原文的說法，是正確選項。
4. It's never too early or too late for a parent to become a teacher. In this age of teacher accountability, endless school testing, increased pressure and competition, and the proliferation of "educational" toys, too many people forget that success begins at home.
Freeman A. Hrabowski Ⅲ, president of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and co-author of Beating the Odds: Raising Academically Successful African American Males and Overcoming the Odds: Raising Academically Successful African American Young Women, says that in the interviews he and his co-authors conducted, the overwhelming factor in their children's academic achievement was that parents inspired and envisioned their children's success. They thought and talked about what would be required to have a .successful child.
It just makes such a difference when there's someone in that house working to relate to that child and inspire that child," Hrabowski says. "These parents (of the high achievers discussed) are really inspirational in their commitment to their children."
Professor Barbara T. Bowman, one of the faculty founders of Chicago's Erikson Institute, an independent institution of higher education that prepares child development professionals for leader- ship, says that Black children must learn in two different cultures-the African-American culture in which they live and the mainstream culture on which school and education are based.
Bowman also says the relationship between children and their parents is critical. "It is the early responsiveness of the caregiver to the infant's behavior that creates a sense of well-being and optimism that affects the child's interest in learning," says Bowman, who served as president of the institute from 1994 to last year. "Children who like and want to please the adult learn better what the adult wants them to learn."
In this day of highly competitive testing and the stress of getting high SAT or ACT scores, it's important also to avoid pressuring or overexposing your child. Your son or daughter is probably already facing stress at school and on the playground. Your role is to help him or her relieve and manage that stress. Help them to understand that life does not end or begin with a test. And while academic success is important, it's also important to keep everything in perspective. Failure is a relative term in the grand scheme of things. If your child did poorly on a test, but answered a particularly tough question correctly, stress the positive. On the other hand, if schoolwork comes too easily to your child, find other ways to challenge him or her so they understand that life won't always be that way.
1）. According to the author, the parents of high achievers are usually ______.
A. successful themselves
B. teachers
C. inspirational
D. working hard
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；本題的關(guān)鍵定位詞是the high achievers，在原文的第二段我們可以找到相關(guān)信息，而閱讀原文相關(guān)內(nèi)容，我們可以找到“These parents(of the high achievers discussed) are really inspirational”這樣的描述，也就是說C選項是正確選項。誤選B選項的考生可能是對文章第一句話的理解出現(xiàn)了偏差。其實，結(jié)合全文來看，文章是在講述家庭教育對于孩子在學(xué)術(shù)上取得成功的重大作用，所以文章第一句話所說的teacher其實是在強調(diào)家庭教育的重要作用，并不是說真的需要父母去做老師才能培養(yǎng)出成功的孩子。而A選項和D選項則在原文中找不到相應(yīng)的信息，屬于比較容易排除的干擾選項。
2）. It can be inferred from the passage that the African-American culture is ______.
A. an important part of the mainstream culture
B. the base of the mainstream culture
C. different in many ways from the mainstream culture
D. dependant on the mainstream culture
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的關(guān)鍵定位詞是African-American culture，借助這個關(guān)鍵詞我們可以在原文的第三段找到相關(guān)的信息。原文對于非裔美國人的文化和美國社會的主流文化使用了“two different cultures”這樣的表達來定位。所以結(jié)合4個選項，C選項的表述符合原文的意思。A、B和D三個選項都把兩者看作一種依賴關(guān)系，誤選的考生很有可能是對原文中“the mainstream culture on which school and education are based”這句話的理解不夠準確。提醒這些考生在備考的過程中要注意多分析真題和模擬題中的長難句，提高自己理解的準確度。
3）. Whether a child is interested in learning depends on ______.
A. the content the adult wants the children to learn
B. how pleased the parents are when the children are learning
C. the feedback the parents give to children at an early age
D. the physical health of the children
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的關(guān)鍵定位詞是interested in learning，在原文中我們可以定位到原文的第四段。通過對原文的相關(guān)信息“It is the early responsiveness of the caregiver to the infant's behavior that creates a sense of well-being and optimism that affects the child's interest in learning”的分析，我們知道我們需要的答案就是這個強調(diào)句中被強調(diào)的部分，也就是responsiveness這個核心詞，即父母在孩子早期對于孩子的行為所給予的反饋。在4個選項中，C選項所表述的feedback和原文的信息是一致的，是我們需要的正確答案。A選項來自原文第四段的后一句話，B選項和D選項是對原文中的“please”和“well-being”兩個詞的曲解。
4）. The suggestion given in the last paragraph is ______.
A. to emphasize the importance of success for children
B. to avoid pressuring the children too much
C. to challenge the children as much as possible
D. to use the positive effect of pressure
正確答案： B
答案解析：段落主旨題；題目明確指向后一段，要求我們對后一段給出的建議進行歸納。在段落的第一句話就出現(xiàn)了對于建議的歸納，“avoid pressuring or overexposing your child”就是這個段落圍繞的中心。誤選B選項的考生對于“while academic success is important，it's also important to…”這樣的表達的誤解，這樣的讓步從句要表達的重點內(nèi)容在后面，而不是while所帶的部分。C選項把原文的“if schoolwork comes too easily to your child, find other ways to challenge him or her”這樣的意思擴大了范圍，選項中“as much as possible”的表述是不準確的。D選項對于原文“stress the positive”所表達的“要強調(diào)積極的一面”這樣的含義進行了曲解。
5）. Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How to raise a high-achieving child
B. Successful students whose parents are teachers
C. Key factors for children's success
D. Motivation and challenge: what do children need most?
正確答案： A
答案解析：標題題，主旨題的一種變形的呈現(xiàn)方式；結(jié)合我們對文章的理解和前面4個問題的解答，我們已經(jīng)基本可以確定，這篇文章主要討論的是家庭教育對于孩子成功的影響及其重要作用。比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以看到，A選項和原文的主旨是貼切的，也就是我們需要的佳標題。B選項的錯誤和第一個題目中一樣是對原文第一句話的誤解，同時也偏離了文章中心。C選項過于寬泛，這篇文章只是集中關(guān)注在促進孩子成功的因素構(gòu)成中，家庭教育的重要作用，而C選項的key factors這樣的表達對于文章來說是一種“大帽子，小身子”的標題，需要排除。D選項和C選項對應(yīng)屬于對于“大身子”的文章主體給出的“小帽子”的標題，也是需要排除的。
三、新題型
1. Animation is a kind of motion pictures created by recording a series of still images-of drawings, objects, or people in various positions of incremental movement-that when played back no longer appear individually as static images but combine to produce the illusion of unbroken motion. The term animation applies to creations on film, video, or computers, and even to motion toys, which usually consist of a series of drawings or photographs on paper that are viewed with a mechanical device or by flipping through a handheld sequence of images.
(41) Techniques
There are many ways to create animation, depending on whether the materials used are flat (such as drawings, paintings, or cut-out pieces of paper) or dimensional (such as clay, puppets, household objects, or even people).
(42) Production process
After choosing an idea for a film, an animator must think about a concept in terms of individual actions.
(43) History
Animation has been a part of cinema history from the time the first motion pictures were made in the late 1800s.
(44) Walt Disney
The company's founder, Walt Disney, was born in Chicago, but grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where he met animator Ub Iwerks and composer Carl Stalling, who were to be important to his future success.
(45) Japanese animation
Japanese animation, known as anime, blossomed after World War II ended in 1945 and today is immensely popular both within Japan and worldwide.
Current trends
Two trends in the animation industry are likely to have a profound influence on its future: a significant increase in production and exhibition opportunities, and the growing importance of new technologies.
[A] Some early live-action films, known as trick films, used the animation technique of stop action, whereby the camera is stopped and an object is removed or added to a shot before filming is resumed.
[B] Disney (with his then-partner Iwerks) created a character that was to become the most famous animated figure in history: Mickey Mouse.
[C] Aside from television, perhaps the largest influence on the style of recent animation worldwide has come from computer technologies. Experiments with electronic animation began in the 1930s, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer animation became viable beyond scientific and government applications, particularly for use by the entertainment industry.
[D] In each case, an animator must keep in mind the basic principle of frames per second (the number of images needed to produce one second of film). Because sound film runs at twentyfour frames per second, a film animator must make twenty-four images for each second of animation that he or she wishes to create.
[E] The most important figure in Japanese animation, Osamu Tezuka, created in 1963 the first animated made-for-television series in Japan, "Tetsuwan Atom" (Astro Boy).
[F] For instance, if an animator decides on an action that will take 3 seconds of animation to complete, the animator will have to create images to fill 72 frames of film (3 seconds of movement multiplied by a running speed of 24 frames per second).
正確答案： D；F；A；B；E
答案解析：41. 選D。因為41題所在段落提出“制作動畫的方法取決于材料是平面的還是立體的兩種情況”，D段首句的“In each case”從詞匯上對“平面和立體兩種情況”加以銜接，是典型的提示語。A段因為有“technique”一詞和標題詞匯重復(fù)，是一個干擾項，但仔細閱讀就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，A段所講的只是某一歷史時期的一種“止動動畫技術(shù)”，是特指而不是泛指，應(yīng)排除掉。
42. 選F。F段除了詞匯上有“animator”和“action”與原文照應(yīng)，在意思上也與原文相連貫，舉例說明制作人如何考慮每一個畫面。
43. 選A。A段講的是早期電影制作使用的一種“止動動畫技術(shù)”，其首句中“Some early films”及全段過去時態(tài)的使用，幫助我們確定該段是有關(guān)動畫的發(fā)展歷史的。c段中因為出現(xiàn)了幾處過去時間，如“l(fā)930s”，“1970s”，容易被誤選。其實，C段講的是電腦科技對現(xiàn)代動畫制作的影響，主要是在講“現(xiàn)在”而不是“歷史發(fā)展”；而且，C段首句的“Aside from television”顯得比較突兀，因為原文根本沒有提及“television”，由此判斷，也不應(yīng)選C。
44. 選B。這一題比較簡單，B段首句的“Disney”就是明白的提示。
45. 選E。E段中明確出現(xiàn)了“Japanese animation”和“Japan”等詞匯提示。
四、翻譯
1. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm the United States. (46) Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management call be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief officer is almost always second in command. (47) The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm hierarchy.
(48) While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. (49) If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States. (50) More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
46）. Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
正確答案： 技能的獲得被認為是個人的責(zé)任。勞動力不過是為了生產(chǎn)而雇來的另一個因素—以盡可能低的成本租用—就像購買原材料或者設(shè)備。
47）. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
正確答案： 人力資源管理經(jīng)理的職位通常是一項專門的工作，被劃在公司等級邊緣之外。坐在這個位子上的經(jīng)理主管人員從來不會在主要戰(zhàn)略性決策下受到咨詢，并且沒有機會上升到執(zhí)行總裁的位子上。
48）. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.
正確答案： 美國公司經(jīng)常談到他們在培訓(xùn)他們的工作隊伍上所花費的大筆的錢，然而，事實上他們比日本或德國公司在公司員工的培訓(xùn)上投資要少。
49）. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States.
正確答案： 舉例說，如果美國的工人比德國工人（他們正是這樣做的）花費更多的時間學(xué)習(xí)如何操作新型靈活的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，那么那些設(shè)備能夠產(chǎn)生效果的成本在德國就會比在美國低。
50）. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.
正確答案： （在美國）設(shè)備裝配完畢并以大的生產(chǎn)能力運行需要更長的時間，大范圍的再度培訓(xùn)的需要會增加成本并且形成瓶頸，這就限制了新設(shè)備可以達到的速度。
五、作文
1. You are going to write a letter to your university newspaper editor. And your letter should include the following points.
1） Introduce the activities of volunteers in your university，
2） State its importance，
3） Your own practice
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.
正確答案：
Dear Editor,
As the growingly important role played by the Volunteers' Association in the university is concerned, I sincerely suggest that your newspaper should cover more on it.
The Volunteers’ Association has been organizing various activities, which provide opportunities for the students to know more about the society out of campus. For instance, it organizes some students to teach English in some village schools; it holds meetings and forums for students to talk about serious social problems, such as Aids and poverty. In short, the volunteer activities have become a part of the campus life.
However, the significance of the Volunteer activities lies more in enabling the college students to get accustomed to the real social life than just making their lives colorful. It has been commonly agreed that college students should get access to the society instead of studying inside the university only. As a result, the Volunteers' Association and its activities appear as a bridge between campus and the society.
As far as I am concerned, volunteer activities are just as important as study in my university life. I have joined the Volunteers' Association of my department and have taken part in various activities organized by it. What I have learnt during my work in these activities is not what I could learn in the textbooks. And I am sure I will benefit from these experiences.
Yours,
Li Ming
52. Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:
1) describe the phenomenon;
2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment it.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
As is described in the picture, the boy and the girl who are in love are sitting on green ground or on long benches on campus. It is shown that love among college students has become increasingly common.
What has made campus romance so popular? There may be several possible reasons for the increasing popularity of campus love. First, with the development of society, young boys and girls become more independent than before. They believe that they are mature enough to pursue their own love. Second, stress from study and competition among peers make quite a number of students try to seek relief from love. Moreover, peer influence may also be a contributing factor. If a student sees his classmates or friends with girlfriends, he may want to try himself. If he is left alone, he may feel ashamed.
As far as I am concerned, there is nothing wrong with campus romance and no one can really ban it. What really counts is that college students should hold a reasonable attitude towards it. They should be aware that their personal relationships should not get in the way Of their study. They should keep their eyes wide open while trying to find a lifelong companion, otherwise the love will not last for long.
There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service ___1___（VSO）for young people before they take up full-time employment, ___2___ there are opportunities for overseas service for ___3___ technicians in developing countries. Some people, ___4___ those who retire early, ___5___ their technical and business skills in countries ___6___ there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or ___7___ community service, there are more opportunities than there ___8___ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time ___9___, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations， and values may be different. ___10___ some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not ___11___ them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different ___12___, both personal and ___13___. One should not join them ___14___ to arm them with professional experience; they must be joined with commitment to the ___15___, not business efficiency. Because salaries are ___16___ or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But many retired people take part in community service for ___17___, simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible ___18___ retirement were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken ___19___ seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider ___20___ community service.
1）.
A. over the sea
B. over sea
C. over seas
D. overseas
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。從此空所在句后半句“……there are opportunities for overseas service……”中的“overseas service”可知，此空應(yīng)填“overseas”。D overseas可做形容詞“外國的，海外的”；也可做副詞“在海外”。本句前一個overseas是副詞，后一個overseas是形容詞。
2）.
A. as
B. so
C. then
D. that
正確答案： B
答案解析：本句意為：“正如年輕人在參加全職工作前有機會參加海外志愿服務(wù)一樣，發(fā)展中國家的合格技術(shù)人員也有機會參加海外服務(wù)?！眏ust as……so意為“正如……也?！笨梢夿為正確答案。
3）.
A. quantity
B. qualifying
C. quality
D. qualified
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“合格的技術(shù)人員”，此處應(yīng)選擇D. qualified“有資格的，合格的”。
4）.
A. partially
B. partly
C. particularly
D. passionately
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查副詞。根據(jù)句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，此處表示強調(diào)。故C. particularly“特別地，尤其地”為正確答案。
5）.
A. order
B. operate
C. offer
D. occupy
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞動詞的用法。本句意為“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人，在有特殊需求的國家提供他們的技術(shù)和商業(yè)技能?！眘kills“技能”前面只能用 offer“提供”。
6）.
A. before
B. on
C. in
D. at
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查介詞的用法。根據(jù)句意，所選詞表示的含義應(yīng)與后面during one's working life“在工作期間”相對。on retirement表示退休時；in retirement表示退休后。故C為佳答案。
7）.
A. much
B. very much
C. no more
D. no less
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查固定短語的用法。根據(jù)句意“在工作期間的活動也要認真進行”。D no less意為“不少于，多達”，符合句意，是正確答案。
8）.
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. taking
D. being taken
正確答案： C
答案解析： 本題考查非謂語動詞作動詞賓語的用法。consider要求其后面動詞用ing形式，作賓語。故C為正確答案。
9）.
A. subjective
B. subject
C. objectives
D. objects
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“為了不同的理由和目的”。C objective“目標，目的”符合句意。故C為正確答案。A subjective意為“主觀的”；B subject意為“主題”；D objects意為“物件，對象”。
10）.
A. organization
B. organizational
C. organized
D. organizing
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查形容詞的用法。根據(jù)both……and……結(jié)構(gòu)，此處所選詞應(yīng)與前面personal“個人的”相對應(yīng)，均為形容詞，故B organizational“組織的”為正確答案。
11）.
A. expecting
B. to expect
C. being expected
D. expected
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查動詞+ing作賓語補足語的用法。A expecting為賓語補足語，表示伴隨狀況；B to expect表示謂語的目的。根據(jù)句意，A更貼切。因此，A為正確答案。
12）.
A. course
B. cause
C. case
D. caution
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。本句意為“他們必須為這項事業(yè)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而不是為了商業(yè)效益?！惫蔅 cause“事業(yè)，事件”為答案。
13）.
A. little
B. small
C. large
D. big
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查詞匯的用法。salary“薪水”應(yīng)當(dāng)用大小來修飾。同時根據(jù)上下文，義務(wù)工作的報酬不可能高。故B small為正確答案。
14）.
A. free
B. freedom
C. money
D. something
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查詞匯的固定搭配。for free表示“無償?shù)摹?。故A為正確答案。
15）.
A. which
B. where
C. as
D. that
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查關(guān)系副詞where的用法。countries，表示地點，where用于表示地點的詞語之后，意為“在那；該處”，故選擇B where.
16）.
A. paying
B. paid
C. to be paid
D. pay
正確答案： B
答案解析：本題考查過去分詞的用法。所選詞應(yīng)該與or前的voluntary對應(yīng)，因此，B paid“付費的”為正確答案，做定語。
17）.
A. before
B. lately
C. never
D. ever
正確答案： D
答案解析：此處是一個more than的比較結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在和以前做比較。本句意為“所以在考慮義務(wù)或付費的社區(qū)服務(wù)時，現(xiàn)在比一個人剛開始工作時有更多的機會。”D ever“曾經(jīng)”符合句意，故D為正確答案。
18）.
A. team
B. number
C. staff
D. crowd
正確答案： C
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。根據(jù)句意，“大多數(shù)義務(wù)性的組織只有少數(shù)全職員工”。C staff“全體職工，全體人員”為佳答案。
19）.
A. In
B. By
C. With
D. Through
正確答案： A
答案解析：本題考查介詞。in some ways是固定搭配，意為“在某些地方”。故A為正確答案。
20）.
A. look at
B. comment
C. enjoy
D. judge
正確答案： D
答案解析：本題考查詞匯知識。下文by commercial criteria（根據(jù)商業(yè)準則）提示此處選擇D judge“判斷，評價”。B comment意為“評論”，不合適。
二、閱讀理解
1. Sport psychology research has documented the important rote of significant adults such as parents and coaches in youth participants' psychosocial development and achievement motivation. However, the situation concerning parents and coaches in youth sport is somewhat of a conundrum—the roles of coach and parent are often synonymous, suggesting not simply an independent relationship with the child participant.
In recent years, a growing body of literature has emerged on parent influence in youth sport based on these and other theories. First, research shows that parents who are more supportive and less pressuring of their children are associated with youth participants who report higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation toward sport. Second, parents who encourage their child's participation and exhibit enjoyment of physical activity are related to children who report higher perceived competence and attraction toward physical activity. Finally, parents who hold stronger positive beliefs about their child's physical competence are associated with children who report higher self-perceptions, value toward sport, and physical activity levels.
A prevalent phenomenon of North American culture is the parent-coach dual role. Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players. Brown estimated that about 90% of the volunteer coaches in a given community are a parent of one or more team members. Although one can forward several positive aspects of the parent-coach phenomenon, there is also the potential for youth to perceive stress from this parent-child relationship. Several researchers reported that adolescent athletes felt pressure from their coaches and parents to perform well, and desired that parents be sources of social support and leave skill and strategy instruction to the coach's domain. Collectively, anecdotal accounts and empirical data suggest that exploring the benefits and costs of parents coaching their children is a worthy topic from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
Therefore, based on previous research on the role of parents and coaches in youth development, the purpose of the present study was to gain knowledge about the parent-coach phenomenon in competitive youth sport. We accomplished this purpose by interviewing youth soccer players who were coached by their parent, the child's teammates, and the parent-coach. We expect that child participants would identify both positive and negative aspects of having a parent as their coach, in line with previous research, but we were most curious to know if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child-athlete relationship.
1）. What does the word "conundrum" (Line 4, Para. 1) most probably mean?
A. Contradictory; with many disagreement
B. A difficult problem
C. Indistinct or not clear in definition
D. Not yet having been ascertained or determine
正確答案： B
答案解析：詞義題；該詞在原文的位置非常關(guān)鍵，所以要推斷這個詞的意思，我們需要對整個段落的含義有很好的把握。conundrum出現(xiàn)在這個以however引導(dǎo)的句子中，這個句子之前的句子表達的意思是“運動心理學(xué)的很多研究都記錄了父母和教練在青少年的心理發(fā)展和成就動機中的作用”。而破折號之后的內(nèi)容給我們的提示更加直接，說父母和教練的情況并沒有那么簡單。那我們需要的就是在選項中尋找一個“簡單”的反義詞，比較閱讀4個選項，B選項所表示的“難題”符合上下文的要求，是我們需要的正確答案。
2）. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
A. The influences from parents to children's competence can be either positive or negative
B. Parents' beliefs and behaviors are strongly related to children's psychological and behavioral outcome
C. Parents who give less pressuring can raise more competitive athlete
D. With the encouragement from parents, children can have inner motivations themselves
正確答案： B
答案解析：段落主旨題；提問方式很直接，我們通讀第二段之后進行總結(jié)，段落中的3個層次非常清楚，考生在閱讀中要首先關(guān)注“First Second和Finally”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)標志詞。在這樣清楚的結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們再比較閱讀4個選項，A選項是不對的，原文的3個層次所論述的都是家長對孩子積極的影響，A選項所說的negative是原文沒有的，排除A選項。B選項的概括是全面而正確的。C選項和D選項的錯誤類型一樣，都是片面的選項，請考生比較全面的正確選項和片面的干擾選項，體會命題思路。
3）. What does the author mean when he talked about the "dual role" of parent-coach in North American?
A. Some coaches are also parents of the young athlete
B. The parent-coach can give the athletes both positive aspects and pressure
C. The negative influence of a parent-coach can outweigh the positive one
D. A parent-coach may have different influences on individual athletes and collective one
正確答案： A
答案解析：細節(jié)題；在考研的閱讀理解命題中，越來越多的題目開始和主旨相關(guān)，以這個題目為例，我們將它歸類為細節(jié)題，但實際上要正確解答這個題目，仍然需要我們對于段落的大意有清晰的把握。按照題目中的定位線索dual role我們找到原文的第三段，要理解這里所說的dual role究竟是怎樣的角色，從段落中我們可以看到“Most coaches in competitive youth sport are parents of one or more of their players”，也就是說在北美，很多教練同時也是青少年運動員的父母，這就是雙重角色在文章中的含義。比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以知道A選項是正確答案。
4）. What are the researchers most interested to know about in their current study?
A. To make sure about the positive or negative aspects of having a parent as a coach
B. To interview young athletes face-to-face instead of just review the previous studies
C. To find out some new perspectives to address the parent-coach/child-athlete relationship
D. To include the teammates of the young athletes, not just their parents/coaches in the stud
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；我們在原文僅剩下的后一段中尋找，看到倒數(shù)第二行這樣一個表達“most curious to know”，和題目中要求我們回答的“most interested to know about”屬于同義表達，所以原文中的“ if different issues would be raised about the unique parent-coach/child athlete relationship”就是我們需要尋找的答題信息，比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以看到C選項的表達和這里的信息是符合的，是我們需要的正確答案。
5）. Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Helping youth in understanding the meaning of sport
B. The parent-coach/child-athlete relationship in youth sport
C. Coaches' encouragement of athletes' imagery us
D. The relationship between school education and sports coaching
正確答案： B
答案解析：標題選擇題，是文章主旨的變形命題方式；回顧全文信息，尤其是我們在解答前面4個題目的過程中所重點閱讀的部分，我們可以將全文的信息歸納為：對于同時為人父母并兼作教練對于孩子的心理發(fā)展和運動成績等方面的影響。在4個選項之中，我們可以看到B選項的概括是切題并且正確的。
2. According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S.
The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.
And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual users as "they" or "themself." "We've gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles," Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement.
In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun "they." That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. "People who haven't selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex," Gleit wrote.
Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained.
The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. "We've received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting," Gleit said.
1）. What does the word "traffic" (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?
A. The number of visits to a certain website
B. The change of website ranking
C. The amount of profit a website able to generate annually
D. The trend in communication industry
正確答案： A
答案解析：詞義題；我們首先查看目標詞匯在原文出現(xiàn)的語言環(huán)境，原文中“the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic”這樣的表達以及整個段落所討論的facebook這個網(wǎng)站越來越流行的種種跡象，我們知道這里的traffic是在討論和網(wǎng)絡(luò)有關(guān)的問題，結(jié)合上下文，這里的traffic作為訪問量來解釋是符合要求的，而比較4個選項，A選項表達了這樣的意思，是正確答案。
2）. Which one of the following is true about Facebook?
A. The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way
B. Registered user's profiles are open to anyone on the internet
C. Only friends and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles
D. The website is in English only since English is a universal language now
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；比較4個選項我們看到4個選項分別在論述這個網(wǎng)站的不同方面，所以我們需要結(jié)合每個選項，和原文的相關(guān)信息進行比對，來尋找正確答案。A選項的說法和原文的“exploded in popularity”沖突，需要排除。B選項和原文的“share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances”相矛盾，也需要排除。而C選項則是對這一點的正確表述，是正確答案。D選項則和原文中“the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months”的表述不一致，也需要排除。
3）. From the passage, we know that Facebook is now faced with the problem that ______.
A. less and less people are paying visits to it
B. people are cheating about their real gender on it
C. it is difficult to tell whether an user is male or female
D. users are using impropriate language there
正確答案： C
答案解析：歸納總結(jié)題；在原文的第二段，我們看到Facebook準備強制性地要求用戶明確自己的性別，而作者更是通過引用語的方式“when people have not specified a sex on their profiles”來直接點明了網(wǎng)站面對的問題，也就是用戶不明確自己的性別這樣一個問題，在4個選項中，C選項的表述是正確的。
4）. From the passage, we know that in some other language than English, ______.
A. there is no difference between male and female in pronouns
B. it is very rude to ask about the gender question on internet
C. even plural form of pronouns have gender tendencies
D. the singular form and plural form is the same
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；要求我們選擇的是在其他語言中存在的一個具體的情況，根據(jù)題目的要求我們確定原文中的“in other languages”這一點，而我們需要的答案就是對于“when the plural is always masculine or feminine”的正確解讀。在4個選項中，C選項是這一表述的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，是正確答案。
5）. Which one of the following is true under the new regulations of Facebook?
A. The users are encouraged to include their gender information in their extended profiles
B. Only the new registrations are influenced by this new regulation
C. Users can still choose not to specify their gender
D. Everyone is welcoming this new regulation since it brings about clarity and convenience
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；我們把4個選項和原文后一段的相關(guān)信息進行比較閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)，A選項
和原文的“on their basic membership profile”這樣的表述不符合。B選項和原文的“It will prompt existing users to define themselves”相互沖突。而C選項可以在原文中找到“Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender”這樣的信息來支持。而D選項則被原文中“We've received pushback in the past”這樣的信息否定。
3. The term massage therapy (also called massage, for short; massage also refers to an individual treatment session) covers a group of practices and techniques. There are over 80 types of massage therapy. In all of them, therapists press, rub, and otherwise manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body, often varying pressure and movement. They most often use their hands and fingers, but may use their forearms, elbows, or feet. Typically, the intent is to relax the soft tissues, increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas, warm them, and decrease pain.
Massage therapy dates back thousands of years. References to massage have been found in ancient writings from many cultures, including those of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Japan, China, Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent. In the United States, massage therapy first became popular and was promoted for a variety of health purposes starting in the mid-1800s. In the 1930s and 1940s, however, massage fell out of favor, mostly because of scientific and technological advances in medical treatments. Interest in massage revived in the 1970s, especially among athletes.
More recently, a 2002 national survey on Americans' use of CAM (published in 2004) found that 5 percent of the 31,000 participants had used massage therapy in the preceding 12 months, and 9.3 percent had ever used it. According to recent reviews, people use massage for a wide variety of health-related intents: for example, to relieve pain (often from musculoskeletal conditions, but from other conditions as well); rehabilitate sports injuries; reduce stress; increase relaxation; address feelings of anxiety and depression; and aid general wellness.
Massage therapy appears to have few serious risks if appropriate cautions are followed. A very small number of serious injuries have been reported, and they appear to have occurred mostly because cautions were not followed or a massage was given by a person who was not properly trained. Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors about their own health conditions.
Scientists are studying massage to understand what effects massage therapy has on patients, how it has those effects, and why. Some aspects of this are better understood than others. There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically. More well-designed studies are needed to understand and confirm these theories and other scientific aspects of massage.
1）. Which one of the following statements about massage is NOT correct according to the passage?
A. Many different practices and techniques can all be called massage
B. Soft tissues of the body are usually the target of massage
C. Hands and fingers aide the only body parts that therapists use when practicing massage
D. Massage can do much more than just providing relaxation
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；需要我們進行反向選擇，A選項的意思在原文中有“…covers a group of practices and techniques”作為支持。B選項和原文的“…manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body”所表達的意思一致。C選項和原文中“…but may use their forearms， elbows，or feet”有沖突，所以C選項是我們需要選擇的。D選項中的“much more”有原文的“…increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas，warm them，and decrease pain”作為佐證。
2）. Which one of the following statements is true about the history of massage?
A. It has a history of about several hundred year
B. It is only found in ancient Asia countries like China and Japan
C. It lost its popularity after 1970s because of medical advance
D. It had twists and turns in its development in
正確答案： D
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的定位詞history告訴我們解答這個題目需要的信息出現(xiàn)在原文的第二段。A選項和原文的“Massage therapy dates back thousands of years”有沖突。B選項和原文的“including those of Ancient Greece，Ancient Rome”表達的意思不一致。C選項的“l(fā)ost its popularity”和原文的“fell out of favor”為同義表達，而其中的“1970s”卻和原文的“In the 1930s and 1940s”不一致。D選項對于按摩療法在美國發(fā)展給出的總結(jié)是正確的，為正確答案。
3）. In the survey mentioned in paragraph 3, we know that 9.3 percent of the participants ______.
A. used massage therapy in 2002
B. used massage therapy in 2004
C. had used massage therapy at least once
D. used massage therapy in 2001
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；定位詞為“9.3 percent”，而題目也直接指向了原文的第三段。這里的“9.3 percent had ever used it”正是我們需要的答案，所以C選項是正確選項。其他幾個選項均出自這個段落，所以對信息的準確定位對于我們辨別干擾選項會起到很好的鋪墊作用。
4）. Paragraph 4 is mainly concerned about ______.
A. side effects and risks of massage therapy
B. safety of massage therapy
C. cautions that the therapists need to follow
D. the training processes of a qualified therapists
正確答案： A
答案解析：段落主旨題；第四段主要圍繞的問題是在進行按摩療法的時候可能會遇到的一些問題，比如“serious injuries have been reported”、“Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors”，結(jié)合4個選項，A選項所說的“按摩療法的副作用和風(fēng)險”是對這一段落好的概括，是我們需要的正確答案。
5）. From the passage, we know that the study of massage ______.
A. have not got started yet
B. needs more research on therapy practice
C. cannot explain therapy practice at all
D. can provide full explanations for therapy practice
正確答案： B
答案解析：細節(jié)題；結(jié)合前面4個題目對原文的分析，我們可以看到，這個題目很有可能對應(yīng)著原文的后一段，我們在后一段中尋找關(guān)于對按摩療法進行研究的相關(guān)信息。我們可以找到“There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically”這樣的表達，也就是說盡管按摩療法本身是很古老的，但是對它所進行的研究卻是剛開始，還有很多不能解釋的地方。所以比較4個選項，A、C和D選項的表述都過于絕對，不符合原文所表達的意思。B選項則符合原文的說法，是正確選項。
4. It's never too early or too late for a parent to become a teacher. In this age of teacher accountability, endless school testing, increased pressure and competition, and the proliferation of "educational" toys, too many people forget that success begins at home.
Freeman A. Hrabowski Ⅲ, president of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and co-author of Beating the Odds: Raising Academically Successful African American Males and Overcoming the Odds: Raising Academically Successful African American Young Women, says that in the interviews he and his co-authors conducted, the overwhelming factor in their children's academic achievement was that parents inspired and envisioned their children's success. They thought and talked about what would be required to have a .successful child.
It just makes such a difference when there's someone in that house working to relate to that child and inspire that child," Hrabowski says. "These parents (of the high achievers discussed) are really inspirational in their commitment to their children."
Professor Barbara T. Bowman, one of the faculty founders of Chicago's Erikson Institute, an independent institution of higher education that prepares child development professionals for leader- ship, says that Black children must learn in two different cultures-the African-American culture in which they live and the mainstream culture on which school and education are based.
Bowman also says the relationship between children and their parents is critical. "It is the early responsiveness of the caregiver to the infant's behavior that creates a sense of well-being and optimism that affects the child's interest in learning," says Bowman, who served as president of the institute from 1994 to last year. "Children who like and want to please the adult learn better what the adult wants them to learn."
In this day of highly competitive testing and the stress of getting high SAT or ACT scores, it's important also to avoid pressuring or overexposing your child. Your son or daughter is probably already facing stress at school and on the playground. Your role is to help him or her relieve and manage that stress. Help them to understand that life does not end or begin with a test. And while academic success is important, it's also important to keep everything in perspective. Failure is a relative term in the grand scheme of things. If your child did poorly on a test, but answered a particularly tough question correctly, stress the positive. On the other hand, if schoolwork comes too easily to your child, find other ways to challenge him or her so they understand that life won't always be that way.
1）. According to the author, the parents of high achievers are usually ______.
A. successful themselves
B. teachers
C. inspirational
D. working hard
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；本題的關(guān)鍵定位詞是the high achievers，在原文的第二段我們可以找到相關(guān)信息，而閱讀原文相關(guān)內(nèi)容，我們可以找到“These parents(of the high achievers discussed) are really inspirational”這樣的描述，也就是說C選項是正確選項。誤選B選項的考生可能是對文章第一句話的理解出現(xiàn)了偏差。其實，結(jié)合全文來看，文章是在講述家庭教育對于孩子在學(xué)術(shù)上取得成功的重大作用，所以文章第一句話所說的teacher其實是在強調(diào)家庭教育的重要作用，并不是說真的需要父母去做老師才能培養(yǎng)出成功的孩子。而A選項和D選項則在原文中找不到相應(yīng)的信息，屬于比較容易排除的干擾選項。
2）. It can be inferred from the passage that the African-American culture is ______.
A. an important part of the mainstream culture
B. the base of the mainstream culture
C. different in many ways from the mainstream culture
D. dependant on the mainstream culture
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的關(guān)鍵定位詞是African-American culture，借助這個關(guān)鍵詞我們可以在原文的第三段找到相關(guān)的信息。原文對于非裔美國人的文化和美國社會的主流文化使用了“two different cultures”這樣的表達來定位。所以結(jié)合4個選項，C選項的表述符合原文的意思。A、B和D三個選項都把兩者看作一種依賴關(guān)系，誤選的考生很有可能是對原文中“the mainstream culture on which school and education are based”這句話的理解不夠準確。提醒這些考生在備考的過程中要注意多分析真題和模擬題中的長難句，提高自己理解的準確度。
3）. Whether a child is interested in learning depends on ______.
A. the content the adult wants the children to learn
B. how pleased the parents are when the children are learning
C. the feedback the parents give to children at an early age
D. the physical health of the children
正確答案： C
答案解析：細節(jié)題；題目中的關(guān)鍵定位詞是interested in learning，在原文中我們可以定位到原文的第四段。通過對原文的相關(guān)信息“It is the early responsiveness of the caregiver to the infant's behavior that creates a sense of well-being and optimism that affects the child's interest in learning”的分析，我們知道我們需要的答案就是這個強調(diào)句中被強調(diào)的部分，也就是responsiveness這個核心詞，即父母在孩子早期對于孩子的行為所給予的反饋。在4個選項中，C選項所表述的feedback和原文的信息是一致的，是我們需要的正確答案。A選項來自原文第四段的后一句話，B選項和D選項是對原文中的“please”和“well-being”兩個詞的曲解。
4）. The suggestion given in the last paragraph is ______.
A. to emphasize the importance of success for children
B. to avoid pressuring the children too much
C. to challenge the children as much as possible
D. to use the positive effect of pressure
正確答案： B
答案解析：段落主旨題；題目明確指向后一段，要求我們對后一段給出的建議進行歸納。在段落的第一句話就出現(xiàn)了對于建議的歸納，“avoid pressuring or overexposing your child”就是這個段落圍繞的中心。誤選B選項的考生對于“while academic success is important，it's also important to…”這樣的表達的誤解，這樣的讓步從句要表達的重點內(nèi)容在后面，而不是while所帶的部分。C選項把原文的“if schoolwork comes too easily to your child, find other ways to challenge him or her”這樣的意思擴大了范圍，選項中“as much as possible”的表述是不準確的。D選項對于原文“stress the positive”所表達的“要強調(diào)積極的一面”這樣的含義進行了曲解。
5）. Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How to raise a high-achieving child
B. Successful students whose parents are teachers
C. Key factors for children's success
D. Motivation and challenge: what do children need most?
正確答案： A
答案解析：標題題，主旨題的一種變形的呈現(xiàn)方式；結(jié)合我們對文章的理解和前面4個問題的解答，我們已經(jīng)基本可以確定，這篇文章主要討論的是家庭教育對于孩子成功的影響及其重要作用。比較閱讀4個選項，我們可以看到，A選項和原文的主旨是貼切的，也就是我們需要的佳標題。B選項的錯誤和第一個題目中一樣是對原文第一句話的誤解，同時也偏離了文章中心。C選項過于寬泛，這篇文章只是集中關(guān)注在促進孩子成功的因素構(gòu)成中，家庭教育的重要作用，而C選項的key factors這樣的表達對于文章來說是一種“大帽子，小身子”的標題，需要排除。D選項和C選項對應(yīng)屬于對于“大身子”的文章主體給出的“小帽子”的標題，也是需要排除的。
三、新題型
1. Animation is a kind of motion pictures created by recording a series of still images-of drawings, objects, or people in various positions of incremental movement-that when played back no longer appear individually as static images but combine to produce the illusion of unbroken motion. The term animation applies to creations on film, video, or computers, and even to motion toys, which usually consist of a series of drawings or photographs on paper that are viewed with a mechanical device or by flipping through a handheld sequence of images.
(41) Techniques
There are many ways to create animation, depending on whether the materials used are flat (such as drawings, paintings, or cut-out pieces of paper) or dimensional (such as clay, puppets, household objects, or even people).
(42) Production process
After choosing an idea for a film, an animator must think about a concept in terms of individual actions.
(43) History
Animation has been a part of cinema history from the time the first motion pictures were made in the late 1800s.
(44) Walt Disney
The company's founder, Walt Disney, was born in Chicago, but grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where he met animator Ub Iwerks and composer Carl Stalling, who were to be important to his future success.
(45) Japanese animation
Japanese animation, known as anime, blossomed after World War II ended in 1945 and today is immensely popular both within Japan and worldwide.
Current trends
Two trends in the animation industry are likely to have a profound influence on its future: a significant increase in production and exhibition opportunities, and the growing importance of new technologies.
[A] Some early live-action films, known as trick films, used the animation technique of stop action, whereby the camera is stopped and an object is removed or added to a shot before filming is resumed.
[B] Disney (with his then-partner Iwerks) created a character that was to become the most famous animated figure in history: Mickey Mouse.
[C] Aside from television, perhaps the largest influence on the style of recent animation worldwide has come from computer technologies. Experiments with electronic animation began in the 1930s, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer animation became viable beyond scientific and government applications, particularly for use by the entertainment industry.
[D] In each case, an animator must keep in mind the basic principle of frames per second (the number of images needed to produce one second of film). Because sound film runs at twentyfour frames per second, a film animator must make twenty-four images for each second of animation that he or she wishes to create.
[E] The most important figure in Japanese animation, Osamu Tezuka, created in 1963 the first animated made-for-television series in Japan, "Tetsuwan Atom" (Astro Boy).
[F] For instance, if an animator decides on an action that will take 3 seconds of animation to complete, the animator will have to create images to fill 72 frames of film (3 seconds of movement multiplied by a running speed of 24 frames per second).
正確答案： D；F；A；B；E
答案解析：41. 選D。因為41題所在段落提出“制作動畫的方法取決于材料是平面的還是立體的兩種情況”，D段首句的“In each case”從詞匯上對“平面和立體兩種情況”加以銜接，是典型的提示語。A段因為有“technique”一詞和標題詞匯重復(fù)，是一個干擾項，但仔細閱讀就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，A段所講的只是某一歷史時期的一種“止動動畫技術(shù)”，是特指而不是泛指，應(yīng)排除掉。
42. 選F。F段除了詞匯上有“animator”和“action”與原文照應(yīng)，在意思上也與原文相連貫，舉例說明制作人如何考慮每一個畫面。
43. 選A。A段講的是早期電影制作使用的一種“止動動畫技術(shù)”，其首句中“Some early films”及全段過去時態(tài)的使用，幫助我們確定該段是有關(guān)動畫的發(fā)展歷史的。c段中因為出現(xiàn)了幾處過去時間，如“l(fā)930s”，“1970s”，容易被誤選。其實，C段講的是電腦科技對現(xiàn)代動畫制作的影響，主要是在講“現(xiàn)在”而不是“歷史發(fā)展”；而且，C段首句的“Aside from television”顯得比較突兀，因為原文根本沒有提及“television”，由此判斷，也不應(yīng)選C。
44. 選B。這一題比較簡單，B段首句的“Disney”就是明白的提示。
45. 選E。E段中明確出現(xiàn)了“Japanese animation”和“Japan”等詞匯提示。
四、翻譯
1. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm the United States. (46) Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management call be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief officer is almost always second in command. (47) The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm hierarchy.
(48) While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. (49) If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States. (50) More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
46）. Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
正確答案： 技能的獲得被認為是個人的責(zé)任。勞動力不過是為了生產(chǎn)而雇來的另一個因素—以盡可能低的成本租用—就像購買原材料或者設(shè)備。
47）. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
正確答案： 人力資源管理經(jīng)理的職位通常是一項專門的工作，被劃在公司等級邊緣之外。坐在這個位子上的經(jīng)理主管人員從來不會在主要戰(zhàn)略性決策下受到咨詢，并且沒有機會上升到執(zhí)行總裁的位子上。
48）. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.
正確答案： 美國公司經(jīng)常談到他們在培訓(xùn)他們的工作隊伍上所花費的大筆的錢，然而，事實上他們比日本或德國公司在公司員工的培訓(xùn)上投資要少。
49）. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States.
正確答案： 舉例說，如果美國的工人比德國工人（他們正是這樣做的）花費更多的時間學(xué)習(xí)如何操作新型靈活的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，那么那些設(shè)備能夠產(chǎn)生效果的成本在德國就會比在美國低。
50）. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.
正確答案： （在美國）設(shè)備裝配完畢并以大的生產(chǎn)能力運行需要更長的時間，大范圍的再度培訓(xùn)的需要會增加成本并且形成瓶頸，這就限制了新設(shè)備可以達到的速度。
五、作文
1. You are going to write a letter to your university newspaper editor. And your letter should include the following points.
1） Introduce the activities of volunteers in your university，
2） State its importance，
3） Your own practice
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.
正確答案：
Dear Editor,
As the growingly important role played by the Volunteers' Association in the university is concerned, I sincerely suggest that your newspaper should cover more on it.
The Volunteers’ Association has been organizing various activities, which provide opportunities for the students to know more about the society out of campus. For instance, it organizes some students to teach English in some village schools; it holds meetings and forums for students to talk about serious social problems, such as Aids and poverty. In short, the volunteer activities have become a part of the campus life.
However, the significance of the Volunteer activities lies more in enabling the college students to get accustomed to the real social life than just making their lives colorful. It has been commonly agreed that college students should get access to the society instead of studying inside the university only. As a result, the Volunteers' Association and its activities appear as a bridge between campus and the society.
As far as I am concerned, volunteer activities are just as important as study in my university life. I have joined the Volunteers' Association of my department and have taken part in various activities organized by it. What I have learnt during my work in these activities is not what I could learn in the textbooks. And I am sure I will benefit from these experiences.
Yours,
Li Ming
52. Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:
1) describe the phenomenon;
2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment it.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
As is described in the picture, the boy and the girl who are in love are sitting on green ground or on long benches on campus. It is shown that love among college students has become increasingly common.
What has made campus romance so popular? There may be several possible reasons for the increasing popularity of campus love. First, with the development of society, young boys and girls become more independent than before. They believe that they are mature enough to pursue their own love. Second, stress from study and competition among peers make quite a number of students try to seek relief from love. Moreover, peer influence may also be a contributing factor. If a student sees his classmates or friends with girlfriends, he may want to try himself. If he is left alone, he may feel ashamed.
As far as I am concerned, there is nothing wrong with campus romance and no one can really ban it. What really counts is that college students should hold a reasonable attitude towards it. They should be aware that their personal relationships should not get in the way Of their study. They should keep their eyes wide open while trying to find a lifelong companion, otherwise the love will not last for long.