201The following appeared in a memo from the chief operating officer of the Presto Manufacturing Company. "Since orders for our major product increased by over 200 percent last quarter, we should promptly expand production by building a new manufacturing plant in Summit City. Summit City is the ideal location for the new plant because it has low property taxes, extensive blocks of land available for immediate purchase, and a large number of residents who are not currently employed." 202The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that makes breakfast cereals. "In a recent study, subjects who ate soybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levels than subjects who ate no soy products. By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein, we can increase sales by appealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health. This new version of Wheat-O should increase company profits and, at the same time, improve the health of our customers." 203The following appeared in a letter from the mayor of Tudor City. "After a major airline chose Yorkville as its regional flight hub, the number of businesses in that city almost doubled and local tax revenue increased by 50 percent. In addition, as travel to Yorkville became easier, most respondents to a survey of the country's top executives identified Yorkville as a desirable place to transact business. To secure efficient transportation for Tudor City and stimulate our local economy, we should build a new airport, like the one in Yorkville, that is suitable for a regional flight hub." 204Blue City Highway had always been notorious for its tight curves and poor roadway visibility, and the accident rate there was generally very high. Last year the highway was redesigned to broaden the curves and improve roadway visibility. Drivers report that they now feel much safer driving on the highway and that the redesign has been a big improvement. But the number of accidents on the highway has not been significantly lower in the six months since the redesign than it was in the six months before the redesign. Therefore, the redesign clearly did not improve the curves and roadway visibility enough to make a difference. 205One kind of brain-scanning device is used by doctors to monitor normal as well as abnormal activity in a patient's brain. The device provides precise measurements of blood flow in the brain, a known indicator of how the brain is working. Unfortunately, the device requires patients to remain completely still with their heads in the scanning machine, which makes a very loud noise. Under these uncomfortable conditions, it is doubtful that doctors can get accurate measurements. A new head-mounted device that measures eye movements rather than blood flow and allows patients to move around will undoubtedly provide better brain measurements. Thus, the new head-mounted device should replace the older device at all hospitals and research institutions. 206The following appeared in a health newsletter. "According to a recent study, people with many social ties report catching colds less often than do people with few social ties. Consequently, researchers conclude that having an active social life probably helps strengthen the immune system. The researchers note that catching a cold — one of a family of highly contagious viruses — gives the cold-sufferer temporary immunity to that virus in the future, but not to the many other related viruses. Merely being exposed to a new cold virus, however, is not enough for a person to catch a cold, since a strong immune system can successfully fight off some new viruses. Thus, in order to prevent catching a cold, people should strengthen their immune systems by becoming more active socially." 207The following editorial appeared in a newspaper in the country of Solaria. "The Eliot Valley region was primarily agricultural twenty years ago. In the past twenty years, however, many computer-chip manufacturers have opened factories there. A recent study found that water pollution in the region was worse than in any other region in the country. Moreover, the computer-chip factories, which use large quantities of water to manufacture the chips, are probably responsible for the low levels of water in the region's lakes and reservoirs. Therefore, if the region's computer-chip makers had limits placed on the amount of water they could use, water quality would improve." 208The following appeared in an editorial in the Seatown newspaper. "Seatown has a large port exclusively for fishing boats, whose owners pay fees for the upkeep of the docks and for facilities for cleaning engines and repairing nets. In recent years, declining fish populations have decreased fishing revenue and forced many owners to stop fishing altogether. As a result, the port has a high vacancy rate and port managers are considering allowing pleasure boats, including cruise ships and other large vessels, to use the port in order to increase revenue. But allowing pleasure boats into the port would be a mistake, because the fishing boats would be forced out of the port. We should preserve the port for the fishing fleet, which, unlike pleasure boats, contributes to the prosperity of Seatown." 209The following appeared in a Brenton newspaper. "The Brenton power plant draws water from Scott's River for its cooling system and releases the warmed water back into the river. The town council recommends that the plant install a more efficient cooling system that uses less water, claiming it will be more environmentally sound. However, in Uptown, where the new system is used, a study found that the complex network of pipes in the new system tends to accumulate algae. The build up of algae can be avoided by scrubbing the pipes, which is costly, or by adding an herbicide to the water in the pipes to prevent algae accumulation. But water containing the herbicide cannot be released back into the river and it is known that low water levels can harm river ecosystems accustomed to higher levels. Therefore, Brenton power plant should continue to use the old cooling system exclusively." 210The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper. "Twenty years ago Pine City established strict laws designed to limit the number of new buildings that could be constructed in the city. Since that time the average housing prices in Pine City have increased considerably. Chestnut City, which is about the same size as Pine City, has over the past twenty years experienced an increase in average housing prices similar to Pine City, but Chestnut City never established any laws that limit new building construction. So it is clear that laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices. So if Maple City were to establish strict laws that limit new building construction, these laws will have no effect on average housing prices." 201由于上個季度我們主要產(chǎn)品的定單增加了200%多，我們應(yīng)該馬上通過在Summit City建造一座新工廠來擴大生產(chǎn)。Summit City是新工廠的理想位置，因為那里的地產(chǎn)稅比較低，具有可以立即購買的大片土地，以及大量尚未就業(yè)的居民。
    202在最近的一次調(diào)查中，那些每周至少吃五次大豆的調(diào)查對象的膽固醇值比不吃大豆制品的人低很多。通過在我們的Wheat-O麥片中添加大豆蛋白，我們可以通過吸引更多的關(guān)注自身健康的消費者來增加銷量。這種新的Wheat-O應(yīng)該能夠增加公司的利潤，并且同時促進我們消費者的健康。
    203在一家大航空公司選擇了Yorkville作為他們的區(qū)域航線樞紐之后，該城市的生意數(shù)量幾乎增加了一倍，地方稅收增加了50%。而且，由于到Y(jié)orkville的交通更加便捷，一次對于全國高層經(jīng)營者的調(diào)查的多數(shù)回應(yīng)者把Yorkville作為他們進行商務(wù)談判的理想場所。為保障Tudor City的有效交通并刺激我們的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟，我們應(yīng)該建立一個類似Yorkville機場的，可以作為區(qū)域航線樞紐的新機場。
    204 Blue City高速公路過窄的彎道和很差的視野是一直以來為人所知的，那里的事故率總是非常高。去年高速公路進行了改造，加寬了彎道并改善了視野。駕駛員報告說他們現(xiàn)在在這條路上開車時感到安全多了，這次改造是一個很大的進步。但是在改造之后的六個月中公路上的事故數(shù)量并沒有比以前顯著下降。因此，改造顯然并沒有對于彎道和道路視野起到足夠的改善。
    205一種腦掃描裝置被醫(yī)生用于檢測患者腦部的正常和非正?；顒印＿@種裝置可以提供對于腦部血流的精確測量，腦部的血流是腦部運作狀態(tài)的已知標志。然而，這種裝置需要患者的頭部位于將會產(chǎn)生很大噪聲的掃描儀器里面時保持完全靜止。在這種不舒適的條件下，醫(yī)生能否得到準確的測量結(jié)果是可疑的。一種新的檢測眼球活動而不是血流的頭戴式儀器允許患者活動，它無疑將會提供更好的腦部測量。因此，這種新式頭戴儀器應(yīng)該在所有醫(yī)院和研究機構(gòu)中代替老式裝置。
    206根據(jù)最近的一次研究，那些具有很多社會關(guān)系的人所報告的感冒要比很少有社會關(guān)系的人少。于是研究者得出結(jié)論，擁有積極的社會生活可能能夠幫助加強免疫系統(tǒng)。研究者指出患一種感冒--它只是一系列高度傳染性病毒中的一種--將給予患者對于這種病毒暫時的免疫力，但不能對很多其他相關(guān)病毒也免疫。然而，僅僅是接觸到一種新的感冒病毒并不足以導(dǎo)致一個人患感冒，因為強壯的免疫系統(tǒng)能夠成功地戰(zhàn)勝一些新病毒。因此，為防止患感冒，人們應(yīng)該通過積極參加社會活動來加強免疫系統(tǒng)。
    207 Eliot Valley地區(qū)在二十年前基本以農(nóng)業(yè)為主。然而在過去20年中，很多計算機芯片生產(chǎn)商在那里開設(shè)了工廠。最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的水質(zhì)污染比本國其他任何地區(qū)都嚴重。而且，這些芯片工廠使用大量的水用于生產(chǎn)，它們可能是造成該地區(qū)湖泊和水庫低水位的原因。因此，如果這些芯片生產(chǎn)商對于他們的用水量加以限制，水質(zhì)將會改善。
    208 Seatown擁有一個專供漁船使用的港口，漁船的擁有者繳納一定的費用來維護碼頭以及用于清潔引擎和維修漁網(wǎng)的設(shè)施。近年來，捕魚人數(shù)的下降導(dǎo)致漁業(yè)收入減少，并迫使很多漁船擁有者停止捕魚。這導(dǎo)致港口有大量空位，港口管理者正在考慮允許娛樂船只包括游輪和其他大型船只使用港口來增加收入。但允許娛樂船只進入港口將會是一個錯誤，因為這將迫使?jié)O船離開港口。我們應(yīng)該為漁船保留港口，漁船與娛樂船只不同，它們?yōu)镾eatown帶來了繁榮。
    209 Brenton電廠從Scott河抽水供其冷卻系統(tǒng)使用并把升溫的水重新排回河中。市委建議電廠安裝一套更有效的用水量更少的冷卻系統(tǒng)，他們認為這會更加環(huán)保。然而，在使用了新系統(tǒng)的Uptown，一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)新系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜的管線將會聚積水藻。水藻的淤積可以通過擦洗管道來預(yù)防，這花費很高；或者通過向管道中的水添加除草劑來防止水藻淤積。但含有除草劑的水不能再排向河流，而且我們知道低水位將會對習慣于高水位的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成危害。因此，Brenton電廠應(yīng)該繼續(xù)使用原有的冷卻系統(tǒng)。
    210 20年前Pine City建立了嚴格的法令來限制該市未來建造的高層建筑的數(shù)量。從那以后Pine City的平均房價顯著上漲。和Pine City差不多同等規(guī)模的Chestnut City在過去20年中經(jīng)歷了和Pine City類似的房價上漲，但Chestnut City從未建立任何限制高層建筑的法令。因此限制高層的法令對于平均房價沒有影響。所以如果Maple City建立限制新的高層建筑的法令的話，這種法令不會影響平均房價。