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        考研英語語法重難點(diǎn)精解 虛擬語氣

        字號:

        虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種形式,用來表示假設(shè),或用來表示命令、建議以及說話人的主觀愿望,有時(shí)也可以使語氣緩和、委婉。虛擬語氣作為一重點(diǎn)語法,在各類考試中占有相當(dāng)大的分值,所以理解該語法,不管對于考試,還是在日常應(yīng)用中都有相當(dāng)大的作用,本節(jié)將就考試重點(diǎn)作詳細(xì)講解。
            一、虛擬語氣的用法
            常用于條件句中,表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反的假設(shè),表示與現(xiàn)在、將來、過去相反假設(shè)時(shí),主句與從句謂語動詞的變化形式,現(xiàn)以動詞do為例說明。
            主句 從句 現(xiàn)在 would/should/could/might + do be→were/do→did 將來 would/should/could/might + do were to + do/should + do (只能用should) 過去 would/should/could/have done had done 注:有些語法書中在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中也有do→ did,這樣就和“與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè)”的主句、從句完全相似,其主要區(qū)別在于各自的時(shí)間狀語上,另外如果在“與將來相反假設(shè)”的條件從句中出現(xiàn)should+ do,那么主句中就避免使用should+do,可以用would/could/might+do。
            例句: If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.
            (選自2007年Text 1)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
            譯文: 假如你去調(diào)查2006年世界杯上每位足球運(yùn)動員的出生證明,你很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個值得注意的現(xiàn)象。
            例句: If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. (選自2011年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的假設(shè)。其中,分詞短語putting the reputation of the target company at risk在句中作狀語,表示結(jié)果。
            譯文: 這種情況一旦發(fā)生,充滿激情的消費(fèi)者會盡力說服他人抵制產(chǎn)品,從而使目標(biāo)企業(yè)的聲譽(yù)處于危險(xiǎn)境地。
            例句: Everything here would have been destroyed utterly, if his wife hadnt called the fire brigade.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
            譯文: 要不是他的妻子給消防隊(duì)打電話,這里的一切就被徹底地破壞了。
            二、混合式虛擬語氣
            有時(shí)條件從句和主句時(shí)態(tài)不一致,可以根據(jù)主句、從句動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間分別運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的虛擬語氣。
            例句: He would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),而從句表示與過去相反假設(shè)。
            譯文: 如果他考試通過,現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該在大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí)了。
            三、條件句中連詞if省略
            若條件句中的if省略,則把were, had或should置于從句主語之前,形成半倒裝句。
            例句: The businesses are risky, but should we succeed(but if we should succeed), we would be rich.
            分析: 該句是由but連接的并列句,其中should we succeed是省略if的倒裝句。
            譯文: 做生意是冒險(xiǎn)的,但是如果我們成功了,我們就會很富裕。
            例句: The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand (if they had been done...),would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,had they been done by hand是省略if的倒裝句,by the time引導(dǎo)狀語從句。
            譯文: 所涉及的數(shù)百萬次運(yùn)算,如果用手工進(jìn)行,等到完成時(shí),恐怕早就失去所有的實(shí)用價(jià)值了。
            四、使用介詞或介詞短語的條件句
            條件句中有時(shí)用without(with), but for, but+從句, under...condition, in the absence of (沒有……在場)等介詞或介詞短語,也可通過上下文暗示來表示,而主句將根據(jù)情況運(yùn)用相應(yīng)的形式。
            例句: Without us there would have been no response to the invasion of Kuwait, no peace in Bosnia and no deal to halt North Koreas nuclear ambitions.
            分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語without us相當(dāng)于從句if there had not been us。
            譯文: 沒有我們,就沒有人制裁對科威特的入侵,波斯尼亞就沒有和平,也就沒有制止朝鮮的核野心的行動。
            例句: But for us, any number of nonproliferation, environmental and humanrights standards would be afar cry from what they are today.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,介詞短語but for us相當(dāng)于從句if there werent us,what they are today作介詞from的賓語。
            譯文: 沒有我們,任何防止核擴(kuò)散、環(huán)保和人權(quán)水準(zhǔn)都將與現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大相徑庭。
            五、wish引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣從句
            if only...和would that...均可用I wish來代替,前面兩者多出現(xiàn)在文學(xué)體裁中,而wish 多用于口語和日常用語中,wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中謂語動詞用虛擬語氣,可譯為“但愿……”,“要是……該多好啊”,“真希望……”等,從句中謂語動詞形式如下。
            從句(例詞do) 用法 動詞用過去式did或were表示現(xiàn)在未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 動詞用過去完成時(shí)had done 表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 動詞用would/could/might do 表示將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 例句: The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me if only she could remember who last borrowed it. (1996年第3題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
            譯文: 圖書借還臺的高級圖書管理員答應(yīng)借我那本書,她要是記得上誰借了那本書就好了。
            例句: I wish I had slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,I had slept longer this morning表示與過去事實(shí)相反假設(shè)。
            譯文: 要是今早能多睡一會兒該多好啊,但我不得不早起來上課。
            六、個別特殊短語
            would rather, had rather, had better, would (just) as soon, would sooner均作“但愿,寧愿”講時(shí):
            (一)后接動詞原形,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼囊环N主觀愿望或選擇
            例句: 1 would rather go there with you, because you are the only person that I have been acquainted with.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that I have been acquainted with修飾the only person。
            譯文: 我寧愿和你一起去那兒,因?yàn)槟闶俏以谶@里熟悉的人。
            (二)后接從句,從句動詞一般用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?,動詞用過去
            完成時(shí)表示過去的愿望
            例句: Id rather he stayed there, because weather is said to be somewhat worse according to the news.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,weather is said to be...是it is said that...的變形。
            譯文: 我希望他待在那兒,因?yàn)閾?jù)新聞報(bào)道天氣將會很惡劣。
            例句: Id rather you had not been so rude to her, she was a new comer after all.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中after all意為“究竟,畢竟”,you had not been so rude to her表示與過去事實(shí)相反假設(shè)。
            譯文: 真希望你不要對她那么粗魯,畢竟她是新來的。
            七、as if/as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句
            表示“仿佛,好像”時(shí)也用虛擬式,從句中動詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè);動詞用would/could/might+動詞原形表示與將來相反假設(shè);動詞用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去相反假設(shè)。
            例句: The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood as if their immune system—the self protecting mechanism against disease—had crashed.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as if their immune system had crashed是方式狀語從句,兩個破折號間的內(nèi)容是對system做進(jìn)一步的解釋。
            譯文: 老鼠感染血液病毒后,似乎它們的免疫系統(tǒng)——即抵御疾病的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制——被徹底摧毀了。
            例句: But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. (選自2006年Text 4)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句在句中作表語。
            譯文: 但是這不是說以前的時(shí)代沒有經(jīng)歷過連續(xù)不斷的戰(zhàn)爭、災(zāi)難和濫殺無辜。
            另外,as if(as though)后面的從句也可用陳述語氣,尤其在it looks/seems as if(as though)結(jié)構(gòu)中。
            例句: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the earth is circling round the sun.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as if引導(dǎo)一個表語從句,表示客觀情況。
            譯文: 太陽在東方升起西邊落下,好像是地球圍著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。