英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力材料資料下載：地震學(xué)與海嘯 掀起新浪潮
Science and Technology Seismology and tsunamis Making waves
科技 地震學(xué)與海嘯 掀起新浪潮
A better tsunami-prediction system is now under development
更精準(zhǔn)的海嘯預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)已在開(kāi)發(fā)中
GEOLOGISTS have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. But, as the situation in Japan makes painfully clear, there is no good way for people being tossed around by a tremor to know the difference until a wave arrives. A new earthquake-monitoring system developed by Andrew Newman and Jaime Convers at the Georgia Institute of Technology may, however, help to change that.
地質(zhì)學(xué)家們?cè)缫阎烙械暮Ｑ蟮卣饡?huì)引起強(qiáng)烈海嘯，而有的則不會(huì)。但是，日本的慘痛教訓(xùn)告訴我們，被地震震得驚慌失控的人們根本意識(shí)不到一場(chǎng)海嘯即將到來(lái)（在海嘯到來(lái)之前，被地震震得驚惶失措的人們對(duì)此一無(wú)所知。）。而現(xiàn)在，由喬治亞理工學(xué)院的安德魯?紐曼與亞伊梅?康弗斯共同研發(fā)的最新地震監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)有望改變現(xiàn)狀。
During an earthquake, the Earth's crust is uplifted. If the epicentre is on the seabed, that also lifts the water above the bed, creating a wave. However, the size of this wave varies with the nature of the uplift.
地震時(shí)，地殼板塊隆升。如果震中位于海底，板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)上方海水起伏，形成波浪。波浪大小因板塊隆升性質(zhì)而定。
For tsunami-generating purposes, earthquakes can generally be divided into two sorts. Deep ones (as a rule of thumb, those below 20km, or 12 miles) generate small or non-existent tsunamis because their uplifting effects are absorbed by the overburden. Shallow ones (above 20km), whose full crust-displacing force is felt at the surface, are the danger. The problem is deciding which is which. Once all the data are in, an earthquake's depth can be worked out with reasonable accuracy. But that takes time. The recent Japanese quake, for example, was thought initially to have happened 83km down. The latest measurements suggests its depth was actually 30km. Normally, that would still put it in the class of safe earthquakes, but it was so powerful that the usual rules did not apply.
按照是否引發(fā)海嘯，地震可分兩類(lèi)。一是深震（一般在20km或12英里以下），隆升通常被表層所吸收，因此不引發(fā)海嘯或只引發(fā)小型海嘯。二是淺震（20km以上），由于地表震感強(qiáng)烈，因此也更危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)前的問(wèn)題是如何區(qū)分這兩者。只要有全面的數(shù)據(jù)，則可較精準(zhǔn)地測(cè)算地震的深度。然而，這一過(guò)程需花費(fèi)一定時(shí)間。例如，近期日本地震最初深度測(cè)算為地下83km，而最近的一次測(cè)算結(jié)果卻顯示，深度實(shí)為30km。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，30km仍可劃入安全等級(jí)。但此次地震能量巨大，以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)概不管用。
The secret of the new method is that depth changes an earthquake's character in ways other than just its tsunami-generating propensity. The rupture in the rock that causes a deep earthquake propagates rapidly—at about 3km a second. A shallow rupture moves more slowly: 1?km a second is common. The speed seems related to the rigidity of the rock that is rupturing, and deep rock, which is under more pressure, is more rigid. Shallow rocks bend, and that slows the rupture down. The effect is to give seismologists a tool they can use to make an instant estimate of an earthquake's depth and thus, if it is submarine, the risk of its creating a big tsunami.
新系統(tǒng)的秘密在于地震深度對(duì)地震性質(zhì)的改變不僅僅停留在是否引發(fā)海嘯的問(wèn)題上。巖層斷裂引發(fā)深震傳播速度很快——大約3km/秒。而淺震傳播速度較慢：一般約1.5km/秒。速度可能與斷裂巖層的堅(jiān)硬程度有關(guān)，深層巖體受壓力更大，也更堅(jiān)硬。淺層巖體有韌度，可減緩斷裂。地震學(xué)家可據(jù)此迅速估算地震深度，如果是海洋地震，還能估算地震是否引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈海嘯。
The system Dr Newman and Mr Convers have developed taps into hundreds of seismic monitoring stations around the world. When an earthquake is detected, the software immediately looks at the size of the tremor and the location of its epicentre. If the quake's magnitude is greater than 6.5 and the epicentre is underwater, it then requests information from the relevant stations on how long the earthquake took from beginning to end. That allows it to work out how quickly energy was released by the earthquake, and thus how fast the rupture propagated. An energy-release rate indicating a rupture rate of 1?km a second or less sets the alarm bells ringing, for the earthquake has probably spawned a tsunami—though the system is also sensitive to the actual earthquake magnitude, and adjusts accordingly, so it did not miss the tsunami-creating potential of the Japanese earthquake either.
紐曼博士與康弗斯先生研發(fā)的新系統(tǒng)接入了世界各地幾百所地震監(jiān)測(cè)站。當(dāng)檢測(cè)到地震時(shí)，該系統(tǒng)軟件立即測(cè)算地震規(guī)模與震中位置。如果級(jí)數(shù)超過(guò)6.5級(jí)且震中位于水下，系統(tǒng)則要求相關(guān)監(jiān)測(cè)站報(bào)送地震全程持續(xù)時(shí)間。這一信息可幫助計(jì)算地震能量釋放速度，并以此計(jì)算巖層斷裂速度。巖層斷裂速度達(dá)1.5km/秒以下的能量釋放速度將會(huì)拉響警報(bào)，而這時(shí)極有可能引發(fā)海嘯——盡管如此，該系統(tǒng)也能檢測(cè)出地震級(jí)數(shù)并作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整，因此也檢測(cè)出了日本地震會(huì)引發(fā)海嘯的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
The two researchers tried their invention out last year and analysed a great many quakes, including one of magnitude 7.8 that happened on October 25th in western Indonesia. The epicentre was 70km from the Mentawai islands, and the quake was felt there only weakly. But it still raised a devastating tsunami (see picture above) that killed more than 400 islanders.
兩位研究者去年對(duì)該發(fā)明進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，用以分析了許多地震，包括去年10月25日印尼西部發(fā)生的里氏7.8級(jí)地震。震中位于距民大威群島70km處，島上只有輕微震感。但是，地震隨后引發(fā)了一次破壞力極強(qiáng)的海嘯（見(jiàn)上圖），導(dǎo)致400多位島民死亡。
The system quickly detected this quake and the two researchers reported recently in Geophysical Research Letters that it automatically identified the tsunami threat 8? minutes after the earthquake began. It then ran a series of checks, and after 16? minutes was completely certain that conditions were right for a tsunami to form. Since it took 35 minutes for the tsunami to come ashore, the system could, had it been used to sound the alarm, have given people 18? minutes to flee. Unfortunately, it was not then attached to any sort of alarm that could let the Mentawai islanders know that they were in danger.
該系統(tǒng)迅速檢測(cè)到印尼地震，兩位研究者近期在向《地理物理研究快報(bào)》的報(bào)告中指出，系統(tǒng)在地震開(kāi)始后8.5分鐘自動(dòng)檢測(cè)到震后海嘯威脅。隨后，系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)了一系列檢查程序，震后16.5分鐘便完全確定海嘯即將發(fā)生。因?yàn)楹[將在震后35分鐘后到達(dá)，如果使用該系統(tǒng)發(fā)出警報(bào)，則為人們贏得了18.5分鐘寶貴的逃生時(shí)間。不幸的是，該系統(tǒng)當(dāng)時(shí)還未與警報(bào)系統(tǒng)結(jié)合，因此無(wú)法及時(shí)通知民大威群島島民海嘯險(xiǎn)情。
With luck, such a lack of warning will not happen again. By the summer the system should be hooked up to alarms around the world, and will be able to determine tsunami risk within seven minutes of a shock being detected. It will then be up to local authorities to have evacuation plans in place. But they will no longer be able to say they did not see it coming.
而幸運(yùn)的是，缺乏警報(bào)機(jī)制的這種情況以后不會(huì)再有了。今年夏天之前，該系統(tǒng)將會(huì)與全世界警報(bào)系統(tǒng)相連接，并將會(huì)在檢測(cè)到地震后7分鐘內(nèi)確定海嘯發(fā)生的概率。隨后則由地方政府開(kāi)展撤離計(jì)劃。到那時(shí)，政府便不可能再推脫說(shuō)不知道海嘯會(huì)來(lái)了。
Science and Technology Seismology and tsunamis Making waves
科技 地震學(xué)與海嘯 掀起新浪潮
A better tsunami-prediction system is now under development
更精準(zhǔn)的海嘯預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)已在開(kāi)發(fā)中
GEOLOGISTS have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. But, as the situation in Japan makes painfully clear, there is no good way for people being tossed around by a tremor to know the difference until a wave arrives. A new earthquake-monitoring system developed by Andrew Newman and Jaime Convers at the Georgia Institute of Technology may, however, help to change that.
地質(zhì)學(xué)家們?cè)缫阎烙械暮Ｑ蟮卣饡?huì)引起強(qiáng)烈海嘯，而有的則不會(huì)。但是，日本的慘痛教訓(xùn)告訴我們，被地震震得驚慌失控的人們根本意識(shí)不到一場(chǎng)海嘯即將到來(lái)（在海嘯到來(lái)之前，被地震震得驚惶失措的人們對(duì)此一無(wú)所知。）。而現(xiàn)在，由喬治亞理工學(xué)院的安德魯?紐曼與亞伊梅?康弗斯共同研發(fā)的最新地震監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)有望改變現(xiàn)狀。
During an earthquake, the Earth's crust is uplifted. If the epicentre is on the seabed, that also lifts the water above the bed, creating a wave. However, the size of this wave varies with the nature of the uplift.
地震時(shí)，地殼板塊隆升。如果震中位于海底，板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)上方海水起伏，形成波浪。波浪大小因板塊隆升性質(zhì)而定。
For tsunami-generating purposes, earthquakes can generally be divided into two sorts. Deep ones (as a rule of thumb, those below 20km, or 12 miles) generate small or non-existent tsunamis because their uplifting effects are absorbed by the overburden. Shallow ones (above 20km), whose full crust-displacing force is felt at the surface, are the danger. The problem is deciding which is which. Once all the data are in, an earthquake's depth can be worked out with reasonable accuracy. But that takes time. The recent Japanese quake, for example, was thought initially to have happened 83km down. The latest measurements suggests its depth was actually 30km. Normally, that would still put it in the class of safe earthquakes, but it was so powerful that the usual rules did not apply.
按照是否引發(fā)海嘯，地震可分兩類(lèi)。一是深震（一般在20km或12英里以下），隆升通常被表層所吸收，因此不引發(fā)海嘯或只引發(fā)小型海嘯。二是淺震（20km以上），由于地表震感強(qiáng)烈，因此也更危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)前的問(wèn)題是如何區(qū)分這兩者。只要有全面的數(shù)據(jù)，則可較精準(zhǔn)地測(cè)算地震的深度。然而，這一過(guò)程需花費(fèi)一定時(shí)間。例如，近期日本地震最初深度測(cè)算為地下83km，而最近的一次測(cè)算結(jié)果卻顯示，深度實(shí)為30km。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，30km仍可劃入安全等級(jí)。但此次地震能量巨大，以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)概不管用。
The secret of the new method is that depth changes an earthquake's character in ways other than just its tsunami-generating propensity. The rupture in the rock that causes a deep earthquake propagates rapidly—at about 3km a second. A shallow rupture moves more slowly: 1?km a second is common. The speed seems related to the rigidity of the rock that is rupturing, and deep rock, which is under more pressure, is more rigid. Shallow rocks bend, and that slows the rupture down. The effect is to give seismologists a tool they can use to make an instant estimate of an earthquake's depth and thus, if it is submarine, the risk of its creating a big tsunami.
新系統(tǒng)的秘密在于地震深度對(duì)地震性質(zhì)的改變不僅僅停留在是否引發(fā)海嘯的問(wèn)題上。巖層斷裂引發(fā)深震傳播速度很快——大約3km/秒。而淺震傳播速度較慢：一般約1.5km/秒。速度可能與斷裂巖層的堅(jiān)硬程度有關(guān)，深層巖體受壓力更大，也更堅(jiān)硬。淺層巖體有韌度，可減緩斷裂。地震學(xué)家可據(jù)此迅速估算地震深度，如果是海洋地震，還能估算地震是否引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈海嘯。
The system Dr Newman and Mr Convers have developed taps into hundreds of seismic monitoring stations around the world. When an earthquake is detected, the software immediately looks at the size of the tremor and the location of its epicentre. If the quake's magnitude is greater than 6.5 and the epicentre is underwater, it then requests information from the relevant stations on how long the earthquake took from beginning to end. That allows it to work out how quickly energy was released by the earthquake, and thus how fast the rupture propagated. An energy-release rate indicating a rupture rate of 1?km a second or less sets the alarm bells ringing, for the earthquake has probably spawned a tsunami—though the system is also sensitive to the actual earthquake magnitude, and adjusts accordingly, so it did not miss the tsunami-creating potential of the Japanese earthquake either.
紐曼博士與康弗斯先生研發(fā)的新系統(tǒng)接入了世界各地幾百所地震監(jiān)測(cè)站。當(dāng)檢測(cè)到地震時(shí)，該系統(tǒng)軟件立即測(cè)算地震規(guī)模與震中位置。如果級(jí)數(shù)超過(guò)6.5級(jí)且震中位于水下，系統(tǒng)則要求相關(guān)監(jiān)測(cè)站報(bào)送地震全程持續(xù)時(shí)間。這一信息可幫助計(jì)算地震能量釋放速度，并以此計(jì)算巖層斷裂速度。巖層斷裂速度達(dá)1.5km/秒以下的能量釋放速度將會(huì)拉響警報(bào)，而這時(shí)極有可能引發(fā)海嘯——盡管如此，該系統(tǒng)也能檢測(cè)出地震級(jí)數(shù)并作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整，因此也檢測(cè)出了日本地震會(huì)引發(fā)海嘯的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
The two researchers tried their invention out last year and analysed a great many quakes, including one of magnitude 7.8 that happened on October 25th in western Indonesia. The epicentre was 70km from the Mentawai islands, and the quake was felt there only weakly. But it still raised a devastating tsunami (see picture above) that killed more than 400 islanders.
兩位研究者去年對(duì)該發(fā)明進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，用以分析了許多地震，包括去年10月25日印尼西部發(fā)生的里氏7.8級(jí)地震。震中位于距民大威群島70km處，島上只有輕微震感。但是，地震隨后引發(fā)了一次破壞力極強(qiáng)的海嘯（見(jiàn)上圖），導(dǎo)致400多位島民死亡。
The system quickly detected this quake and the two researchers reported recently in Geophysical Research Letters that it automatically identified the tsunami threat 8? minutes after the earthquake began. It then ran a series of checks, and after 16? minutes was completely certain that conditions were right for a tsunami to form. Since it took 35 minutes for the tsunami to come ashore, the system could, had it been used to sound the alarm, have given people 18? minutes to flee. Unfortunately, it was not then attached to any sort of alarm that could let the Mentawai islanders know that they were in danger.
該系統(tǒng)迅速檢測(cè)到印尼地震，兩位研究者近期在向《地理物理研究快報(bào)》的報(bào)告中指出，系統(tǒng)在地震開(kāi)始后8.5分鐘自動(dòng)檢測(cè)到震后海嘯威脅。隨后，系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)了一系列檢查程序，震后16.5分鐘便完全確定海嘯即將發(fā)生。因?yàn)楹[將在震后35分鐘后到達(dá)，如果使用該系統(tǒng)發(fā)出警報(bào)，則為人們贏得了18.5分鐘寶貴的逃生時(shí)間。不幸的是，該系統(tǒng)當(dāng)時(shí)還未與警報(bào)系統(tǒng)結(jié)合，因此無(wú)法及時(shí)通知民大威群島島民海嘯險(xiǎn)情。
With luck, such a lack of warning will not happen again. By the summer the system should be hooked up to alarms around the world, and will be able to determine tsunami risk within seven minutes of a shock being detected. It will then be up to local authorities to have evacuation plans in place. But they will no longer be able to say they did not see it coming.
而幸運(yùn)的是，缺乏警報(bào)機(jī)制的這種情況以后不會(huì)再有了。今年夏天之前，該系統(tǒng)將會(huì)與全世界警報(bào)系統(tǒng)相連接，并將會(huì)在檢測(cè)到地震后7分鐘內(nèi)確定海嘯發(fā)生的概率。隨后則由地方政府開(kāi)展撤離計(jì)劃。到那時(shí)，政府便不可能再推脫說(shuō)不知道海嘯會(huì)來(lái)了。