GRE寫(xiě)作題庫(kù)之GRE作文題目:
87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."
GRE寫(xiě)作精講之提綱解析:
87 beginner會(huì)有一些發(fā)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì),但專(zhuān)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)更有價(jià)值
1、承認(rèn)beginner因 curiosity 和 courage,容易比保守專(zhuān)家發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,innovate, critical thinking
Watson and Crick, the discoverers of DNA structure, are the beginners in biology.
Einstein published four most famous papers in his twenties. And once he said,” when I first touch the
theory of classic mechanic, I feel that there are some problems in it." It is his ability of critical thinking
and not to agree the authority blindly, that finally results that he put forward to the famous theory of
relativity and lead the people to explore the world of microcosmic and high-speed.
2、beginner要有更多積累,系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)
The institute of mathematics in Chinese Academy of Science receives hundreds of letters from
amateurs every year, each of them claims that he has proved Goldbach's conjecture. But the
mathematicians find that most of these demonstrations lack the elementary knowledge of the number
theory, and none of so-called demonstrations can be verified.
Newton once said :"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.", and these
"shoulders of giants" are knowledge, methods, experience that had been passed down from our
antecessor, and these are the foundations of making a discovery.
3、專(zhuān)家 ready to make significant discoveries
Darwin, for instance, devoted himself in biology since he was a child, and after long time
investigation and researching, he found that all species were evolved by natural selection from simple
and preliminary conditions, and wrote his famous book "The Origin of Species".
Another, Einstein, who found the special and general relativity, the theory that revolutionized
modern thought on the nature of space and time, based on decades of working in physics. Even in art
world, the discoveries are still made upon long time studying. A case in point is Monet, a famous
painter known as the founder of impressionism, spent most of his life examining the effect of changing
light and atmosphere on a subject.
ISSUE87
在研究領(lǐng)域中,新手比老手更容易獲得發(fā)現(xiàn)、成就
1 研究領(lǐng)域中,創(chuàng)新和開(kāi)放的思維是非常重要的品質(zhì)。只有這樣,才能取得突破。一個(gè)新人往往就具有這種品質(zhì), 103
因?yàn)樗麄儎倓傔M(jìn)入這個(gè)領(lǐng)域,不被很多的規(guī)則束縛,不怕困難。因此往往有重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。比如,量子物理的歷史就是
一部新手創(chuàng)造的歷史,量子物理見(jiàn)證了一批不到 30 歲的后來(lái)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者,比如說(shuō) Niels Bohr提出原子結(jié)構(gòu)模
型的時(shí)候只有 28 歲,而Werner Heisenberg 提出他的 the Uncertainty Principle的時(shí)候才 24歲。之所以新手
容易在量子物理界做出這種重大發(fā)現(xiàn),就是因?yàn)榱孔游锢硎且粋€(gè)新的領(lǐng)域,很多經(jīng)典物理學(xué)家們很難理解,但是新
人不被舊的規(guī)則束縛,因此更容易成功。
2 但是,老手的作用更加明顯。他們?cè)陬I(lǐng)域中已努力了很多年,積攢了大量的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),研究歷大多數(shù)的成
果和發(fā)現(xiàn)都是經(jīng)過(guò)成千上百次的實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的。比如 Faraday 的第一部發(fā)電機(jī),他失敗了上百次,甚至差點(diǎn)被電死,
終積攢了大量經(jīng)驗(yàn)才成功。還有,很多時(shí)候幸運(yùn)在很多次失敗后才會(huì)眷顧你,Alexander Fleming也是在做了成
千上百次的實(shí)驗(yàn)才偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了 Penicillin,才被后人永遠(yuǎn)銘記。另外,新手做出發(fā)現(xiàn)也是因?yàn)橛泻芏嗬鲜值闹R(shí)的幫
助,量子物理沒(méi)有經(jīng)典物理學(xué)家們幾百年的研究永遠(yuǎn)不可能被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
3 總之,如果一個(gè)領(lǐng)域要有成果,必須在老手和新手之間形成一種合作關(guān)系。新手大膽創(chuàng)新,并且不懼失敗的做實(shí)
驗(yàn)。老手提供足夠的知識(shí)支持,以及教給他們經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)。沒(méi)有新手的創(chuàng)新,老手將會(huì)困在自己的思維中無(wú)法跳出;
而沒(méi)有老手,新手的一切新奇想法都無(wú)法付諸實(shí)現(xiàn)。只有新手和老手的合作才能終達(dá)到成功。
*ISSUE87:
在所有的研究領(lǐng)域中,新手要比專(zhuān)家更有可能獲得重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:調(diào)研,新手,老手,重要發(fā)現(xiàn)
核心:新手和老手在調(diào)研中的比較
1 定義調(diào)研-任何一個(gè)旨在擴(kuò)充知識(shí),排除質(zhì)疑,解決問(wèn)題的過(guò)程
2 引申定義-所謂得出重要發(fā)現(xiàn),就是“調(diào)研的初衷(為什么要做這個(gè)調(diào)研?)”+每種類(lèi)型怎么達(dá)到目標(biāo)的方法
3 調(diào)研的過(guò)程-設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)調(diào)研+收集數(shù)據(jù)+分析結(jié)果得出報(bào)告和結(jié)論
4 分別從每一個(gè)步驟來(lái)比較新手和老手
5 比較 1-設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)研-一個(gè)調(diào)研如何產(chǎn)生-往往是對(duì)未知的好奇,對(duì)已知的懷疑,對(duì)已發(fā)生的問(wèn)題的解決-在這過(guò)程
中,新手……,老手……
6 比較 2-收集數(shù)據(jù)-如何收集?-設(shè)定樣本范圍+采樣+統(tǒng)計(jì)-在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,新手……,老手……
7 比較 3-分析數(shù)據(jù)得出結(jié)論-其核心是實(shí)事求是的反映事實(shí),然后預(yù)測(cè)趨勢(shì),發(fā)展,揭示規(guī)律,后落到建議或解
決措施-這個(gè)過(guò)程中,新手……老手……
8 結(jié)論
87 在所有的研究領(lǐng)域中,新手要比專(zhuān)家更有可能獲得重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
觀點(diǎn):中立
1. 新手確實(shí)有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),他們對(duì)新事物充滿了 passion,充滿了好奇心。這種動(dòng)力使得他們勇于去探索新的
領(lǐng)域,同時(shí)也會(huì)努力的去學(xué)習(xí)新的知識(shí)。(還沒(méi)想出例子)
2. 新手敢于挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威的理論。正是由于他們是新手,因此在看待問(wèn)題的時(shí)候不會(huì)受固有思想的左右,能夠從一
個(gè)全新的角度去看問(wèn)題,因此,也就有更多的可能發(fā)現(xiàn)新的問(wèn)題。例子:愛(ài)因斯坦在 20 多歲就發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)論。
3. 新手的劣勢(shì)是經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,而這正是老手的優(yōu)勢(shì)。老手在某一個(gè)領(lǐng)域中已經(jīng)研究多年,有著豐富的相關(guān)知識(shí)和
實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。考慮問(wèn)題會(huì)比較全面、比較系統(tǒng),而這往往是發(fā)現(xiàn)新問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。例子:Madam Curie discover radium、
Alexander Fleming discover penicillin.
87 新手因?yàn)閯側(cè)腴T(mén),對(duì)事物充滿了好奇心,有很大挑戰(zhàn)難題的勇氣,所以可以在一定程度上排除定勢(shì)思維。比如
23 歲的遺傳學(xué)家 Watson與 Crick一起發(fā)現(xiàn)了 DNA的 double helix 結(jié)構(gòu),而不是這方面當(dāng)時(shí)更權(quán)威的一些專(zhuān)家。
光的 wave theory 和 quantum theory 被發(fā)現(xiàn)后,許多的物理學(xué)家感到困擾。年輕的德布羅意 De Broglie
卻由此得到啟發(fā),提出了德布羅意波(相波)phase wave理論。
在科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域要有重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是需要一定的背景知識(shí)與豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)做為基礎(chǔ)的。bacteriologist Fleming雖然偶然
發(fā)現(xiàn)了penicillin,但是如果沒(méi)有他對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的精通與豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?Roentgen倫琴偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了 X射線,但是這是
建立在她對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的深厚的知識(shí)與豐富的實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的。
在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,企業(yè)家家需要經(jīng)過(guò)許多年的失敗與成功才能更深的領(lǐng)悟到如何更好的治理公司,沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)大公司 104
的的總裁是 20多歲的年輕人。年輕人雖然有勇氣,但是容易沖動(dòng)不夠穩(wěn)定,不能在一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中成功。
其實(shí)要獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該結(jié)合新手和老手的優(yōu)勢(shì),既要有一定的知識(shí)背景的積累,又要有新手開(kāi)拓創(chuàng)新的精
神。比如碰到一個(gè)問(wèn)題不要只是按正向思維,可以逆向思維【converse thinking】這個(gè)沒(méi)想到例子!!
87. "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."
【總頻率 46】
在所有的研究領(lǐng)域中,新手要比專(zhuān)家更有可能獲得重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。新手和老手
【提綱】
1 誠(chéng)然,新手因?yàn)閯側(cè)腴T(mén),對(duì)事物充滿了好奇心,并且由于缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),所以可以在一定程度上排除定勢(shì)思維。
2 但是我認(rèn)為在一個(gè)領(lǐng)域要有重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是需要一定的背景知識(shí)做為前提的?!纠?,F(xiàn)reud developed his
psycho-analysis approach for the treatment of psychological and emotional disorders.這個(gè)治療方法的
發(fā)現(xiàn)是建立在 Freud 深厚的心理學(xué)背景知識(shí)和多年對(duì)心理學(xué)的研究上的】牛頓的巨人觀點(diǎn);瓦特發(fā)明蒸汽機(jī)也是如
此;一開(kāi)始哪能馬上達(dá)到正確深入的研究呢;那個(gè) step by step的話
3 其實(shí)要獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該結(jié)合新手和老手的優(yōu)勢(shì),既要有一定的知識(shí)背景的積累,又要有新手開(kāi)拓創(chuàng)新的
精神。比如碰到一個(gè)問(wèn)題不要只是按正向思維,可以逆向思維【converse thinking】這個(gè)沒(méi)想到例子!!
87.新手比專(zhuān)家更能探索
一、確實(shí)新手有一定優(yōu)勢(shì),但也不能忽略專(zhuān)家,其實(shí) linchpin 是 permanent efforts
二、新手的優(yōu)勢(shì)
1.對(duì)已知領(lǐng)域,沒(méi)有固定 pattern of thinking,more inspired
2.對(duì)未知領(lǐng)域更有熱情,enterprise
3.更大膽
4.Faraday 比 Davy 更先發(fā)現(xiàn)電磁感應(yīng), Gauss解決復(fù)雜數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題
三、專(zhuān)家的優(yōu)勢(shì)
1.Insightful vision of affairs, empirical intuition, competent professional knowledge,是長(zhǎng)期研究中獲得
的
2.專(zhuān)家更能把握一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的歷史,framework
3. 因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)時(shí)間的思考更能 directed to aims,牛頓,F(xiàn)leming
四、其實(shí)無(wú)論誰(shuí),都需要 strive Yet, both beginners and experts who want to make important discoveries
are required some quality in common that is striving.
1.Science is so advanced
2. 已成功的clung to their convictions steadfastly and never surrender to the harsh condition.
3.Inspiration, experience, and proficiency make any sense only when they serve to strenuous effort
4.rigorous adherence to the decision about persistent tough work
87T "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important
discoveries." 87. 在調(diào)查咨詢(xún)領(lǐng)域,新手比專(zhuān)家更可能有重大發(fā)現(xiàn)
① Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while
experienced experts tend to be more conservative. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated
and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame。如:DNA螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)
現(xiàn)者 Watson, Crick. Figure out the structure of DNA American biologist who with Francis Crick
proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He shared a 1962
Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics.
② 特殊問(wèn)題上,若與大眾意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí),新手更有可能站出來(lái)。A-day-old puppy doesn't know to be afraid of
the tiger。
③ 老手有更多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如:對(duì)隱私(intimate)、敏感(sensitive)問(wèn)題的處理。