Lesson 12 Banks and their customers
第十二課銀行和顧客
by GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND
from The Consumer Society and the Law
12-1. When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.
【譯文】任何人在銀行開活期賬戶就等于把錢借給了銀行。這筆錢他可以隨時(shí)提取，方式可以是取現(xiàn)金，也可以是開張以他人為收款人的支票。
【講解】repayment of which…another person為非限制性定語從句，which代表money。repayment of which在定語從句中作demand的賓語。
【單詞和短語】
repayment：償還，付還（when you pay back money that you have borrowed），
例如：
bonds due for repayment到期應(yīng)償還的債券
demand repayment of the stolen money 要求歸還被竊錢款
repayment的動(dòng)詞形式為repay。
12-2. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor—who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.
【譯文】銀行與儲(chǔ)戶主要是債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人關(guān)系。究竟誰是債務(wù)人誰是債權(quán)人要看儲(chǔ)戶是有結(jié)余還是透支。
【講解】that替代relationship，以避免重復(fù)。who is which depending on…overdrawn乃獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步說明破折號(hào)之前的句子。who is which是現(xiàn)在分詞短語depending on…overdrawn的邏輯主語。which代表debtor或creditor，意為“誰是債務(wù)人，誰是債權(quán)人”。whether…is overdrawn作on的賓語。
【單詞和短語】
overdrawn：透支的（if you or your account is overdrawn, you have spent more than you had in your account and so you own the bank money），
例如：
interest charged on overdrawn accounts對(duì)透支賬戶所收的利息。
overdrawn的動(dòng)詞形式為overdrawn。
12-3. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.
【譯文】除了這一基本的簡單概念外，銀行和儲(chǔ)戶彼此還需承擔(dān)大量義務(wù)。
【單詞和短語】
owe：應(yīng)給予；應(yīng)該（或有必要）做（to feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth. , because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you），
例如：
owe sb. thanks 應(yīng)向某人致謝
I owe him a letter. 我應(yīng)該給他寫一封信。
You owe yourself a subscription. 你該給自己訂閱一份。
注意比較第二課第4句中own的含義。
obligation：（法律上或道義上的）責(zé)任，義務(wù)（a moral or legal duty to do something），
例如：
a legal obligation to serve in the armed forces 服兵役的法律責(zé)任
the obligations of a citizen 公民的義務(wù)
fulfill every obligation 盡到每一責(zé)任
undertake new obligations 承擔(dān)新的責(zé)任
feel an obligation to do sb. 感到對(duì)某人有責(zé)任
obligation的動(dòng)詞形式為obligate，形容詞形式為obligatory。
12-4. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
【譯文】其中許多義務(wù)往往引起問題和糾紛。但儲(chǔ)戶不能像貨物的買主那樣抱怨法律于己不利。
【講解】unlike是介詞，所構(gòu)成的介詞短語作customer的非限制性定語。say是插入語，意為“例如，比方說”。
【單詞和短語】
give rise to sth：引起；導(dǎo)致；為……的原因（to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant），
例如：
It would give rise to a great deal of conflict.
這將引起頻繁沖突。
These bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crime.
這種惡劣的環(huán)境是犯罪增多的原因。
complication：糾紛；混亂；復(fù)雜情況（a problem or situation that makes something more difficult to understand or deal with），
例如：
a legal complication 法律糾紛
complication另一常見意為“【醫(yī)】并發(fā)癥”。
sth. is loaded against sb./sth.：對(duì)……不利（used to say that a system, situation, or organization is unfair and some people have a disadvantage）。
12-5. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.
【譯文】銀行必須遵照儲(chǔ)戶的囑托辦事，而不能聽從他人的指令。
【講解】those指instructions。
12-6. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.
【譯文】例如，儲(chǔ)戶首次在銀行開戶時(shí)叮囑銀行他的存款只能憑本人簽字的支票來提取。
【講解】for example作插入語。
【單詞和短語】
debit：把……記入賬戶的借方（to record in financial accounts the money that has been spent or that is owed），
例如：
The store debited the purchase to/against her account。
商店把購貨金額記入她賬戶的借方。
Debit Mr. Smith（Mr. Smith’s account）with $1000.
在史密斯先生賬戶的借方記上1000美元。
in respect of/to：（concerning or in relation to something），
例如：
A fine of $1 will be imposed in respect of each day that a book is overdue.
圖書每過期一天，罰款1美元。
In respect to your request, 2000 dollars is being credited to your account.
關(guān)于你所要求之事，當(dāng)將2000美元記入你貸方的賬戶。
It’s going to raise a lot of problems in respect of atmosphere pollution.
這將在大氣污染方面引起諸多問題。
in respect of/to亦可換用with respect to。
12-7. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.
【譯文】他把自己的簽名樣本交給銀行，對(duì)此有條非常嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定：銀行無任何權(quán)利或理由把儲(chǔ)戶的錢被人憑偽造儲(chǔ)戶簽名的支票取走。
【講解】that the bank…been forged為同位語從句，進(jìn)一步說明rule。to pay out…h(huán)as been forged為動(dòng)詞不定式短語，作定語，修飾right or authority。on which its customer's signature has been forged 為定語從句，修飾cheque。pay out a customer's money on a cheque中的on意為“依據(jù)”。
【單詞和短語】
forge：偽造（貨幣、文件等）；假冒（簽名）；仿造（真品）（someone who illegally copies documents, money, paintings etc and tries to make people think they are real），名詞形式為forgery。
12-8. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.
【譯文】即使偽造得再巧妙也不起作用，因?yàn)殂y行有責(zé)任辨認(rèn)儲(chǔ)戶簽名。
【講解】it是形式主語，that the forgery…skilful one才是真正的主語。may have been結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，可參見第一課第10句的講解。one后面的冒號(hào)引出說明性內(nèi)容。重點(diǎn)掌握It makes no difference that…句型。
12-9. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.
【譯文】某些銀行已采用把儲(chǔ)戶姓名印在支票上的作法。由于上述原因，這種做法于儲(chǔ)戶毫無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
【講解】adopted by banks和 of printing…cheques都作practice的定語，adopted by banks提到of printing…cheques前是為了使句子更加緊湊。
12-10. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
【譯文】如果因這種作法而出現(xiàn)了偽造，受損失的是銀行而非儲(chǔ)戶。
【講解】it is the bank which will lose, not the customer系強(qiáng)調(diào)句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是the bank。該句也可寫成it is the bank, not the customer which will lose或者the bank, not the customer，will lose。
【單詞和短語】
facilitate：使變得（更）容易（to make it easier for a process or activity to happen），
例如：
Such a port would facilitate the passage of oil from the Middle East to China.
這樣一個(gè)港口將會(huì)使中東至中國的石油運(yùn)輸變得便捷
facilitate the sharing of resources 有利于資源共享
facilitate的名詞形式為facilitation。
第十二課銀行和顧客
by GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND
from The Consumer Society and the Law
12-1. When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.
【譯文】任何人在銀行開活期賬戶就等于把錢借給了銀行。這筆錢他可以隨時(shí)提取，方式可以是取現(xiàn)金，也可以是開張以他人為收款人的支票。
【講解】repayment of which…another person為非限制性定語從句，which代表money。repayment of which在定語從句中作demand的賓語。
【單詞和短語】
repayment：償還，付還（when you pay back money that you have borrowed），
例如：
bonds due for repayment到期應(yīng)償還的債券
demand repayment of the stolen money 要求歸還被竊錢款
repayment的動(dòng)詞形式為repay。
12-2. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor—who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.
【譯文】銀行與儲(chǔ)戶主要是債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人關(guān)系。究竟誰是債務(wù)人誰是債權(quán)人要看儲(chǔ)戶是有結(jié)余還是透支。
【講解】that替代relationship，以避免重復(fù)。who is which depending on…overdrawn乃獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步說明破折號(hào)之前的句子。who is which是現(xiàn)在分詞短語depending on…overdrawn的邏輯主語。which代表debtor或creditor，意為“誰是債務(wù)人，誰是債權(quán)人”。whether…is overdrawn作on的賓語。
【單詞和短語】
overdrawn：透支的（if you or your account is overdrawn, you have spent more than you had in your account and so you own the bank money），
例如：
interest charged on overdrawn accounts對(duì)透支賬戶所收的利息。
overdrawn的動(dòng)詞形式為overdrawn。
12-3. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.
【譯文】除了這一基本的簡單概念外，銀行和儲(chǔ)戶彼此還需承擔(dān)大量義務(wù)。
【單詞和短語】
owe：應(yīng)給予；應(yīng)該（或有必要）做（to feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth. , because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you），
例如：
owe sb. thanks 應(yīng)向某人致謝
I owe him a letter. 我應(yīng)該給他寫一封信。
You owe yourself a subscription. 你該給自己訂閱一份。
注意比較第二課第4句中own的含義。
obligation：（法律上或道義上的）責(zé)任，義務(wù)（a moral or legal duty to do something），
例如：
a legal obligation to serve in the armed forces 服兵役的法律責(zé)任
the obligations of a citizen 公民的義務(wù)
fulfill every obligation 盡到每一責(zé)任
undertake new obligations 承擔(dān)新的責(zé)任
feel an obligation to do sb. 感到對(duì)某人有責(zé)任
obligation的動(dòng)詞形式為obligate，形容詞形式為obligatory。
12-4. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
【譯文】其中許多義務(wù)往往引起問題和糾紛。但儲(chǔ)戶不能像貨物的買主那樣抱怨法律于己不利。
【講解】unlike是介詞，所構(gòu)成的介詞短語作customer的非限制性定語。say是插入語，意為“例如，比方說”。
【單詞和短語】
give rise to sth：引起；導(dǎo)致；為……的原因（to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant），
例如：
It would give rise to a great deal of conflict.
這將引起頻繁沖突。
These bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crime.
這種惡劣的環(huán)境是犯罪增多的原因。
complication：糾紛；混亂；復(fù)雜情況（a problem or situation that makes something more difficult to understand or deal with），
例如：
a legal complication 法律糾紛
complication另一常見意為“【醫(yī)】并發(fā)癥”。
sth. is loaded against sb./sth.：對(duì)……不利（used to say that a system, situation, or organization is unfair and some people have a disadvantage）。
12-5. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.
【譯文】銀行必須遵照儲(chǔ)戶的囑托辦事，而不能聽從他人的指令。
【講解】those指instructions。
12-6. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.
【譯文】例如，儲(chǔ)戶首次在銀行開戶時(shí)叮囑銀行他的存款只能憑本人簽字的支票來提取。
【講解】for example作插入語。
【單詞和短語】
debit：把……記入賬戶的借方（to record in financial accounts the money that has been spent or that is owed），
例如：
The store debited the purchase to/against her account。
商店把購貨金額記入她賬戶的借方。
Debit Mr. Smith（Mr. Smith’s account）with $1000.
在史密斯先生賬戶的借方記上1000美元。
in respect of/to：（concerning or in relation to something），
例如：
A fine of $1 will be imposed in respect of each day that a book is overdue.
圖書每過期一天，罰款1美元。
In respect to your request, 2000 dollars is being credited to your account.
關(guān)于你所要求之事，當(dāng)將2000美元記入你貸方的賬戶。
It’s going to raise a lot of problems in respect of atmosphere pollution.
這將在大氣污染方面引起諸多問題。
in respect of/to亦可換用with respect to。
12-7. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.
【譯文】他把自己的簽名樣本交給銀行，對(duì)此有條非常嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定：銀行無任何權(quán)利或理由把儲(chǔ)戶的錢被人憑偽造儲(chǔ)戶簽名的支票取走。
【講解】that the bank…been forged為同位語從句，進(jìn)一步說明rule。to pay out…h(huán)as been forged為動(dòng)詞不定式短語，作定語，修飾right or authority。on which its customer's signature has been forged 為定語從句，修飾cheque。pay out a customer's money on a cheque中的on意為“依據(jù)”。
【單詞和短語】
forge：偽造（貨幣、文件等）；假冒（簽名）；仿造（真品）（someone who illegally copies documents, money, paintings etc and tries to make people think they are real），名詞形式為forgery。
12-8. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.
【譯文】即使偽造得再巧妙也不起作用，因?yàn)殂y行有責(zé)任辨認(rèn)儲(chǔ)戶簽名。
【講解】it是形式主語，that the forgery…skilful one才是真正的主語。may have been結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，可參見第一課第10句的講解。one后面的冒號(hào)引出說明性內(nèi)容。重點(diǎn)掌握It makes no difference that…句型。
12-9. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.
【譯文】某些銀行已采用把儲(chǔ)戶姓名印在支票上的作法。由于上述原因，這種做法于儲(chǔ)戶毫無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
【講解】adopted by banks和 of printing…cheques都作practice的定語，adopted by banks提到of printing…cheques前是為了使句子更加緊湊。
12-10. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
【譯文】如果因這種作法而出現(xiàn)了偽造，受損失的是銀行而非儲(chǔ)戶。
【講解】it is the bank which will lose, not the customer系強(qiáng)調(diào)句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是the bank。該句也可寫成it is the bank, not the customer which will lose或者the bank, not the customer，will lose。
【單詞和短語】
facilitate：使變得（更）容易（to make it easier for a process or activity to happen），
例如：
Such a port would facilitate the passage of oil from the Middle East to China.
這樣一個(gè)港口將會(huì)使中東至中國的石油運(yùn)輸變得便捷
facilitate the sharing of resources 有利于資源共享
facilitate的名詞形式為facilitation。