esson 33 Education 教育
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
【參考譯文】
教育是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的關(guān)鍵詞之一。我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被剝奪了20世紀(jì)的越的機(jī)會(huì)之一。現(xiàn)代國(guó)家深深懂得教育的重要性，對(duì)教育機(jī)構(gòu)投資，收回的‘利息’便是培養(yǎng)出大批有知識(shí)的男女青年，這些人可能成為未來(lái)的棟梁。教育，以其教學(xué)周期如此精心地安排，并以教科書(shū) -- 那些可以買(mǎi)到的智慧源泉 -- 予以強(qiáng)化，如果不受其惠，文明將會(huì)是個(gè)什么樣子呢？
至少，這些是可以肯定的：雖然我們還會(huì)有醫(yī)生和牧師、律師和被告、婚姻和生育，但人們的精神面貌將是另一個(gè)樣子。人們不會(huì)重視‘資料和數(shù)據(jù)’，而靠好記性、實(shí)用心理學(xué)與同伴相處的能力。如果我們的教育制度仿效沒(méi)有書(shū)籍的古代教育，我們的學(xué)院將具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)繼承的知識(shí)為所有人共享，并傳授給部落中的每一個(gè)成員。從這個(gè)意義上講，人人受到的有關(guān)生活本領(lǐng)的教育是相等的。
這就是我們最進(jìn)步的現(xiàn)代教育試圖恢復(fù)的“平等起步”的理想狀況。在原始文化中，尋求和接受傳統(tǒng)教育的義務(wù)對(duì)全民都有約束力。因而沒(méi)有“文盲”（如果這個(gè)字眼兒可以用于沒(méi)有文字的民族的話(huà)）。而我們的義務(wù)教育成為法律在德國(guó)是在1642年，在法國(guó)是在1806年，在英國(guó)是在1876年。今天，在許多“文明”國(guó)家里，義務(wù)教育迄今尚未實(shí)行。這說(shuō)明，經(jīng)過(guò)了多么漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間之后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要確保我們的孩子享有多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)由‘少數(shù)幸運(yùn)者’所積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)。
荒涼地區(qū)的教育不是錢(qián)的問(wèn)題，所有的人都享有平等起步的權(quán)利。那里沒(méi)有我們今天社會(huì)中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨礙個(gè)性的全面發(fā)展?；臎龅貐^(qū)的孩子無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在父母關(guān)懷下成長(zhǎng)。因此，叢林和荒涼地區(qū)不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人們沒(méi)有必要離家謀生，所以不會(huì)產(chǎn)生孩子無(wú)人管的問(wèn)題，也不存在父親無(wú)力為孩子支付教育費(fèi)用而犯難的問(wèn)題。1.adverse
adj.不利的, 有害的
例句：Dirt and disease are adverse to the best growth of children.
骯臟與疾病對(duì)兒童健康成長(zhǎng)不利。
2.purchasable
adj.可買(mǎi)到的
例句：Steel plate purchasable if so purchase price and delivery time expect?
能否購(gòu)得鋼板？若可能，約何時(shí)發(fā)貨，價(jià)格如何？
3.preacher
n. 傳教士
4.defendant
n. 被告
例句：This defendant is charged with murder.
這名被告被控犯有謀殺罪。
5.outlook
n. 視野
例句：He has a broad outlook on life.
他的人生觀十分豁達(dá)。
6.capacity
n. 能力
7.democratic
adj. 民主的
8.tribal
n. 部落的
9.tribe
n. 部落
10.illiterate
n. 文盲
例句：An illiterate,later he received some schooling.
他原先大字不識(shí)一個(gè),后來(lái)接受一些學(xué)校教育。
11.compulsory
adj. 義務(wù)的
例句：Attendance at the meeting is compulsory.
會(huì)議是必須參加的。
12.deem
v. 認(rèn)為
例句：Don't you deem that it is your duty to help?
你不認(rèn)為助人是你的責(zé)任嗎?
13.means
n. 方法，手段，財(cái)產(chǎn)，資力
14.hamper
v. 妨礙
例句：Prejudice sometimes hampers a person from doing the right thing.
有時(shí)候, 偏見(jiàn)會(huì)妨礙人正確行事。
15.savannah
n. 大草原
16.juvenile
adj. 青少年
17.delinquency
n. 犯罪1.A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
deprive of剝奪某人的…
例句：They deprived the criminal of political rights for all his life.
他們剝奪那罪犯的終身政治權(quán)利。
These misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
這些不幸的事幾乎使他喪失了理智。
2.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
work out解決, 解答; 計(jì)算出
例句：This problem will not work out.
這個(gè)問(wèn)題解答不了。
She worked out the problem with no difficulty.
她毫無(wú)困難地解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
without的用法
語(yǔ)法部分詳細(xì)介紹
3.We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
get along with進(jìn)展
例句：How are you getting along with your English studies?
你的英語(yǔ)學(xué)得怎樣?
與…和睦相處
例句：He is good-tempered; he gets along with everyone.
他脾氣好, 和誰(shuí)都處得來(lái)。
4. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
make sure把事情弄清楚, 核實(shí)或查明某事物
例句：Go and make sure of the place and time.
去把時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)弄清楚。
設(shè)法確保出現(xiàn)某事物
例句：We and our friends will make sure of that.
我們和我們的朋友要確保這一點(diǎn)。
5.All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.
be entitled to有…的資格 有權(quán)
例句：All are entitled to an equal start.
所有的人都享有平等起步的權(quán)利。without的用法
一、基本用法
1. (表否定)沒(méi)有，無(wú)，不需。如：
The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信沒(méi)貼郵票就寄出去了。
We got there without any trouble. 我們到了那兒，一路上沒(méi)遇到任何麻煩。
You’ll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不帶傘會(huì)淋濕的。
I suddenly realized I’d come out without any money. 我突然意識(shí)到，一點(diǎn)兒錢(qián)也沒(méi)帶就出來(lái)了。
2. (用在no, not, never等否定副詞之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定)沒(méi)有……不，沒(méi)有……則不能……，每……必定……。如：
You can’t get rich without taking risks. 人不冒險(xiǎn)不富。
The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生離開(kāi)手杖就走不了路。
Don’t go out without a coat: you’ll catch your death. 別不穿外套出去，會(huì)得重感冒的。
I never see this picture without thinking of him. 每次看到這張照片，我都會(huì)想起他。
3. (與-ing形式連用)不，無(wú)，沒(méi)。如：
She entered the room without knocking. 她沒(méi)敲門(mén)就進(jìn)了房間。
It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康勝于財(cái)富這個(gè)道理是無(wú)需多說(shuō)的。
They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他們得一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
It wasn’t very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不問(wèn)一聲就自己吃起來(lái)是不太禮貌的。
4. (表?xiàng)l件)若無(wú)，若非。如：
I don’t like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一點(diǎn)那個(gè)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，就不想到那個(gè)國(guó)家去。
Without water, we cannot live. 沒(méi)有水，我們就活不了。
Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼鏡能看得清東西嗎？
二、作表語(yǔ)的用法
without引出的介詞短語(yǔ)通常用作狀語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)也可用作表語(yǔ)。如：
She is completely without shame. 她恬不知恥。
My investigations were without result. 我的調(diào)查毫無(wú)結(jié)果。
The houses in this village are without water. 這個(gè)村子里家家戶(hù)戶(hù)都沒(méi)有自來(lái)水。
We were without electricity for three hours but it’s on again now. 我們的電停了3小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在又有了。
三、后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的用法
without后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
1. without 賓語(yǔ) 副詞
I’d be lost without you here. 沒(méi)有你在這兒，我會(huì)一籌莫展。
I’m very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼鏡十分近視。
2. without 賓語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)
We’d be better off without them as neighbors. 要是沒(méi)有這些鄰居，我們就過(guò)得更愉快了。
I don’t like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜歡加糖的咖啡，里邊不加糖我更喜歡。
3. without 賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 無(wú)人注意，他從窗戶(hù)溜了出去。
They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他們爭(zhēng)論了幾個(gè)小時(shí)，也沒(méi)作出決定。
4. without 賓語(yǔ) 不定式
Without anyone to help, how can we go on? 沒(méi)有人幫忙，我們?cè)趺茨苓M(jìn)行下去?
It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 無(wú)所事事地坐在那里太無(wú)聊了。
5. without 賓語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞
Without another word exchanged, they started off. 沒(méi)有再交談一句，他們就出發(fā)了。
四、用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
without有時(shí)可表示條件，引出虛擬語(yǔ)氣，與but for大致同義。如：
Without [But for] appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box. 如果沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)能浖?，電腦只是一個(gè)空盒子罷了
Without [But for] you, our project wouldn’t have succeeded. 如果沒(méi)有你的話(huà)，我們的計(jì)劃就無(wú)法成功了。
Life would be quieter without the telephone. 要是沒(méi)有電話(huà)，生活就會(huì)清靜一些了。
Without your advice I would have failed. 假若沒(méi)有你的勸告，我想必已失敗了。
五、without A and B與without A or B
兩者基本同義，相當(dāng)于without A and without B，即同時(shí)否定A、B兩者。如：
We were cast away by the storm on an island without food or water. 我們被風(fēng)暴丟棄在小島上，沒(méi)有食物，也沒(méi)有淡水。
I found myself in a strange place without money or friends. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處在一個(gè)陌生的地方，既無(wú)錢(qián)財(cái)，又無(wú)朋友。
We cannot survive for long without food and [or] water. 我們沒(méi)有食物和水就活不了多久。1.A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被剝奪了20世紀(jì)的越的機(jī)會(huì)之一。
2.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
教育，以其教學(xué)周期如此精心地安排，并以教科書(shū) -- 那些可以買(mǎi)到的智慧源泉 -- 予以強(qiáng)化，如果不受其惠，文明將會(huì)是個(gè)什么樣子呢？
3.We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
人們不會(huì)重視‘資料和數(shù)據(jù)’，而靠好記性、實(shí)用心理學(xué)與同伴相處的能力。
4.It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.
這就是我們最進(jìn)步的現(xiàn)代教育試圖恢復(fù)的“平等起步”的理想狀況。
5.This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
這說(shuō)明，經(jīng)過(guò)了多么漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間之后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要確保我們的孩子享有多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)由‘少數(shù)幸運(yùn)者’所積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)。
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
【參考譯文】
教育是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的關(guān)鍵詞之一。我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被剝奪了20世紀(jì)的越的機(jī)會(huì)之一。現(xiàn)代國(guó)家深深懂得教育的重要性，對(duì)教育機(jī)構(gòu)投資，收回的‘利息’便是培養(yǎng)出大批有知識(shí)的男女青年，這些人可能成為未來(lái)的棟梁。教育，以其教學(xué)周期如此精心地安排，并以教科書(shū) -- 那些可以買(mǎi)到的智慧源泉 -- 予以強(qiáng)化，如果不受其惠，文明將會(huì)是個(gè)什么樣子呢？
至少，這些是可以肯定的：雖然我們還會(huì)有醫(yī)生和牧師、律師和被告、婚姻和生育，但人們的精神面貌將是另一個(gè)樣子。人們不會(huì)重視‘資料和數(shù)據(jù)’，而靠好記性、實(shí)用心理學(xué)與同伴相處的能力。如果我們的教育制度仿效沒(méi)有書(shū)籍的古代教育，我們的學(xué)院將具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)繼承的知識(shí)為所有人共享，并傳授給部落中的每一個(gè)成員。從這個(gè)意義上講，人人受到的有關(guān)生活本領(lǐng)的教育是相等的。
這就是我們最進(jìn)步的現(xiàn)代教育試圖恢復(fù)的“平等起步”的理想狀況。在原始文化中，尋求和接受傳統(tǒng)教育的義務(wù)對(duì)全民都有約束力。因而沒(méi)有“文盲”（如果這個(gè)字眼兒可以用于沒(méi)有文字的民族的話(huà)）。而我們的義務(wù)教育成為法律在德國(guó)是在1642年，在法國(guó)是在1806年，在英國(guó)是在1876年。今天，在許多“文明”國(guó)家里，義務(wù)教育迄今尚未實(shí)行。這說(shuō)明，經(jīng)過(guò)了多么漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間之后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要確保我們的孩子享有多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)由‘少數(shù)幸運(yùn)者’所積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)。
荒涼地區(qū)的教育不是錢(qián)的問(wèn)題，所有的人都享有平等起步的權(quán)利。那里沒(méi)有我們今天社會(huì)中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨礙個(gè)性的全面發(fā)展?；臎龅貐^(qū)的孩子無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在父母關(guān)懷下成長(zhǎng)。因此，叢林和荒涼地區(qū)不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人們沒(méi)有必要離家謀生，所以不會(huì)產(chǎn)生孩子無(wú)人管的問(wèn)題，也不存在父親無(wú)力為孩子支付教育費(fèi)用而犯難的問(wèn)題。1.adverse
adj.不利的, 有害的
例句：Dirt and disease are adverse to the best growth of children.
骯臟與疾病對(duì)兒童健康成長(zhǎng)不利。
2.purchasable
adj.可買(mǎi)到的
例句：Steel plate purchasable if so purchase price and delivery time expect?
能否購(gòu)得鋼板？若可能，約何時(shí)發(fā)貨，價(jià)格如何？
3.preacher
n. 傳教士
4.defendant
n. 被告
例句：This defendant is charged with murder.
這名被告被控犯有謀殺罪。
5.outlook
n. 視野
例句：He has a broad outlook on life.
他的人生觀十分豁達(dá)。
6.capacity
n. 能力
7.democratic
adj. 民主的
8.tribal
n. 部落的
9.tribe
n. 部落
10.illiterate
n. 文盲
例句：An illiterate,later he received some schooling.
他原先大字不識(shí)一個(gè),后來(lái)接受一些學(xué)校教育。
11.compulsory
adj. 義務(wù)的
例句：Attendance at the meeting is compulsory.
會(huì)議是必須參加的。
12.deem
v. 認(rèn)為
例句：Don't you deem that it is your duty to help?
你不認(rèn)為助人是你的責(zé)任嗎?
13.means
n. 方法，手段，財(cái)產(chǎn)，資力
14.hamper
v. 妨礙
例句：Prejudice sometimes hampers a person from doing the right thing.
有時(shí)候, 偏見(jiàn)會(huì)妨礙人正確行事。
15.savannah
n. 大草原
16.juvenile
adj. 青少年
17.delinquency
n. 犯罪1.A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
deprive of剝奪某人的…
例句：They deprived the criminal of political rights for all his life.
他們剝奪那罪犯的終身政治權(quán)利。
These misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
這些不幸的事幾乎使他喪失了理智。
2.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
work out解決, 解答; 計(jì)算出
例句：This problem will not work out.
這個(gè)問(wèn)題解答不了。
She worked out the problem with no difficulty.
她毫無(wú)困難地解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
without的用法
語(yǔ)法部分詳細(xì)介紹
3.We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
get along with進(jìn)展
例句：How are you getting along with your English studies?
你的英語(yǔ)學(xué)得怎樣?
與…和睦相處
例句：He is good-tempered; he gets along with everyone.
他脾氣好, 和誰(shuí)都處得來(lái)。
4. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
make sure把事情弄清楚, 核實(shí)或查明某事物
例句：Go and make sure of the place and time.
去把時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)弄清楚。
設(shè)法確保出現(xiàn)某事物
例句：We and our friends will make sure of that.
我們和我們的朋友要確保這一點(diǎn)。
5.All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.
be entitled to有…的資格 有權(quán)
例句：All are entitled to an equal start.
所有的人都享有平等起步的權(quán)利。without的用法
一、基本用法
1. (表否定)沒(méi)有，無(wú)，不需。如：
The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信沒(méi)貼郵票就寄出去了。
We got there without any trouble. 我們到了那兒，一路上沒(méi)遇到任何麻煩。
You’ll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不帶傘會(huì)淋濕的。
I suddenly realized I’d come out without any money. 我突然意識(shí)到，一點(diǎn)兒錢(qián)也沒(méi)帶就出來(lái)了。
2. (用在no, not, never等否定副詞之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定)沒(méi)有……不，沒(méi)有……則不能……，每……必定……。如：
You can’t get rich without taking risks. 人不冒險(xiǎn)不富。
The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生離開(kāi)手杖就走不了路。
Don’t go out without a coat: you’ll catch your death. 別不穿外套出去，會(huì)得重感冒的。
I never see this picture without thinking of him. 每次看到這張照片，我都會(huì)想起他。
3. (與-ing形式連用)不，無(wú)，沒(méi)。如：
She entered the room without knocking. 她沒(méi)敲門(mén)就進(jìn)了房間。
It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康勝于財(cái)富這個(gè)道理是無(wú)需多說(shuō)的。
They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他們得一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
It wasn’t very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不問(wèn)一聲就自己吃起來(lái)是不太禮貌的。
4. (表?xiàng)l件)若無(wú)，若非。如：
I don’t like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一點(diǎn)那個(gè)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，就不想到那個(gè)國(guó)家去。
Without water, we cannot live. 沒(méi)有水，我們就活不了。
Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼鏡能看得清東西嗎？
二、作表語(yǔ)的用法
without引出的介詞短語(yǔ)通常用作狀語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)也可用作表語(yǔ)。如：
She is completely without shame. 她恬不知恥。
My investigations were without result. 我的調(diào)查毫無(wú)結(jié)果。
The houses in this village are without water. 這個(gè)村子里家家戶(hù)戶(hù)都沒(méi)有自來(lái)水。
We were without electricity for three hours but it’s on again now. 我們的電停了3小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在又有了。
三、后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的用法
without后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
1. without 賓語(yǔ) 副詞
I’d be lost without you here. 沒(méi)有你在這兒，我會(huì)一籌莫展。
I’m very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼鏡十分近視。
2. without 賓語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)
We’d be better off without them as neighbors. 要是沒(méi)有這些鄰居，我們就過(guò)得更愉快了。
I don’t like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜歡加糖的咖啡，里邊不加糖我更喜歡。
3. without 賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 無(wú)人注意，他從窗戶(hù)溜了出去。
They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他們爭(zhēng)論了幾個(gè)小時(shí)，也沒(méi)作出決定。
4. without 賓語(yǔ) 不定式
Without anyone to help, how can we go on? 沒(méi)有人幫忙，我們?cè)趺茨苓M(jìn)行下去?
It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 無(wú)所事事地坐在那里太無(wú)聊了。
5. without 賓語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞
Without another word exchanged, they started off. 沒(méi)有再交談一句，他們就出發(fā)了。
四、用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
without有時(shí)可表示條件，引出虛擬語(yǔ)氣，與but for大致同義。如：
Without [But for] appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box. 如果沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)能浖?，電腦只是一個(gè)空盒子罷了
Without [But for] you, our project wouldn’t have succeeded. 如果沒(méi)有你的話(huà)，我們的計(jì)劃就無(wú)法成功了。
Life would be quieter without the telephone. 要是沒(méi)有電話(huà)，生活就會(huì)清靜一些了。
Without your advice I would have failed. 假若沒(méi)有你的勸告，我想必已失敗了。
五、without A and B與without A or B
兩者基本同義，相當(dāng)于without A and without B，即同時(shí)否定A、B兩者。如：
We were cast away by the storm on an island without food or water. 我們被風(fēng)暴丟棄在小島上，沒(méi)有食物，也沒(méi)有淡水。
I found myself in a strange place without money or friends. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處在一個(gè)陌生的地方，既無(wú)錢(qián)財(cái)，又無(wú)朋友。
We cannot survive for long without food and [or] water. 我們沒(méi)有食物和水就活不了多久。1.A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被剝奪了20世紀(jì)的越的機(jī)會(huì)之一。
2.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
教育，以其教學(xué)周期如此精心地安排，并以教科書(shū) -- 那些可以買(mǎi)到的智慧源泉 -- 予以強(qiáng)化，如果不受其惠，文明將會(huì)是個(gè)什么樣子呢？
3.We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
人們不會(huì)重視‘資料和數(shù)據(jù)’，而靠好記性、實(shí)用心理學(xué)與同伴相處的能力。
4.It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.
這就是我們最進(jìn)步的現(xiàn)代教育試圖恢復(fù)的“平等起步”的理想狀況。
5.This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
這說(shuō)明，經(jīng)過(guò)了多么漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間之后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要確保我們的孩子享有多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)由‘少數(shù)幸運(yùn)者’所積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)。