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Lesson 23 Bird flight 鳥的飛行方法
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with still-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a mediam that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.
Such birds do us good that we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.【參考譯文】
沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。鳥的飛行方式千差萬(wàn)別，但大體上可分為兩類。任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。沿船體的上升的氣流和沿航線向前的氣流給這種巨翼大鳥以足夠的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飛行的鳥類，它能自如地駕馭空氣，但必須順氣流飛行。與滑翔鳥相對(duì)的另一類鳥中，數(shù)野鴨本領(lǐng)高。它更近乎于人類自夸的“征服”了空氣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。野鴨及它們相似的鴿子有天賦的鋼鐵般的肌肉，占了體重的很大一部分。這些肌肉以巨大的力量扇動(dòng)短小的翅膀，使這類鳥能頂著大風(fēng)飛行很遠(yuǎn)的路才會(huì)疲勞。次于野鴨和鴿子的鳥，如鷓鴣，有相似的巨大推動(dòng)力，但很快會(huì)疲勞。如果海風(fēng)驅(qū)使它們飛行很長(zhǎng)距離，你可以撿到一些因筋疲力盡而摔下來(lái)的鷓鴣。燕子充分兼有這兩類鳥的長(zhǎng)處，它既不疲勞，也不炫耀自己的飛翔力；在空中十分自如，可以飛行6，000英里，可以飛往北方做窩的老家，再?gòu)睦霞绎w回；一邊飛一邊喂養(yǎng)會(huì)飛的雛燕，甚至在頂風(fēng)時(shí)也能在氣流中滑翔，似乎氣流在幫它前進(jìn)。這些鳥對(duì)我們是有益的，雖然我們不再?gòu)乃鼈兊娘w翔姿態(tài)來(lái)占卜吉兇，連迷信的村民也不再對(duì)喜鵲脫帽行禮，祝它早安了。1.albatross n.信天翁
2.sustenance n.支撐力
3.glider n.滑翔者
4.harness v.利用
例句：Scientists have known how to harness the limitless power of the sun.
科學(xué)家們已知道如何利用無(wú)窮盡的太陽(yáng)能。
5.endow v.賦有
例句：This country is favourably endowed climatically.
這個(gè)國(guó)家的氣候得天獨(dú)厚。
6.ply v.不斷地供給
例句：They plied us with tea and cakes.
他們一個(gè)勁兒地讓我們喝茶、吃糕餅。
7.gale n.大風(fēng)
8.partridge n.鷓鴣
9.like adj.類似的
10.propulsion n.推進(jìn)力
11.utter adj.完全的
例句：He was in utter despair.
他完全絕望了。
12.slip v.滑行
13.adverse adj.逆的，相反的
例句：He is adverse to going abroad.
他反對(duì)出國(guó)。
14.omen n.預(yù)兆
例句：The omen of bankruptcy hung over the company.
那家公司出現(xiàn)了破產(chǎn)的預(yù)兆。1.No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
參考翻譯：沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。鳥的飛行方式千差萬(wàn)別，但大體上可分為兩類。
講解：No two sorts of沒(méi)有哪兩種是相同的，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有的鳥類飛行方式各不相同。roughly的意思是粗略的，大概的?？梢杂肐n general取代。
2.Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
參考翻譯：任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。
講解：在這一句話中accompany和company出現(xiàn)了兩次，一個(gè)是作為動(dòng)詞，另外一個(gè)是作為名詞出現(xiàn)在詞組中：keep company with與……結(jié)交，與……作伴。例句：I enjoy keeping company with you.我很喜歡跟你在一塊。
without和with經(jīng)常和其他成分組合在一起做狀語(yǔ)，這一點(diǎn)在語(yǔ)法部分詳細(xì)講解。
3.The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.
參考翻譯：沿船體的上升的氣流和沿航線向前的氣流給這種巨翼大鳥以足夠的浮力和推力。
講解：as well as
al well as可以用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)相同的成分，如名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞，通常不位于句首。此時(shí)，as well as連接的雖然是兩個(gè)并列成分，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在前面，不在后面，意思為“不但……而且……”、“既……又……”、“除了……之外，還有……”翻譯時(shí)要先譯后面，再譯前面。例如：
1)Living things need air and light as well as water. 生物不僅需要水，還需要空氣和陽(yáng)光。（連接名詞）
2)She helped Tom as well as I. = She and I helped Tom. 我?guī)土藴返拿?，她也幫了湯姆的忙。（連接主格代詞）
3)She helped Tom as well as me. = She helped Tom and me. 她幫了我的忙，也幫了湯姆的忙。（連接賓格代詞）
4)She continued her own work as well as hepled me. 她除了幫助我，還繼續(xù)自己的工作。（連接動(dòng)詞）
5)He finds the mass of materials before, as well as after exeperiments. 他不但在實(shí)驗(yàn)后，還在實(shí)驗(yàn)前求出材料的質(zhì)量。（連接介詞短語(yǔ)）
6)The child is lively as well as healthy. 這孩子既健康又活潑。（連接形容詞）
4.The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.
參考翻譯：信天翁是滑翔飛行的鳥類，它能自如地駕馭空氣，但必須順氣流飛行。
講解：yield to讓步于,屈服于,向…投降
例句：We shall never yield to a conqueror.
我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)向征服者低頭。
She yielded to her daughter's request.
她同意女兒的要求。
5.Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.
參考翻譯：野鴨及它們相似的鴿子有天賦的鋼鐵般的肌肉，占了體重的很大一部分。這些肌肉以巨大的力量扇動(dòng)短小的翅膀，使這類鳥能頂著大風(fēng)飛行很遠(yuǎn)的路才會(huì)疲勞。
講解：such that
such…that作“如此…以致”解，連接一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。與so…that 意思相同，但用法不同。如：so…that這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，so后邊可加形容詞或副詞，
而such后邊要用名詞（這個(gè)名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可以不帶）。因此， such…that的句型結(jié)構(gòu)可分以下三種：
1) such＋a(an)＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
他非常聰明，大家都非常喜歡他。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常誠(chéng)實(shí)，因而受到了老師的表?yè)P(yáng)。
2)such＋adj.＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
這些小說(shuō)非常有趣，我想再讀一遍。
3)such＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他進(jìn)步得很快，老師們對(duì)他感到很滿意。with/without狀語(yǔ)
由介詞with或without 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞with或without的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中第一部分賓語(yǔ)由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，第二部分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng)，分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞，也可以是過(guò)去分詞。With結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成方式如下：
1). with或without-名詞/代詞 形容詞；
2). with或without-名詞/代詞 副詞；
3). with或without-名詞/代詞 介詞短語(yǔ)；
4). with或without-名詞/代詞 動(dòng)詞不定式；
5). with或without-名詞/代詞 分詞。
下面分別舉例：
1)She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with 名詞 形容詞，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
2)With the meal over ， we all went home.（with 名詞 副詞，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
3)The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with 名詞 介詞短語(yǔ)，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4)He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with 名詞 不定式，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
He could not finish it .... without me to help him.（without 代詞 不定式，作條件狀語(yǔ)）
5)She fell asleep with the light burning.（with 名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 ，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
6)Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without 代詞 過(guò)去分詞，作為原因狀語(yǔ)）1.No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight;
沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。
2.Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross,Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。
3.It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
它更近乎于人類自夸的“征服”了空氣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
4.You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
如果海風(fēng)驅(qū)使它們飛行很長(zhǎng)距離，你可以撿到一些因筋疲力盡而摔下來(lái)的鷓鴣。
Lesson 23 Bird flight 鳥的飛行方法
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with still-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a mediam that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.
Such birds do us good that we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.【參考譯文】
沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。鳥的飛行方式千差萬(wàn)別，但大體上可分為兩類。任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。沿船體的上升的氣流和沿航線向前的氣流給這種巨翼大鳥以足夠的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飛行的鳥類，它能自如地駕馭空氣，但必須順氣流飛行。與滑翔鳥相對(duì)的另一類鳥中，數(shù)野鴨本領(lǐng)高。它更近乎于人類自夸的“征服”了空氣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。野鴨及它們相似的鴿子有天賦的鋼鐵般的肌肉，占了體重的很大一部分。這些肌肉以巨大的力量扇動(dòng)短小的翅膀，使這類鳥能頂著大風(fēng)飛行很遠(yuǎn)的路才會(huì)疲勞。次于野鴨和鴿子的鳥，如鷓鴣，有相似的巨大推動(dòng)力，但很快會(huì)疲勞。如果海風(fēng)驅(qū)使它們飛行很長(zhǎng)距離，你可以撿到一些因筋疲力盡而摔下來(lái)的鷓鴣。燕子充分兼有這兩類鳥的長(zhǎng)處，它既不疲勞，也不炫耀自己的飛翔力；在空中十分自如，可以飛行6，000英里，可以飛往北方做窩的老家，再?gòu)睦霞绎w回；一邊飛一邊喂養(yǎng)會(huì)飛的雛燕，甚至在頂風(fēng)時(shí)也能在氣流中滑翔，似乎氣流在幫它前進(jìn)。這些鳥對(duì)我們是有益的，雖然我們不再?gòu)乃鼈兊娘w翔姿態(tài)來(lái)占卜吉兇，連迷信的村民也不再對(duì)喜鵲脫帽行禮，祝它早安了。1.albatross n.信天翁
2.sustenance n.支撐力
3.glider n.滑翔者
4.harness v.利用
例句：Scientists have known how to harness the limitless power of the sun.
科學(xué)家們已知道如何利用無(wú)窮盡的太陽(yáng)能。
5.endow v.賦有
例句：This country is favourably endowed climatically.
這個(gè)國(guó)家的氣候得天獨(dú)厚。
6.ply v.不斷地供給
例句：They plied us with tea and cakes.
他們一個(gè)勁兒地讓我們喝茶、吃糕餅。
7.gale n.大風(fēng)
8.partridge n.鷓鴣
9.like adj.類似的
10.propulsion n.推進(jìn)力
11.utter adj.完全的
例句：He was in utter despair.
他完全絕望了。
12.slip v.滑行
13.adverse adj.逆的，相反的
例句：He is adverse to going abroad.
他反對(duì)出國(guó)。
14.omen n.預(yù)兆
例句：The omen of bankruptcy hung over the company.
那家公司出現(xiàn)了破產(chǎn)的預(yù)兆。1.No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
參考翻譯：沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。鳥的飛行方式千差萬(wàn)別，但大體上可分為兩類。
講解：No two sorts of沒(méi)有哪兩種是相同的，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有的鳥類飛行方式各不相同。roughly的意思是粗略的，大概的?？梢杂肐n general取代。
2.Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
參考翻譯：任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。
講解：在這一句話中accompany和company出現(xiàn)了兩次，一個(gè)是作為動(dòng)詞，另外一個(gè)是作為名詞出現(xiàn)在詞組中：keep company with與……結(jié)交，與……作伴。例句：I enjoy keeping company with you.我很喜歡跟你在一塊。
without和with經(jīng)常和其他成分組合在一起做狀語(yǔ)，這一點(diǎn)在語(yǔ)法部分詳細(xì)講解。
3.The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.
參考翻譯：沿船體的上升的氣流和沿航線向前的氣流給這種巨翼大鳥以足夠的浮力和推力。
講解：as well as
al well as可以用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)相同的成分，如名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞，通常不位于句首。此時(shí)，as well as連接的雖然是兩個(gè)并列成分，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在前面，不在后面，意思為“不但……而且……”、“既……又……”、“除了……之外，還有……”翻譯時(shí)要先譯后面，再譯前面。例如：
1)Living things need air and light as well as water. 生物不僅需要水，還需要空氣和陽(yáng)光。（連接名詞）
2)She helped Tom as well as I. = She and I helped Tom. 我?guī)土藴返拿?，她也幫了湯姆的忙。（連接主格代詞）
3)She helped Tom as well as me. = She helped Tom and me. 她幫了我的忙，也幫了湯姆的忙。（連接賓格代詞）
4)She continued her own work as well as hepled me. 她除了幫助我，還繼續(xù)自己的工作。（連接動(dòng)詞）
5)He finds the mass of materials before, as well as after exeperiments. 他不但在實(shí)驗(yàn)后，還在實(shí)驗(yàn)前求出材料的質(zhì)量。（連接介詞短語(yǔ)）
6)The child is lively as well as healthy. 這孩子既健康又活潑。（連接形容詞）
4.The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.
參考翻譯：信天翁是滑翔飛行的鳥類，它能自如地駕馭空氣，但必須順氣流飛行。
講解：yield to讓步于,屈服于,向…投降
例句：We shall never yield to a conqueror.
我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)向征服者低頭。
She yielded to her daughter's request.
她同意女兒的要求。
5.Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.
參考翻譯：野鴨及它們相似的鴿子有天賦的鋼鐵般的肌肉，占了體重的很大一部分。這些肌肉以巨大的力量扇動(dòng)短小的翅膀，使這類鳥能頂著大風(fēng)飛行很遠(yuǎn)的路才會(huì)疲勞。
講解：such that
such…that作“如此…以致”解，連接一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。與so…that 意思相同，但用法不同。如：so…that這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，so后邊可加形容詞或副詞，
而such后邊要用名詞（這個(gè)名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可以不帶）。因此， such…that的句型結(jié)構(gòu)可分以下三種：
1) such＋a(an)＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
他非常聰明，大家都非常喜歡他。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常誠(chéng)實(shí)，因而受到了老師的表?yè)P(yáng)。
2)such＋adj.＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
這些小說(shuō)非常有趣，我想再讀一遍。
3)such＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that…clause
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他進(jìn)步得很快，老師們對(duì)他感到很滿意。with/without狀語(yǔ)
由介詞with或without 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞with或without的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中第一部分賓語(yǔ)由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，第二部分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng)，分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞，也可以是過(guò)去分詞。With結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成方式如下：
1). with或without-名詞/代詞 形容詞；
2). with或without-名詞/代詞 副詞；
3). with或without-名詞/代詞 介詞短語(yǔ)；
4). with或without-名詞/代詞 動(dòng)詞不定式；
5). with或without-名詞/代詞 分詞。
下面分別舉例：
1)She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with 名詞 形容詞，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
2)With the meal over ， we all went home.（with 名詞 副詞，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
3)The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with 名詞 介詞短語(yǔ)，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4)He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with 名詞 不定式，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
He could not finish it .... without me to help him.（without 代詞 不定式，作條件狀語(yǔ)）
5)She fell asleep with the light burning.（with 名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 ，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
6)Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without 代詞 過(guò)去分詞，作為原因狀語(yǔ)）1.No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight;
沒(méi)有任何兩種鳥的飛行方式是相同的。
2.Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross,Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
任何一艘橫度太平洋的輪船都會(huì)有一種小信天翁伴隨飛行許多天。它們隨船飛行一小時(shí)也難得見(jiàn)其扇動(dòng)一下翅膀。
3.It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
它更近乎于人類自夸的“征服”了空氣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
4.You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
如果海風(fēng)驅(qū)使它們飛行很長(zhǎng)距離，你可以撿到一些因筋疲力盡而摔下來(lái)的鷓鴣。