考博英語語法:虛擬語氣歸納和練習(xí)
虛擬語氣的重點是:
1.一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。
3.主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況,從而交錯成為復(fù)合虛擬語氣。
4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目,而在閱讀理解里,我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助,了解哪些觀點是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的,哪些是真實的,這樣對于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。
一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣
A.用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:過去式(be動詞用were)。
B.用wish表示對將來的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:would, could, might+ 動詞原形。
C.wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時,賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為:had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形,表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時或?qū)淼那闆r,用過去完成時表示過去的情況,表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如:
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。
(4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式,即動詞要用過去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形,引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句,這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(6)由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中,謂語動詞要用虛擬形式,即should(might, would)+動詞原形,例如:
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實相反, if it had not been for與過去事實相反,兩個都相當(dāng)于but for:
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中,其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑,而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣,常常流露出來。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著,就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
考博英語語法:特殊形式的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式,其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中,這類動詞有:
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張
move建議,動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定,規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào),促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn),提議 decree頒布(法令) pray請求
注意:這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以接doing或者to do…來表達(dá),一般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(書面體)
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口語)
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中,這類形容詞或分詞有:
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的,基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的,更好 insistent堅持的 desired想要
asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一點) proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable(可能的) pity可惜,憾事 shame遺憾
注意:這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以for…to do…
來表達(dá),一般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C.用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句和同位語從句中,這類名詞常見的有:
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如:
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議:要使得課外活動成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。
虛擬語氣的重點是:
1.一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。
3.主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況,從而交錯成為復(fù)合虛擬語氣。
4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目,而在閱讀理解里,我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助,了解哪些觀點是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的,哪些是真實的,這樣對于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。
一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣
A.用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:過去式(be動詞用were)。
B.用wish表示對將來的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:would, could, might+ 動詞原形。
C.wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時,賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為:had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形,表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時或?qū)淼那闆r,用過去完成時表示過去的情況,表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如:
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。
(4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式,即動詞要用過去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形,引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句,這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(6)由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中,謂語動詞要用虛擬形式,即should(might, would)+動詞原形,例如:
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實相反, if it had not been for與過去事實相反,兩個都相當(dāng)于but for:
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中,其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑,而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣,常常流露出來。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著,就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
考博英語語法:特殊形式的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式,其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中,這類動詞有:
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張
move建議,動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定,規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào),促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn),提議 decree頒布(法令) pray請求
注意:這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以接doing或者to do…來表達(dá),一般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(書面體)
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口語)
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中,這類形容詞或分詞有:
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的,基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的,更好 insistent堅持的 desired想要
asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一點) proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable(可能的) pity可惜,憾事 shame遺憾
注意:這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以for…to do…
來表達(dá),一般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C.用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句和同位語從句中,這類名詞常見的有:
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如:
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議:要使得課外活動成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。