Section Ⅱ Use of English
(15 minutes)
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values.
"Around 1980 many Japanese, (31)______ young people abandoned the values of economic success and began (32)______ for new sets of values to(33) ______ them happiness, " writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual' s pursuit of
(34) ______ and less on the values of work, family, and society.
Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, (35)______ their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993(36) ______ of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded (37) ______ as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater
(38)_ of Japanese aged 18 -24 also preferred easy jobs(39)______heavy responsibility.
The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner word of private satisfaction. Data collected(40)______ the Japanese government in i993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast(41 )______63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are (42)______ both respect for their parents (43)______a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change (44)______ Japanese parents' over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing (45) ______ for private matters.
The shift (46)______ individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among(47)______ very young. According to 1991 data (48) ______ the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16 -19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among (49)______ aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to (50) ______ ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don' t want to do anything I can' t enjoy doing. "
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
(50 minutes)
Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wash' t sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mall. When your services are rendered at 4 a. m. , you can' t simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.
So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks.
With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a. m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn' t realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he' d used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket ( 收取保護(hù)費(fèi)的黑社會組織).
Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn' t enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don' t care how merry my Christmas is, and that' s fine, " the gesture said. "I want $ 30, or I' II ' forget' to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day. "
I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn' t yet been picked up: "Someone stole Mickey' s tip!" Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check.
But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. "Are you Mickey?"
The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling. " Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the track had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?"
Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (禮節(jié)) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute' s Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says, " $10 to $ 30 each. " You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.
51. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because ______
A.he forgot to write a few words on it
B.he wanted the couple to send it back
C.he used it to ask for a Christmas tip
D.he was afraid of asking for a tip in person
52. From the passage, we learn that the author ______
A.didn' t like Raoul' s way of delivering the paper
B.didn' t realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way
C.didn' t know that Raoul came very early in the morning
D.didn' t feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came
53. According to the passage, the author felt ______ to give Raoul a holiday tip.
A.excited
B.delighted
C.embarrassed
D.forced
54. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?
A.He. wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.
B.He failed to collect the money from the bank.
C.He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.
D.He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.
55. Ed' s encounter with the recycling team shows that ______
A.Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.
B.Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.
C.Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.
D.Ed no longer wanted to give them money.
Text 2
At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease", named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent ), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more.
"There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. "
It' s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson' s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend- $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. "
At the University of Pennsylvania' s Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson' s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children' s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments
have shown great promise.
But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the set-back it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will he tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency arc preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you' re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it' s going to work. "
56. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to______
A.show the promise of gene-therapy
B.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
C.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D.explain how gene-based treatment works
57. Anderson' s early success has ______
A.greatly speeded the development of medicine
B.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
C.promised a cure to every disease
D.made him a national hero
58. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
B.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.
C.Therapeutic genes are carded by harmless viruses.
D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
59. The word "tarnish" ( line 4, paragraph 4 ) most probably means ______
A.affect
B.warn
C.trouble
D.stain
60. From the text we can see that the author seems______
A.optimistic
B.pessimistic
C.troubled
D.uncertain
Text 3
Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year' s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U. S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they' re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply, " says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Net-work for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system. "
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year' s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers ( Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)--and when one of them runs into trouble, there isn' t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine maker can' t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs, " says Marion Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There' s a whole industry that' s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time. "
Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year' s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce tiffs way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product ( Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For Americans, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That' s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign---encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
61. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ______
A.America relies too much on foreign suppliers
B.the demand of flu vaccines is high this year
C.quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
D.the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
62. The word "cleared" ( Line 4, Paragraph 3) might mean ______
A.permitted
B. removed
C.proved
D.produced
63. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ______
A.complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk
B.shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
C.difficulty in growing live virus
D.fast changing of flu virus
64. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______
A.the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
B.more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
C.America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
D.normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
65. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
B.The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
C.More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
D.Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
Part B：In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 ~ 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A ~ F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality.
Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK' s current number of 10, 000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby gifts born in the West today will live to see the next century.
66.__________________
Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war.
Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men ( to 75 ) and three years for women ( to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace them-selves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure.
67.__________________
The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing.
The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. In- deed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long.
A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously.
70.__________________
In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world.
Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years--is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic-ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations.
As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of in-come, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this.
51. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because ______
A.he forgot to write a few words on it
B.he wanted the couple to send it back
C.he used it to ask for a Christmas tip
D.he was afraid of asking for a tip in person
52. From the passage, we learn that the author ______
A.didn' t like Raoul' s way of delivering the paper
B.didn' t realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way
C.didn' t know that Raoul came very early in the morning
D.didn' t feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came
53. According to the passage, the author felt ______ to give Raoul a holiday tip.
A.excited
B.delighted
C.embarrassed
D.forced
54. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?
A.He. wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.
B.He failed to collect the money from the bank.
C.He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.
D.He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.
55. Ed' s encounter with the recycling team shows that ______
A.Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.
B.Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.
C.Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.
D.Ed no longer wanted to give them money.
56. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to
A.show the promise of gene-therapy
B.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
C.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D.explain how gene-based treatment works
57. Anderson' s early success has ______
A.greatly speeded the development of medicine
B.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
C.promised a cure to every disease
D.made him a national hero
58. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
B.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.
C.Therapeutic genes are carded by harmless viruses.
D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
59. The word "tarnish" (line 4, paragraph 4) most probably means ______
A.affect
B.warn
C.trouble
D.stain
60. From the text we can see that the author seems
A.optimistic
B.pessimistic
C.troubled
D.uncertain
A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity--something from which young and old alike will benefit.
B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies.
C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by fleeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population.
D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations--which will include both young and old alike.
E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan.
F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.
Part C：Answer questions 71 -80 by referring to the following cities.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.
A = Rotherhithe
B = Barnes
C = Willesden
D = King' s Cross Which city...
used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ?
71. _________
has the unpopular style of architecture?
72. _________
has the most expensive properties?
73. _________
offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price?
74. _________
is located in a quiet residential area?
75. _________
saw a big increase in price last year?
76. _________
will build a lot of new facilities?
77. _________
is estimated to be a good investment?
78. _________
encourages night-life culture for young people?.
79. _________
creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere?
80. _________
A. Rotherhithe
Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms.
It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs(死胡同)and closes around Surrey Quays Road.
The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down.
Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Nell, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. "
Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents.
"It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280, 000, " says Sumine Jordaan-Rob-inson, of agents Burwood Marsh , "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible. "
B. Barues
Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank.
It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers.
Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible.
But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly, " claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive. "
Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡ 2 million and ￡ 5 million.
By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡,1 million.
C.Willesden Green
Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater.
"Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers, " says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co.
"The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead-down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand. "
Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It' s popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year.
D.King' s Cross
King ' s Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ~ 2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation.
The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices.
"There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London.
Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan.
The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡ 250,000.
Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King' s Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people ar holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in. "
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes)
For many university students there are two alternatives: one is to find a job, the other is to pursue further study. Both have advantages and disadvantages, and it is difficult to say which is better. Which choice is more suitable for you?
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
Section Ⅱ Use of English(每小題1分.共計(jì)20分，權(quán)重10%)
參考譯文
新調(diào)查揭示El本的青年人已經(jīng)變成拒絕傳統(tǒng)價值觀的“唯我”一代。
“1980年前后，許多日本人，特別是年輕人，摒棄了經(jīng)濟(jì)上成功的價值基準(zhǔn)。開始尋找能給他們帶來幸?？鞓返男碌膬r值準(zhǔn)則，”社會學(xué)家吉崎康宏在《文明比較評論》一書中這樣寫道。日本青年更加重視對個人幸福的追求，而對工作、家庭和社會價值觀較少重視。
跟美國和韓國的學(xué)生不一樣，日本學(xué)生好像正在對工作失去耐心。1990年在這三個國家的對大學(xué)生進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示，只有10%的日本學(xué)生認(rèn)為工作是主要的價值，韓國和美國則分別有47%和27%的學(xué)生這么認(rèn)為。與繁重的責(zé)任相比，更多的18—24歲的日本青年更傾向于輕松地工作。
年輕的日本人因?yàn)樽非髢?nèi)心的自我滿足，所以他們不太關(guān)心家庭價值。日本政府1993年收集的資料顯示，美國有63%青年考慮過贍養(yǎng)年邁的父母，而日本只有23%。日本年輕一代好像不僅失去了對父輩的尊重，還喪失了家庭責(zé)任意識。作家Yoshizaki將這些歸因于日本父母對孩子們的溺愛、物質(zhì)的影響和不斷增長的對自我的關(guān)注。
這種自我主義的轉(zhuǎn)變在更年輕的日本人中更加明顯。1991年日本Bunka中心的資料顯示，50%的16-19歲的日本人可以被稱作為“自我中心”，而25—29歲的日本人中有33%是這樣。為了得到自我中心這個標(biāo)志。這些年輕人積極響應(yīng)諸如這樣的想法：“我們喜歡在做決定時不受傳統(tǒng)價值觀的影響”，“我們不想做自己不喜歡的事情?！?BR> 答案及解析
31.especially 【解析】“Around 1980 many Japanese，________young people…”，“1980年左右許多日本人，尤其是年輕人…”，所以此處應(yīng)填“especially”。
32.looking 【解析】與介詞for的固定搭配，意為“尋求…”，這里指的是尋求新的價值觀。所以此處應(yīng)填“l(fā)ooking”。
33.bring 【解析】根據(jù)上下文，此處意思為給他們帶來快樂。帶來用動詞“bring”。所以此處應(yīng)填“bring”。
34.happiness 【解析】根據(jù)上下文，日本年輕人更看重追求個人的幸福。 所以此處應(yīng)填“happiness”。
35.unlike 【解析】根據(jù)下文，以日本學(xué)生與美國和韓國的作對比，日本的學(xué)生不像韓國和美國的學(xué)生一樣。所以此處應(yīng)填“unlike”。
36.survey 【解析】根據(jù)后面的數(shù)據(jù)，空缺處指的是1993年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查問卷，所以此處應(yīng)填“survey”。
37.work 【解析】根據(jù)上文，對比的是對工作的態(tài)度，所以此處應(yīng)填“work”。
38.proportion 【解析】此處意為很大比例的學(xué)生仍然喜歡簡單的工作，所以此處應(yīng)填“proportion”。
39.without 【解析】此處意為年輕人更喜歡沒有重大責(zé)任的簡單工作。所以此處應(yīng)填“without”。
40.by 【解析】由日本政府收集的數(shù)據(jù)?？疾楸粍诱Z態(tài)的用法，“由…”用介詞“by”。所以此處應(yīng)填“by”。
41.to 【解析】“in contrast to”為固定搭配，意為“與…相對比”。所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
42.losing 【解析】根據(jù)上下文的意思，很多年輕一代的日本人已經(jīng)不再尊重父母，不再對家庭有責(zé)任感，所以這里用losing表示“漸漸失去了”。所以此處應(yīng)填“l(fā)osing”。
43.and 【解析】“both…and…”為固定搭配，“兩者都”。所以此處應(yīng)填“and”。
44.to 【解析】“attribute to”意為“把某事歸因于”，為固定搭配，所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
45.concern 【解析】“concern for”表示“對…關(guān)心”。所以此處應(yīng)填 “concern” 。
46.to 【解析】“shift”意為“轉(zhuǎn)變”，“從…到…的轉(zhuǎn)變”應(yīng)該用介詞“to”。所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
47.the 【解析】此處缺冠詞，在年輕人之間，用the表示特指。所以此處應(yīng)填“the”。
48.from 【解析】“來自…的數(shù)據(jù)”，要用介詞“from”。所以此處應(yīng)填“from”。
49.those 【解析】文章中提到“16-19歲之間的日本青年跟25-29歲之間的青年對比”，這里缺少代詞，替代“Japanese youth”。 所以此處應(yīng)填“those”
50.such 【解析】“such…as”用來舉例子。所以此處應(yīng)填“such”。
Section m Reading Comprehension(共計(jì)35分。權(quán)重35%)
Part A(每小題1分。共計(jì)15分)
Text 1
短文賞析
本文講的是卡片戰(zhàn)術(shù)的故事。不久以前，一封神秘的圣誕卡片投遞到了主人公郵箱里。但是信封上的收信人不是和他們居住在一起的人!這張空卡片是送報人的，他想要假期小費(fèi)。他們被暗示：要填好卡片投遞。所以女主人拿出支票單。無論在哪，因服務(wù)一年而給的假期小費(fèi)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為了黑社會的保護(hù)勒索。幾天之后，女主人拿回垃圾筒時又收到了一封小費(fèi)請求信，這次是他們家的垃圾回收員，他們沒有辦法，只好再次奉上，這次還鬧出了小小的誤會，讓男主人很無奈。面對這樣的窘境。夫婦倆去有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)尋求幫助，其實(shí)假期小費(fèi)早就已經(jīng)是大家都遵行的“潛規(guī)則”了。
答案及解析
51.C【解析】由第一段可知，這張卡片是送報人的，我們被暗示：要填好卡片投遞，當(dāng)你的服務(wù)在凌晨四點(diǎn)就被奉上時，你不能若無其事，你必須要直接點(diǎn)，他想要的是假期小費(fèi)。因此正確答案為C。
52.A【解析】第二段中女主人寫了一封漂亮的假期賀詞給這個她從來沒看到或遇到過的人。這個人在她的想象里就是像射擊一樣把《紐約時報》發(fā)射到她家門前，制造的噪聲要大于人們從黑市購得的鞭炮的聲響。所以她確實(shí)不喜歡拉烏爾投遞報紙的這種方式。因此正確答案為A。
53.D【解析】在第三段中女主人公意識到也許在四點(diǎn)的粗魯服務(wù)的原因是經(jīng)過精心策劃的而不是習(xí)慣，假期小費(fèi)從隨意的一句謝謝發(fā)展成為黑社會的保護(hù)勒索，所以作者是被迫給假期小費(fèi)的。因此正確答案為D。
54.B【解析】從第五段中描述到，看到裝著支票的信封沒有了，但是垃圾還在，所以作者的丈夫懷疑信封是被別人偷走了，立馬就通知銀行作廢了這張支票。所以Mickey終還是沒有從銀行中取走錢。因此正確答案為B。
55.A【解析】第六段中男主人看到清理垃圾的車，誤以為是Mickey來了，正要出去澄清誤會，把上次的小費(fèi)補(bǔ)上，卻遭到了回收員的蔑視，所以他感到澄清誤會的機(jī)會是很渺茫了，對于假期小費(fèi)的事情他已經(jīng)絕望了。因此正確答案為A。
Text 2
短文賞析
本篇文章是說明文，主要說明基因療法的前景、現(xiàn)狀、遭遇的問題以及人們對待基因療法的態(tài)度。文章第一段以上世紀(jì)90年代成功的基因治療為例說明基因療法的廣闊前景。第二段介紹了基因療法的現(xiàn)狀和治療機(jī)制。第三段介紹了目前用基因療法治療多種疾病的研究情況。第四段介紹了基因療法遭遇的問題以及人們對基因療法的態(tài)度。
答案及解析
56.A【解析】文章第一句話對用基因療法治療Ashanthi所患罕見疾病的成功給予了很高的評價，并在第一段末指出醫(yī)生們對基因療法寄予了極高的期望。因此正確答案為A。
57.B【解析】文章第二段一開頭就說：…It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson’s early success.”從時間上來看。Anderson采用基因療法的成功嘗試已經(jīng)是1990年的事情了，兩相對照，可見他的成功沒有讓醫(yī)學(xué)加速發(fā)展。因此正確答案為8。
58.C【解析】文章第二段對于基因治療的方式的解釋是用于治療的基因通過“viruses that don’t cause human disease”進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，就好像“特洛伊木馬”一樣，由此可見，這些病毒是無害的。因此正確答案為C。
59.D【解析】第四段提到基因療法遭受的一起挫折——個病人因接受基因療法而死亡;接著講專家擔(dān)心運(yùn)動員利用基因在比賽中作弊會進(jìn)一步tarnish這一領(lǐng)域，從上下文邏輯推理，應(yīng)該是“有損，玷污”這一類的意思，因此正確答案為D。
60.A【解析】作者的態(tài)度從文章第一句話和后一句話就可以明顯判斷出來。第一句話說基因療法是20世紀(jì)的偉大成就之一，后一句話說“Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea”，由此可見作者對基因療法持積極樂觀的態(tài)度。因此正確答案為A。
Text 3
短文賞析
本篇文章探討了美國流感疫苗短缺事件，經(jīng)濟(jì)成因以及當(dāng)前與未來的解決辦法。第一段，作者介紹了美國流感疫苗短缺問題以及其直接原因。由于質(zhì)量控制等問題，英國*禁止向美國運(yùn)輸疫苗，從而導(dǎo)致疫苗嚴(yán)重短缺。使疫苗供應(yīng)量減少了近一半。于是聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)生部門的官員敦促2至64歲的健康公民不要注射疫苗;第二段中，作者剖析了其背后的經(jīng)濟(jì)原因;在第三段里，作者介紹了解決短缺問題的辦法之一：革新疫苗生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，將其從受精卵中轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。第四段中，作者探討了美國的當(dāng)務(wù)之急：如何利用好有限的疫苗。出路就是號召公民發(fā)揚(yáng)風(fēng)格，將注射疫苗的機(jī)會讓給敏感群體，讓那些真正需要的人能夠接種疫苗。
答案及解析
61.D【解析】第一段后一句話指出了疫苗短缺所暴露出來的問題?！癟his reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，”says Dr.Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information.“and the lack of redundancy in Our.system.”“這再次凸顯出我們疫苗供應(yīng)的脆弱性，”全國免疫信息網(wǎng)的馬丁•邁爾斯醫(yī)生說，“此外，我們也沒有必要的補(bǔ)救機(jī)制?！币虼苏_答案為D。
62.A 【解析】在第三段后一句“…0ne culture-based product has been cleared for marketing in Europe.”里出現(xiàn)了“cleared”一詞。根據(jù)下文中“marketing”和讀者有關(guān)藥品上市前應(yīng)該得到批準(zhǔn)的常識，可以判斷出，該詞在本句中的意思是“得到官方的批準(zhǔn)”。因此正確答案為A。
63.A 【解析】第二段第二旬“Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it.”意思是說“私企生產(chǎn)流感疫苗的積極性不高”。接下來作者介紹了制作疫苗的復(fù)雜工序，由此可以推斷出流感疫苗生產(chǎn)工藝復(fù)雜、成本高。第二段又明確指出了私企不愿意生產(chǎn)流感疫苗的其他原因：利潤率低、需求不穩(wěn)定，此外由于流感病毒每年都不同，因此生產(chǎn)數(shù)量不能過大，由此也可推斷出生產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險性大，如果生產(chǎn)多了就會損失很大。因此正確答案為A。
64.B【解析】由第四段第二句“The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week.”中可以知道大約有九千五百萬人有資格注射疫苗。根據(jù)第四段第三句：“That’s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand，but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year.”和前一句可以推斷出美國現(xiàn)有大約四千七百萬份流感疫苗庫存，由此可推斷出美國至少還有四千七百多萬有資格注射疫苗的人無法得到注射。因此正確答案為B。
65.B 【解析】由第一段的“Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated，they’re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and64 not to.”可以判斷出美國之呼吁2至64歲的健康人不接種流感疫苗，而不是所有的美國人，因此答案A是錯誤的。從第二段后一句話可以看出疫苗生產(chǎn)廠家無法臨時增加疫苗生產(chǎn)不是由于他們不愿意，而是由于受精雞蛋的生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃好，無法提供更多的受精雞蛋，由此可見答案C是錯誤的。從第三段第三行“Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way”可以判斷出答案D是錯誤的，因?yàn)榱鞲幸呙绫葎e的疫苗更難用細(xì)菌培育的方式生產(chǎn)。而由第三段第2-3行“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures-a medium already used to make most other vaccines.”以及上一句可見，改造疫苗生產(chǎn)工藝的關(guān)鍵在于革新病毒培育技術(shù)。因此正確答案為B。
Part B(每小題2分，共計(jì)10分)
短文賞析
媒體一再告訴我們未來三十年人口老齡化的急劇增長將會造成國家醫(yī)療保障系統(tǒng)崩潰，經(jīng)濟(jì)在養(yǎng)老金供需緊張的壓力下癱瘓，在逐漸增長的照顧義務(wù)下家庭分崩離 析。然而，牛津大學(xué)的工作人員開始對這一言論進(jìn)行研究.揭露隱藏在這一言論背后的真相。人口老齡化無疑是一個現(xiàn)實(shí)，到2030年，一半西歐人口將超過50 歲，預(yù)測平均預(yù)期壽命將增長40歲。一些人口學(xué)家甚至認(rèn)為，在今天，西方國家出生的女嬰一半會活到下個世紀(jì)。面對這些問題，作者認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該視這種趨勢為 一種成功的象征，這是文明的成果。那時我們就征服了貧窮、疾病、饑荒和戰(zhàn)爭這些殺手。死亡率的下降和出生率的下降意味著年輕人的比重會越來越輕。作者認(rèn)為 我們應(yīng)該對這一現(xiàn)象采取積極的態(tài)度。牛津大學(xué)老齡化問題研究中心的成立，標(biāo)志著這一問題的重要性。中心成員對一些神秘言論一一進(jìn)行解答。有些人認(rèn)為醫(yī)療系 統(tǒng)將會癱瘓，有些人認(rèn)為有工作的人員和無工作的人員的比例問題將會使西方國家經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰，還有些人認(rèn)為老年人的生產(chǎn)力不及年輕人的生產(chǎn)力高，還有人認(rèn)為我們 將會居住得離自己的親人越來越遠(yuǎn)。研究中心人員都對這些言論提出了論證。
答案及解析
66.E【解析】第一段引出了人們對未來的擔(dān)心，認(rèn)為老齡化將會帶來各種問題。第三段是對老齡化社會的肯定。認(rèn)為這是文明發(fā)展的成果?！癿yth”一詞含有杜撰的意思。一些人的擔(dān)心是多余的。E起到承上啟下的作用。
67.B【解析】該空缺下面的段落都是對每一個“myth”的揭示。誰來揭示呢?B項(xiàng)中提到牛津大學(xué)老齡化研究中心成立各個問題研究組。
68.F【解析】第一個“myth”認(rèn)為隨著人口老齡化的增長，西方國家的醫(yī)療體系會癱瘓。研究中的一位人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家指出問題的關(guān)鍵是要建成靈活自由的醫(yī)療服務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)。
69.A【解析】第二個“myth”是擔(dān)心人口老齡化會使工作人員越來越少。研究中心人員提出應(yīng)該給年長的人提供各種培訓(xùn)機(jī)會。A中“Our studies show that there are benefits from having all age—inte-grated workforce.”說“研究表明不同年齡段的勞動力的融合也會有許多好處”。
70.C【解析】上一段中提到的“myth”是有關(guān)家庭關(guān)系的問題，擔(dān)心家庭關(guān)系會因?yàn)槔淆g化問題而使親人之間疏遠(yuǎn)。C中研究中心的倫理學(xué)家對這一問題進(jìn)行了佐證。年長者對家庭需要貢獻(xiàn)的角色越來越重要，所以這些擔(dān)心都是沒必要的，可以找到解決措施的。
Part C(每小題1分。共計(jì)10分)
短文解析
A
Rotherhithe是倫敦東南部的城市，可能因?yàn)槠鋼頂D的隧道而聞名，但是還有許多年輕的購物者被其河畔的魅力所吸引。相對于其他靠水的城市來說，房 子相對便宜些。住宅以20世紀(jì)80年代的建筑風(fēng)格為主。許多街道都是死胡同。但是房產(chǎn)面積都比較寬敞，不流行的建筑風(fēng)格使其房價比較便宜。在這里買房子你 會覺得物有所值。
B
Barnes位于英國倫敦西南部。這里恬靜舒適，由內(nèi)河和以住宅為主成為Barnes久負(fù)盛傳的原因。它有一個傳統(tǒng)的鄉(xiāng)村綠色田園詩般的鴨池。古雅的酒 吧。但進(jìn)入Barnes買房就不是那么容易的事情了。Castlenau和Lonsdale兩條主道上的大型獨(dú)立的維多利亞式的房屋，通常有5至7間臥 室，l20方嘆的花園，以及靠街邊停車場。這些房屋售價在￡200萬和￡500萬之間。在這里購房可需要一筆不小的數(shù)目。
C
Willesden Green是一座文化多樣性的城市，建筑物有20世紀(jì)30年代半獨(dú)立維多利亞洋房和新建立的各式各樣的住房，吸引了各種買家。在過去。這里被認(rèn)為是沒人想去的地方。
但是這一切在過去的幾年里發(fā)生了變化，地產(chǎn)代理商說：“這里是受歡迎的，因?yàn)樗姆績r人們?nèi)载?fù)擔(dān)得起的，雖然在過去的一年里房價飛漲。”
D
King’s Cross過去是毒品、賣*和街頭犯罪猖獗的地方。但是￡20.0億的復(fù)興方案應(yīng)該有助于該地區(qū)擺脫骯臟的名聲。該項(xiàng)目包括在今年啟用一個新的歐洲之星碼 頭，建地鐵站，數(shù)以百計(jì)的新住宅，辦公室和休閑設(shè)施，這些將在2015年完成。由這種發(fā)展趨勢，我們可以對其房價進(jìn)行預(yù)測。在這里投資，你將會發(fā)現(xiàn)是物有 所值的。
答案及解析
71.D【解析】由D中“King’s Cross used to be renowned for problems in—chiding drugs，prostitution and street crime”，意為“King’s Cross過去因吸毒，賣*和街頭犯罪等問題而著稱”我們可以看出。所以此處答案為D。
72.A【解析】由A中第三段中“The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London”，A中多處提到Rotherhithe的建筑風(fēng)格很老套。所以此處答案為A。
73.B 【解析】由B中“These sell for anything between￡2 million and￡5million.”，每套住房銷售價格在200萬英鎊到500萬英鎊之間不等，極其昂貴。所以此處答案為B。
74.A 【解析】由A中“The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down”可以看出房屋樣式古板，但是價位令人比較容易接受。所以此處答案為A。
75.B 【解析】由B中“Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London，but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank.”可以看出Barnes與其對岸喧囂吵鬧的城市完全不同。所以此處答案為B。
76.C【解析】由c中“It’s popular because it is still affordable，al—though prices have rocketed over the last year.”可以看出Willesden Green去年飛速增長，但是房價還能接受。所以此處答案為C。
77.D【解析】由D中“The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced, up Tube station，alongside hundreds of new homes，offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in2015.”可以看出將在King’s Cross投資建立許多基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以此處答案為D。
78.D【解析】由D中Smith adds，“Investment—wise，King’s Cross is a good bet.There is a big rental market here and paces will go up.There are still cheaper properties available，one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions，or ex-council properties.But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value.If you find one，it is worth investing in.”可以看出在King’s Cross投資將會物有所值。所以此處答案為D。
79.A【解析】由A中將打算建“night time economy”可以看出。所以此處答案為A。
80.C【解析】由C中“Despite its growing popularity，the area remains interesting and multicultural.”可以看出Willesden Green是一個文化多樣性的城市。所以此處答案為c。
Section IV Writing(計(jì)25分。權(quán)重25%)
One possible version:
Career or Degree? Every Graduate' s Decision
After staying on campus for many years, some students become bored and can' t wait to get a job. They are eager to lead a life that is less stressful intellectually and less pressing economically. In their eyes, a job can provide them with opportunities to solve problems that will demand a combination of both academic knowledge and practical experience.
However, some students plan to continue their education in pursuing further degree. As far as academic preparation, is concerned, the knowledge and skills acquired at an undergraduate level are far from adequate in the job market. It is a fact that an ever-increasing number of graduates are returning to school, motivated by the need to update their knowledge and enhance their skills. The news that graduates with higher degrees are better off is a direct result of the shrinking job market.
All this indicates that a bachelor' s degree can hardly qualify students for a competitive position. If I were able to choose for myself, I would prefer to stay and pursue an M. A. degree. I know my choice would mean a commitment of time and money. Opportunities, however, always coexist with hardships and risks. The days might be rigorous and painstaking, but they would certainly be fulfilling and rewarding, and would surely lead to a prosperous future.
(15 minutes)
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values.
"Around 1980 many Japanese, (31)______ young people abandoned the values of economic success and began (32)______ for new sets of values to(33) ______ them happiness, " writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual' s pursuit of
(34) ______ and less on the values of work, family, and society.
Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, (35)______ their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993(36) ______ of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded (37) ______ as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater
(38)_ of Japanese aged 18 -24 also preferred easy jobs(39)______heavy responsibility.
The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner word of private satisfaction. Data collected(40)______ the Japanese government in i993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast(41 )______63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are (42)______ both respect for their parents (43)______a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change (44)______ Japanese parents' over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing (45) ______ for private matters.
The shift (46)______ individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among(47)______ very young. According to 1991 data (48) ______ the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16 -19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among (49)______ aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to (50) ______ ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don' t want to do anything I can' t enjoy doing. "
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
(50 minutes)
Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wash' t sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mall. When your services are rendered at 4 a. m. , you can' t simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.
So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks.
With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a. m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn' t realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he' d used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket ( 收取保護(hù)費(fèi)的黑社會組織).
Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn' t enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don' t care how merry my Christmas is, and that' s fine, " the gesture said. "I want $ 30, or I' II ' forget' to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day. "
I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn' t yet been picked up: "Someone stole Mickey' s tip!" Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check.
But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. "Are you Mickey?"
The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling. " Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the track had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?"
Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (禮節(jié)) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute' s Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says, " $10 to $ 30 each. " You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.
51. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because ______
A.he forgot to write a few words on it
B.he wanted the couple to send it back
C.he used it to ask for a Christmas tip
D.he was afraid of asking for a tip in person
52. From the passage, we learn that the author ______
A.didn' t like Raoul' s way of delivering the paper
B.didn' t realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way
C.didn' t know that Raoul came very early in the morning
D.didn' t feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came
53. According to the passage, the author felt ______ to give Raoul a holiday tip.
A.excited
B.delighted
C.embarrassed
D.forced
54. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?
A.He. wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.
B.He failed to collect the money from the bank.
C.He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.
D.He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.
55. Ed' s encounter with the recycling team shows that ______
A.Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.
B.Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.
C.Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.
D.Ed no longer wanted to give them money.
Text 2
At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease", named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent ), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more.
"There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. "
It' s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson' s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend- $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. "
At the University of Pennsylvania' s Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson' s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children' s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments
have shown great promise.
But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the set-back it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will he tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency arc preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you' re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it' s going to work. "
56. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to______
A.show the promise of gene-therapy
B.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
C.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D.explain how gene-based treatment works
57. Anderson' s early success has ______
A.greatly speeded the development of medicine
B.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
C.promised a cure to every disease
D.made him a national hero
58. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
B.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.
C.Therapeutic genes are carded by harmless viruses.
D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
59. The word "tarnish" ( line 4, paragraph 4 ) most probably means ______
A.affect
B.warn
C.trouble
D.stain
60. From the text we can see that the author seems______
A.optimistic
B.pessimistic
C.troubled
D.uncertain
Text 3
Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year' s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U. S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they' re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply, " says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Net-work for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system. "
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year' s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers ( Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)--and when one of them runs into trouble, there isn' t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine maker can' t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs, " says Marion Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There' s a whole industry that' s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time. "
Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year' s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce tiffs way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product ( Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For Americans, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That' s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign---encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
61. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ______
A.America relies too much on foreign suppliers
B.the demand of flu vaccines is high this year
C.quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
D.the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
62. The word "cleared" ( Line 4, Paragraph 3) might mean ______
A.permitted
B. removed
C.proved
D.produced
63. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ______
A.complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk
B.shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
C.difficulty in growing live virus
D.fast changing of flu virus
64. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______
A.the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
B.more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
C.America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
D.normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
65. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
B.The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
C.More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
D.Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
Part B：In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 ~ 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A ~ F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality.
Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK' s current number of 10, 000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby gifts born in the West today will live to see the next century.
66.__________________
Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war.
Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men ( to 75 ) and three years for women ( to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace them-selves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure.
67.__________________
The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing.
The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. In- deed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long.
A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously.
70.__________________
In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world.
Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years--is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic-ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations.
As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of in-come, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this.
51. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because ______
A.he forgot to write a few words on it
B.he wanted the couple to send it back
C.he used it to ask for a Christmas tip
D.he was afraid of asking for a tip in person
52. From the passage, we learn that the author ______
A.didn' t like Raoul' s way of delivering the paper
B.didn' t realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way
C.didn' t know that Raoul came very early in the morning
D.didn' t feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came
53. According to the passage, the author felt ______ to give Raoul a holiday tip.
A.excited
B.delighted
C.embarrassed
D.forced
54. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?
A.He. wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.
B.He failed to collect the money from the bank.
C.He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.
D.He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.
55. Ed' s encounter with the recycling team shows that ______
A.Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.
B.Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.
C.Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.
D.Ed no longer wanted to give them money.
56. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to
A.show the promise of gene-therapy
B.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
C.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D.explain how gene-based treatment works
57. Anderson' s early success has ______
A.greatly speeded the development of medicine
B.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
C.promised a cure to every disease
D.made him a national hero
58. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
B.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.
C.Therapeutic genes are carded by harmless viruses.
D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
59. The word "tarnish" (line 4, paragraph 4) most probably means ______
A.affect
B.warn
C.trouble
D.stain
60. From the text we can see that the author seems
A.optimistic
B.pessimistic
C.troubled
D.uncertain
A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity--something from which young and old alike will benefit.
B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies.
C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by fleeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population.
D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations--which will include both young and old alike.
E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan.
F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.
Part C：Answer questions 71 -80 by referring to the following cities.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.
A = Rotherhithe
B = Barnes
C = Willesden
D = King' s Cross Which city...
used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ?
71. _________
has the unpopular style of architecture?
72. _________
has the most expensive properties?
73. _________
offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price?
74. _________
is located in a quiet residential area?
75. _________
saw a big increase in price last year?
76. _________
will build a lot of new facilities?
77. _________
is estimated to be a good investment?
78. _________
encourages night-life culture for young people?.
79. _________
creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere?
80. _________
A. Rotherhithe
Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms.
It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs(死胡同)and closes around Surrey Quays Road.
The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down.
Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Nell, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. "
Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents.
"It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280, 000, " says Sumine Jordaan-Rob-inson, of agents Burwood Marsh , "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible. "
B. Barues
Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank.
It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers.
Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible.
But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly, " claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive. "
Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡ 2 million and ￡ 5 million.
By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡,1 million.
C.Willesden Green
Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater.
"Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers, " says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co.
"The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead-down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand. "
Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It' s popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year.
D.King' s Cross
King ' s Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ~ 2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation.
The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices.
"There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London.
Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan.
The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡ 250,000.
Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King' s Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people ar holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in. "
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes)
For many university students there are two alternatives: one is to find a job, the other is to pursue further study. Both have advantages and disadvantages, and it is difficult to say which is better. Which choice is more suitable for you?
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
Section Ⅱ Use of English(每小題1分.共計(jì)20分，權(quán)重10%)
參考譯文
新調(diào)查揭示El本的青年人已經(jīng)變成拒絕傳統(tǒng)價值觀的“唯我”一代。
“1980年前后，許多日本人，特別是年輕人，摒棄了經(jīng)濟(jì)上成功的價值基準(zhǔn)。開始尋找能給他們帶來幸?？鞓返男碌膬r值準(zhǔn)則，”社會學(xué)家吉崎康宏在《文明比較評論》一書中這樣寫道。日本青年更加重視對個人幸福的追求，而對工作、家庭和社會價值觀較少重視。
跟美國和韓國的學(xué)生不一樣，日本學(xué)生好像正在對工作失去耐心。1990年在這三個國家的對大學(xué)生進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示，只有10%的日本學(xué)生認(rèn)為工作是主要的價值，韓國和美國則分別有47%和27%的學(xué)生這么認(rèn)為。與繁重的責(zé)任相比，更多的18—24歲的日本青年更傾向于輕松地工作。
年輕的日本人因?yàn)樽非髢?nèi)心的自我滿足，所以他們不太關(guān)心家庭價值。日本政府1993年收集的資料顯示，美國有63%青年考慮過贍養(yǎng)年邁的父母，而日本只有23%。日本年輕一代好像不僅失去了對父輩的尊重，還喪失了家庭責(zé)任意識。作家Yoshizaki將這些歸因于日本父母對孩子們的溺愛、物質(zhì)的影響和不斷增長的對自我的關(guān)注。
這種自我主義的轉(zhuǎn)變在更年輕的日本人中更加明顯。1991年日本Bunka中心的資料顯示，50%的16-19歲的日本人可以被稱作為“自我中心”，而25—29歲的日本人中有33%是這樣。為了得到自我中心這個標(biāo)志。這些年輕人積極響應(yīng)諸如這樣的想法：“我們喜歡在做決定時不受傳統(tǒng)價值觀的影響”，“我們不想做自己不喜歡的事情?！?BR> 答案及解析
31.especially 【解析】“Around 1980 many Japanese，________young people…”，“1980年左右許多日本人，尤其是年輕人…”，所以此處應(yīng)填“especially”。
32.looking 【解析】與介詞for的固定搭配，意為“尋求…”，這里指的是尋求新的價值觀。所以此處應(yīng)填“l(fā)ooking”。
33.bring 【解析】根據(jù)上下文，此處意思為給他們帶來快樂。帶來用動詞“bring”。所以此處應(yīng)填“bring”。
34.happiness 【解析】根據(jù)上下文，日本年輕人更看重追求個人的幸福。 所以此處應(yīng)填“happiness”。
35.unlike 【解析】根據(jù)下文，以日本學(xué)生與美國和韓國的作對比，日本的學(xué)生不像韓國和美國的學(xué)生一樣。所以此處應(yīng)填“unlike”。
36.survey 【解析】根據(jù)后面的數(shù)據(jù)，空缺處指的是1993年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查問卷，所以此處應(yīng)填“survey”。
37.work 【解析】根據(jù)上文，對比的是對工作的態(tài)度，所以此處應(yīng)填“work”。
38.proportion 【解析】此處意為很大比例的學(xué)生仍然喜歡簡單的工作，所以此處應(yīng)填“proportion”。
39.without 【解析】此處意為年輕人更喜歡沒有重大責(zé)任的簡單工作。所以此處應(yīng)填“without”。
40.by 【解析】由日本政府收集的數(shù)據(jù)?？疾楸粍诱Z態(tài)的用法，“由…”用介詞“by”。所以此處應(yīng)填“by”。
41.to 【解析】“in contrast to”為固定搭配，意為“與…相對比”。所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
42.losing 【解析】根據(jù)上下文的意思，很多年輕一代的日本人已經(jīng)不再尊重父母，不再對家庭有責(zé)任感，所以這里用losing表示“漸漸失去了”。所以此處應(yīng)填“l(fā)osing”。
43.and 【解析】“both…and…”為固定搭配，“兩者都”。所以此處應(yīng)填“and”。
44.to 【解析】“attribute to”意為“把某事歸因于”，為固定搭配，所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
45.concern 【解析】“concern for”表示“對…關(guān)心”。所以此處應(yīng)填 “concern” 。
46.to 【解析】“shift”意為“轉(zhuǎn)變”，“從…到…的轉(zhuǎn)變”應(yīng)該用介詞“to”。所以此處應(yīng)填“to”。
47.the 【解析】此處缺冠詞，在年輕人之間，用the表示特指。所以此處應(yīng)填“the”。
48.from 【解析】“來自…的數(shù)據(jù)”，要用介詞“from”。所以此處應(yīng)填“from”。
49.those 【解析】文章中提到“16-19歲之間的日本青年跟25-29歲之間的青年對比”，這里缺少代詞，替代“Japanese youth”。 所以此處應(yīng)填“those”
50.such 【解析】“such…as”用來舉例子。所以此處應(yīng)填“such”。
Section m Reading Comprehension(共計(jì)35分。權(quán)重35%)
Part A(每小題1分。共計(jì)15分)
Text 1
短文賞析
本文講的是卡片戰(zhàn)術(shù)的故事。不久以前，一封神秘的圣誕卡片投遞到了主人公郵箱里。但是信封上的收信人不是和他們居住在一起的人!這張空卡片是送報人的，他想要假期小費(fèi)。他們被暗示：要填好卡片投遞。所以女主人拿出支票單。無論在哪，因服務(wù)一年而給的假期小費(fèi)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為了黑社會的保護(hù)勒索。幾天之后，女主人拿回垃圾筒時又收到了一封小費(fèi)請求信，這次是他們家的垃圾回收員，他們沒有辦法，只好再次奉上，這次還鬧出了小小的誤會，讓男主人很無奈。面對這樣的窘境。夫婦倆去有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)尋求幫助，其實(shí)假期小費(fèi)早就已經(jīng)是大家都遵行的“潛規(guī)則”了。
答案及解析
51.C【解析】由第一段可知，這張卡片是送報人的，我們被暗示：要填好卡片投遞，當(dāng)你的服務(wù)在凌晨四點(diǎn)就被奉上時，你不能若無其事，你必須要直接點(diǎn)，他想要的是假期小費(fèi)。因此正確答案為C。
52.A【解析】第二段中女主人寫了一封漂亮的假期賀詞給這個她從來沒看到或遇到過的人。這個人在她的想象里就是像射擊一樣把《紐約時報》發(fā)射到她家門前，制造的噪聲要大于人們從黑市購得的鞭炮的聲響。所以她確實(shí)不喜歡拉烏爾投遞報紙的這種方式。因此正確答案為A。
53.D【解析】在第三段中女主人公意識到也許在四點(diǎn)的粗魯服務(wù)的原因是經(jīng)過精心策劃的而不是習(xí)慣，假期小費(fèi)從隨意的一句謝謝發(fā)展成為黑社會的保護(hù)勒索，所以作者是被迫給假期小費(fèi)的。因此正確答案為D。
54.B【解析】從第五段中描述到，看到裝著支票的信封沒有了，但是垃圾還在，所以作者的丈夫懷疑信封是被別人偷走了，立馬就通知銀行作廢了這張支票。所以Mickey終還是沒有從銀行中取走錢。因此正確答案為B。
55.A【解析】第六段中男主人看到清理垃圾的車，誤以為是Mickey來了，正要出去澄清誤會，把上次的小費(fèi)補(bǔ)上，卻遭到了回收員的蔑視，所以他感到澄清誤會的機(jī)會是很渺茫了，對于假期小費(fèi)的事情他已經(jīng)絕望了。因此正確答案為A。
Text 2
短文賞析
本篇文章是說明文，主要說明基因療法的前景、現(xiàn)狀、遭遇的問題以及人們對待基因療法的態(tài)度。文章第一段以上世紀(jì)90年代成功的基因治療為例說明基因療法的廣闊前景。第二段介紹了基因療法的現(xiàn)狀和治療機(jī)制。第三段介紹了目前用基因療法治療多種疾病的研究情況。第四段介紹了基因療法遭遇的問題以及人們對基因療法的態(tài)度。
答案及解析
56.A【解析】文章第一句話對用基因療法治療Ashanthi所患罕見疾病的成功給予了很高的評價，并在第一段末指出醫(yī)生們對基因療法寄予了極高的期望。因此正確答案為A。
57.B【解析】文章第二段一開頭就說：…It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson’s early success.”從時間上來看。Anderson采用基因療法的成功嘗試已經(jīng)是1990年的事情了，兩相對照，可見他的成功沒有讓醫(yī)學(xué)加速發(fā)展。因此正確答案為8。
58.C【解析】文章第二段對于基因治療的方式的解釋是用于治療的基因通過“viruses that don’t cause human disease”進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，就好像“特洛伊木馬”一樣，由此可見，這些病毒是無害的。因此正確答案為C。
59.D【解析】第四段提到基因療法遭受的一起挫折——個病人因接受基因療法而死亡;接著講專家擔(dān)心運(yùn)動員利用基因在比賽中作弊會進(jìn)一步tarnish這一領(lǐng)域，從上下文邏輯推理，應(yīng)該是“有損，玷污”這一類的意思，因此正確答案為D。
60.A【解析】作者的態(tài)度從文章第一句話和后一句話就可以明顯判斷出來。第一句話說基因療法是20世紀(jì)的偉大成就之一，后一句話說“Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea”，由此可見作者對基因療法持積極樂觀的態(tài)度。因此正確答案為A。
Text 3
短文賞析
本篇文章探討了美國流感疫苗短缺事件，經(jīng)濟(jì)成因以及當(dāng)前與未來的解決辦法。第一段，作者介紹了美國流感疫苗短缺問題以及其直接原因。由于質(zhì)量控制等問題，英國*禁止向美國運(yùn)輸疫苗，從而導(dǎo)致疫苗嚴(yán)重短缺。使疫苗供應(yīng)量減少了近一半。于是聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)生部門的官員敦促2至64歲的健康公民不要注射疫苗;第二段中，作者剖析了其背后的經(jīng)濟(jì)原因;在第三段里，作者介紹了解決短缺問題的辦法之一：革新疫苗生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，將其從受精卵中轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。第四段中，作者探討了美國的當(dāng)務(wù)之急：如何利用好有限的疫苗。出路就是號召公民發(fā)揚(yáng)風(fēng)格，將注射疫苗的機(jī)會讓給敏感群體，讓那些真正需要的人能夠接種疫苗。
答案及解析
61.D【解析】第一段后一句話指出了疫苗短缺所暴露出來的問題?！癟his reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，”says Dr.Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information.“and the lack of redundancy in Our.system.”“這再次凸顯出我們疫苗供應(yīng)的脆弱性，”全國免疫信息網(wǎng)的馬丁•邁爾斯醫(yī)生說，“此外，我們也沒有必要的補(bǔ)救機(jī)制?！币虼苏_答案為D。
62.A 【解析】在第三段后一句“…0ne culture-based product has been cleared for marketing in Europe.”里出現(xiàn)了“cleared”一詞。根據(jù)下文中“marketing”和讀者有關(guān)藥品上市前應(yīng)該得到批準(zhǔn)的常識，可以判斷出，該詞在本句中的意思是“得到官方的批準(zhǔn)”。因此正確答案為A。
63.A 【解析】第二段第二旬“Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it.”意思是說“私企生產(chǎn)流感疫苗的積極性不高”。接下來作者介紹了制作疫苗的復(fù)雜工序，由此可以推斷出流感疫苗生產(chǎn)工藝復(fù)雜、成本高。第二段又明確指出了私企不愿意生產(chǎn)流感疫苗的其他原因：利潤率低、需求不穩(wěn)定，此外由于流感病毒每年都不同，因此生產(chǎn)數(shù)量不能過大，由此也可推斷出生產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險性大，如果生產(chǎn)多了就會損失很大。因此正確答案為A。
64.B【解析】由第四段第二句“The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week.”中可以知道大約有九千五百萬人有資格注射疫苗。根據(jù)第四段第三句：“That’s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand，but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year.”和前一句可以推斷出美國現(xiàn)有大約四千七百萬份流感疫苗庫存，由此可推斷出美國至少還有四千七百多萬有資格注射疫苗的人無法得到注射。因此正確答案為B。
65.B 【解析】由第一段的“Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated，they’re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and64 not to.”可以判斷出美國之呼吁2至64歲的健康人不接種流感疫苗，而不是所有的美國人，因此答案A是錯誤的。從第二段后一句話可以看出疫苗生產(chǎn)廠家無法臨時增加疫苗生產(chǎn)不是由于他們不愿意，而是由于受精雞蛋的生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃好，無法提供更多的受精雞蛋，由此可見答案C是錯誤的。從第三段第三行“Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way”可以判斷出答案D是錯誤的，因?yàn)榱鞲幸呙绫葎e的疫苗更難用細(xì)菌培育的方式生產(chǎn)。而由第三段第2-3行“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures-a medium already used to make most other vaccines.”以及上一句可見，改造疫苗生產(chǎn)工藝的關(guān)鍵在于革新病毒培育技術(shù)。因此正確答案為B。
Part B(每小題2分，共計(jì)10分)
短文賞析
媒體一再告訴我們未來三十年人口老齡化的急劇增長將會造成國家醫(yī)療保障系統(tǒng)崩潰，經(jīng)濟(jì)在養(yǎng)老金供需緊張的壓力下癱瘓，在逐漸增長的照顧義務(wù)下家庭分崩離 析。然而，牛津大學(xué)的工作人員開始對這一言論進(jìn)行研究.揭露隱藏在這一言論背后的真相。人口老齡化無疑是一個現(xiàn)實(shí)，到2030年，一半西歐人口將超過50 歲，預(yù)測平均預(yù)期壽命將增長40歲。一些人口學(xué)家甚至認(rèn)為，在今天，西方國家出生的女嬰一半會活到下個世紀(jì)。面對這些問題，作者認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該視這種趨勢為 一種成功的象征，這是文明的成果。那時我們就征服了貧窮、疾病、饑荒和戰(zhàn)爭這些殺手。死亡率的下降和出生率的下降意味著年輕人的比重會越來越輕。作者認(rèn)為 我們應(yīng)該對這一現(xiàn)象采取積極的態(tài)度。牛津大學(xué)老齡化問題研究中心的成立，標(biāo)志著這一問題的重要性。中心成員對一些神秘言論一一進(jìn)行解答。有些人認(rèn)為醫(yī)療系 統(tǒng)將會癱瘓，有些人認(rèn)為有工作的人員和無工作的人員的比例問題將會使西方國家經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰，還有些人認(rèn)為老年人的生產(chǎn)力不及年輕人的生產(chǎn)力高，還有人認(rèn)為我們 將會居住得離自己的親人越來越遠(yuǎn)。研究中心人員都對這些言論提出了論證。
答案及解析
66.E【解析】第一段引出了人們對未來的擔(dān)心，認(rèn)為老齡化將會帶來各種問題。第三段是對老齡化社會的肯定。認(rèn)為這是文明發(fā)展的成果?！癿yth”一詞含有杜撰的意思。一些人的擔(dān)心是多余的。E起到承上啟下的作用。
67.B【解析】該空缺下面的段落都是對每一個“myth”的揭示。誰來揭示呢?B項(xiàng)中提到牛津大學(xué)老齡化研究中心成立各個問題研究組。
68.F【解析】第一個“myth”認(rèn)為隨著人口老齡化的增長，西方國家的醫(yī)療體系會癱瘓。研究中的一位人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家指出問題的關(guān)鍵是要建成靈活自由的醫(yī)療服務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)。
69.A【解析】第二個“myth”是擔(dān)心人口老齡化會使工作人員越來越少。研究中心人員提出應(yīng)該給年長的人提供各種培訓(xùn)機(jī)會。A中“Our studies show that there are benefits from having all age—inte-grated workforce.”說“研究表明不同年齡段的勞動力的融合也會有許多好處”。
70.C【解析】上一段中提到的“myth”是有關(guān)家庭關(guān)系的問題，擔(dān)心家庭關(guān)系會因?yàn)槔淆g化問題而使親人之間疏遠(yuǎn)。C中研究中心的倫理學(xué)家對這一問題進(jìn)行了佐證。年長者對家庭需要貢獻(xiàn)的角色越來越重要，所以這些擔(dān)心都是沒必要的，可以找到解決措施的。
Part C(每小題1分。共計(jì)10分)
短文解析
A
Rotherhithe是倫敦東南部的城市，可能因?yàn)槠鋼頂D的隧道而聞名，但是還有許多年輕的購物者被其河畔的魅力所吸引。相對于其他靠水的城市來說，房 子相對便宜些。住宅以20世紀(jì)80年代的建筑風(fēng)格為主。許多街道都是死胡同。但是房產(chǎn)面積都比較寬敞，不流行的建筑風(fēng)格使其房價比較便宜。在這里買房子你 會覺得物有所值。
B
Barnes位于英國倫敦西南部。這里恬靜舒適，由內(nèi)河和以住宅為主成為Barnes久負(fù)盛傳的原因。它有一個傳統(tǒng)的鄉(xiāng)村綠色田園詩般的鴨池。古雅的酒 吧。但進(jìn)入Barnes買房就不是那么容易的事情了。Castlenau和Lonsdale兩條主道上的大型獨(dú)立的維多利亞式的房屋，通常有5至7間臥 室，l20方嘆的花園，以及靠街邊停車場。這些房屋售價在￡200萬和￡500萬之間。在這里購房可需要一筆不小的數(shù)目。
C
Willesden Green是一座文化多樣性的城市，建筑物有20世紀(jì)30年代半獨(dú)立維多利亞洋房和新建立的各式各樣的住房，吸引了各種買家。在過去。這里被認(rèn)為是沒人想去的地方。
但是這一切在過去的幾年里發(fā)生了變化，地產(chǎn)代理商說：“這里是受歡迎的，因?yàn)樗姆績r人們?nèi)载?fù)擔(dān)得起的，雖然在過去的一年里房價飛漲。”
D
King’s Cross過去是毒品、賣*和街頭犯罪猖獗的地方。但是￡20.0億的復(fù)興方案應(yīng)該有助于該地區(qū)擺脫骯臟的名聲。該項(xiàng)目包括在今年啟用一個新的歐洲之星碼 頭，建地鐵站，數(shù)以百計(jì)的新住宅，辦公室和休閑設(shè)施，這些將在2015年完成。由這種發(fā)展趨勢，我們可以對其房價進(jìn)行預(yù)測。在這里投資，你將會發(fā)現(xiàn)是物有 所值的。
答案及解析
71.D【解析】由D中“King’s Cross used to be renowned for problems in—chiding drugs，prostitution and street crime”，意為“King’s Cross過去因吸毒，賣*和街頭犯罪等問題而著稱”我們可以看出。所以此處答案為D。
72.A【解析】由A中第三段中“The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London”，A中多處提到Rotherhithe的建筑風(fēng)格很老套。所以此處答案為A。
73.B 【解析】由B中“These sell for anything between￡2 million and￡5million.”，每套住房銷售價格在200萬英鎊到500萬英鎊之間不等，極其昂貴。所以此處答案為B。
74.A 【解析】由A中“The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down”可以看出房屋樣式古板，但是價位令人比較容易接受。所以此處答案為A。
75.B 【解析】由B中“Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London，but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank.”可以看出Barnes與其對岸喧囂吵鬧的城市完全不同。所以此處答案為B。
76.C【解析】由c中“It’s popular because it is still affordable，al—though prices have rocketed over the last year.”可以看出Willesden Green去年飛速增長，但是房價還能接受。所以此處答案為C。
77.D【解析】由D中“The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced, up Tube station，alongside hundreds of new homes，offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in2015.”可以看出將在King’s Cross投資建立許多基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以此處答案為D。
78.D【解析】由D中Smith adds，“Investment—wise，King’s Cross is a good bet.There is a big rental market here and paces will go up.There are still cheaper properties available，one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions，or ex-council properties.But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value.If you find one，it is worth investing in.”可以看出在King’s Cross投資將會物有所值。所以此處答案為D。
79.A【解析】由A中將打算建“night time economy”可以看出。所以此處答案為A。
80.C【解析】由C中“Despite its growing popularity，the area remains interesting and multicultural.”可以看出Willesden Green是一個文化多樣性的城市。所以此處答案為c。
Section IV Writing(計(jì)25分。權(quán)重25%)
One possible version:
Career or Degree? Every Graduate' s Decision
After staying on campus for many years, some students become bored and can' t wait to get a job. They are eager to lead a life that is less stressful intellectually and less pressing economically. In their eyes, a job can provide them with opportunities to solve problems that will demand a combination of both academic knowledge and practical experience.
However, some students plan to continue their education in pursuing further degree. As far as academic preparation, is concerned, the knowledge and skills acquired at an undergraduate level are far from adequate in the job market. It is a fact that an ever-increasing number of graduates are returning to school, motivated by the need to update their knowledge and enhance their skills. The news that graduates with higher degrees are better off is a direct result of the shrinking job market.
All this indicates that a bachelor' s degree can hardly qualify students for a competitive position. If I were able to choose for myself, I would prefer to stay and pursue an M. A. degree. I know my choice would mean a commitment of time and money. Opportunities, however, always coexist with hardships and risks. The days might be rigorous and painstaking, but they would certainly be fulfilling and rewarding, and would surely lead to a prosperous future.