2016大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義：動(dòng)詞
Ⅰ動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
時(shí)態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語(yǔ)態(tài)
可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見(jiàn)的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
Ⅰ動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
時(shí)態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語(yǔ)態(tài)
可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見(jiàn)的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
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