2016年5月7日托福口語(yǔ)小范圍預(yù)測(cè)
    口語(yǔ)第一題：
    Task1:
    In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a good school?
    NO.2
    Task 1: In your opinion, what are some things a student can do to deal with homesickness.
    NO.3
    Task1:
    人生艱難的是哪段時(shí)間?兒時(shí),青年還是成年。
    NO.4
    Task 1
    描述下你想去的restaurant或者cafe需要具有什么qualities.
    NO.5
    Do you think it’s a good idea for students to work for a year before entering university?
    NO.6
    Describe a person whom you would like to spend time with. Explain why you would like to spend time with this person.
    NO.7
    Describe the most important accomplishment of your country in the past 25 years. Explain why this accomplishment is important. Please include details and examples in your response.
    NO.8
    What is your favorite outdoor place to exercise on a nice day?
    NO.9
    說(shuō)說(shuō)你寫paper,試驗(yàn)阿什么的帶來(lái)的好處(好像是這個(gè)題目,可以說(shuō)很多事例,因?yàn)槭堑谝粋€(gè)題,隨意性大)
    0
    在醫(yī)院做volunteer，是喜歡和病人聊天，讀書給病人聽(tīng)，照顧病人親屬
    1
    Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?
    2
    描述你覺(jué)得重要的物品(Describe an object that is the most important to you)，并說(shuō)明如何得到的和為什么重要。
    3
    Describe a day you enjoy most or most special for you
    4
    Describe a tool or an object that you rely on often in your daily life. Explain why it is important to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
    5
    Your friend is considering getting a new pet. What kind of animal would you suggest and what advice will you give him?
    6
    The university acts as a venue for three kinds of student activities:
    - Concerts performed by students
    - Drama acted out by theater students
    - Lectures given by a well-known professor
    Which one do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain.
    7
    在這一百年之內(nèi)有很多發(fā)明,說(shuō)一個(gè)你覺(jué)得對(duì)你生活改變大的.
    8
    在學(xué)校里喜歡什么活動(dòng)What activities do you like to do at school?
    口語(yǔ)第二題：
    Task2:
    是不是該要求富人出錢幫助別人
    NO.2
    Task 2: Some people prefer to collect old things, while others prefer to throw things away after they’re finished with them. Which do you prefer and why?
    NO.3
    S2
    你喜歡有很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師 還是沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師。
    NO.4
    Task 2
    有些城市鼓勵(lì)保留老建筑,有些城市鼓勵(lì)用新建筑代替老建筑,問(wèn)你的觀點(diǎn),并解釋.
    NO.5
    Some people prefer team sports, while others prefer individual sports. Which do you prefer?
    NO.6
    Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should always study in quiet places.
    NO.7
    Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the most important teachers of their children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
    NO.8
    Some people like to take a break or get a job during summer vacation. Others prefer to enroll in a summer course. Which do you prefer and why?
    NO.9
    Some people prefer to live in old buildings. Others prefer to live in new and modern buildings. Which do you prefer? Explain why.
    0
    你比較喜歡job with communication ,還是不喜歡個(gè)人打交道的工作
    1
    People often will watch movies or television shows with their families and friends. Some prefer to remain quiet until the end of the movies or shows, while others prefer to discuss with family members and friends while watching. Which do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain.
    2
    有的大學(xué)強(qiáng)制上外語(yǔ)課，有的強(qiáng)制上計(jì)算機(jī)課。你認(rèn)為哪個(gè)更重要?
    3
    Some universities expect students to choose their major when they enter university. Others let students wait until the second or third year. Which do you think is better and why?
    4
    Some people prefer to solve a challenge all by themselves. Others prefer to depend on other people's help. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
    5
    Do you agree or disagree: it is more enjoyable to read fictional literature than those of non-fiction.
    6
    有些人覺(jué)得在大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)是很重要的,有的人覺(jué)得它并不怎么重要,你的觀點(diǎn)?
    7
    Do you like to study alone or with others?
    8
    Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it’s important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.
    口語(yǔ)第三題：
    S3
    Passage 一個(gè)letter關(guān)于教學(xué)樓內(nèi)improvement proposal. 一是在每層樓多設(shè) power plug. 二是每層樓設(shè)打印機(jī)。
    Conversation:男生同意這個(gè)建議。第一條他說(shuō)現(xiàn)在很多學(xué)生都有l(wèi)aptop. 舉了個(gè)自己的例子，說(shuō)他帶laptop 去上課，但沒(méi)電了，他找不到power plug, 跑了很遠(yuǎn)充電。第二條是學(xué)生有可能在課間完成assignment, 需要打印。
    NO.2
    Task 3：
    jazz band 要在 afternoon 在校園的 lawn 開(kāi) concert ，woman 不滿意 因?yàn)?1. 學(xué)生要學(xué)習(xí)， 會(huì)打擾，evening 更好 2. 很多人聚堆會(huì)踏壞草坪
    The jazz band is going to hold free concerts on the lawn on campus in the afternoon.
    The woman disagrees with it.
    Reason 1: Students study in the afternoon, so concerts will disturb them. It’s better to have concerts in the evening.
    Reason 2: Too many people standing on the lawn will destroy it.
    NO.3
    Task3:
    學(xué)校要建個(gè)休息室給不住學(xué)校的學(xué)生用，可以放書，有l(wèi)ocker，放一些bus schedule。男生不同意一：住學(xué)校的同學(xué)也需要，因?yàn)樗奚岷苓h(yuǎn)。圖書館已經(jīng)有l(wèi)ocker，不需要再建。二：沒(méi)必要專門為放bus schedule建休息室，網(wǎng)上電話都可以查。
    NO.4
    報(bào)紙出通知：新生統(tǒng)一住校，原因有二：一是向?qū)W生提供建立學(xué)習(xí)小組的機(jī)會(huì);二是緩解校園停車場(chǎng)的壓力。
    女的不同意：一，.她拿自己舉例，根本沒(méi)有因?yàn)樽⌒６W(xué)習(xí)小組;二，新生住校非但不能緩解停車場(chǎng)的壓力，反而會(huì)因?yàn)楦嗟膶W(xué)生住校帶來(lái)更多的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間霸占車位的現(xiàn)象而造成車位短缺加劇。
    NO.5
    Reading:
    Suggestion: University should allow freshmen to part their cars on campus.
    Reason 1: it’s easier for them to find a job
    Reason 2: they can drive home at weekends
    Listening:
    The woman disagrees.
    Reason 1: freshmen are super busy with their study, it’s unnecessary for them to find a job
    Reason 2: driving home at weekends will only make them more homesick and make it harder for them to settle in the new environment
    NO.6
    說(shuō)2種survey
    estimation survey(好像是這個(gè)詞)就是估算了,舉例:公司調(diào)查停車位,只要大概了解多少員工就可
    B.精確survey(原詞忘記了),舉例:學(xué)校調(diào)查有多少老師教science,就需要精確數(shù)字
    NO.7
    The letter proposes the school should open classes outside the classroom because good scenery will make the students focus and avoid boredom and the school has installed some benches and seats outside.
    The student disagrees with the proposal.
    First, there are too many distractions outside. Students will be distracted when friends are passing through.
    Second, there aren’t enough seats available, it’s inconvenient for students to take notes if they have to stand there.
    NO.8
    閱讀：停止爵士合唱團(tuán)，因?yàn)楦信d趣的人少，沒(méi)有必要繼續(xù)了
    聽(tīng)力：女人覺(jué)得真不好。
    理由一：主要是因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)訓(xùn)得太勤了，導(dǎo)致很多學(xué)生不來(lái)了
    理由二：沒(méi)有其他選擇了，很多是經(jīng)典，但不是爵士，女人不喜歡，其他學(xué)生也不喜歡。
    NO.9
    口語(yǔ)三：學(xué)校報(bào)社計(jì)劃推出一個(gè)pro-peering?project，即，在學(xué)生提交Paper前，報(bào)社人員幫助同學(xué)修改，有利于balabala
    女生覺(jué)得 不好， 1)報(bào)社人員也是學(xué)生，不一定給出什么好建議。
    2)即使好建議， 也不利于學(xué)生的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展， 還是培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立意識(shí)比較好。
    0
    閱讀：【公開(kāi)信】：小報(bào)上刊登了來(lái)自一個(gè)學(xué)生的公開(kāi)信. 倡議大學(xué)應(yīng)該to build an electronic board (電子告示板)at student center.
    好處: 1. make student get information about coming up events easily rather than acquiring news at different places on campus by posters.
    (之前使用貼在校園各處的海報(bào)不一定能讓所有人看見(jiàn)，而這個(gè)電子告示板在固定的位置，學(xué)校的人來(lái)來(lái)往往能看見(jiàn)，信息覆蓋面很大)
    2. 學(xué)校也會(huì)更整潔,因?yàn)閴ι蠜](méi)海報(bào)了
    聽(tīng)力：【學(xué)生議論】：男學(xué)生覺(jué)得這主意interesting， 女生反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃.
    理由:
    It is better to get news from different locations on campus because
    1. they are everywhere (more than one place). If they do not go to student center, they will miss the notice. 舉了她在圖書館看到海報(bào),所以didn't miss a show / concert的例子.
    電子告示板不一定能夠像預(yù)想的那樣，讓那么多人獲取信息，因?yàn)楹芏嗳瞬辉敢饣〞r(shí)間特意經(jīng)過(guò)電子告示板來(lái)看有什么新的消息。舉例:她自己上周五去了圖書館看到海報(bào)，所以didn‘t miss a show / concert，如果沒(méi)有去過(guò)就看不到了，所以一個(gè)信息不能只在一個(gè)地方發(fā)布。
    2. Even though the new bulletin board was estabilished, students will still do posters because of it is convenient (沒(méi)有人會(huì)提交information, 然后再等它post出來(lái))
    question:explain the woman’s opinion towards the suggestion and why she holds that opinion.
    1
    S3閱讀：是說(shuō)學(xué)校決定把每個(gè)班級(jí)的人數(shù)從8人增加到15人。原因是有更多的學(xué)生apply這些課程，但是學(xué)校的faculty有限。
    聽(tīng)力;男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)：1、增加人數(shù)減少了communication with faculty，降低了小課堂的參與程度
    2、既然有更多的學(xué)生，就可以獲得更多的錢，就可以請(qǐng)更多的faculty解決了人力不足的問(wèn)題。簡(jiǎn)言之就是 more students, more money, more faculty
    問(wèn)題是：學(xué)校作出了怎樣的決定，男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)是什么?
    2
    大學(xué)要建藝術(shù)教學(xué)樓，女生同意，因?yàn)樾聵菍挸髁?，有助于?chuàng)作;對(duì)教授的聲譽(yù)又有好處，因?yàn)樾Ｍ庖粯堑男藿?，?dǎo)致人們紛紛去那個(gè)樓去學(xué)藝術(shù)。
    3
    Reading: Only qualified students have the right to work at the computer center. There are 3 reasons for this, but they are irrelevant to the speaking part.
    Listening:
    Man: I don't think it works.
    Reason:
    1)There should be a minimum grade requirement. How do you decide if a student is qualified enough? The university should offer a computer repair course. (這個(gè)地方我不是很確定)
    2)Even when prospective students' pass the minimum grade requirement, they should only be allowed to handle situations that aren't overly complicated.
    4
    Reading Part:
    Nowadays, college newspaper hires students from different majors to write for them articles. In the future, they should only hire journalism students to write. This way they can deal with students who are actually interested in news and have more articles completed.
    Listening part: Disagree
    1) Students in other majors may also be interested in writing news pieces, so the school should encourage those students to write for college newspaper as well. Take this history major for example. He wants to enter the news industry in the future.
    2) Having more articles isn't important. There is no point in having too many articles coming in, because the newspaper may not have the resources and time to deal with editing so much writing. The process of preparing an article is complicated, as it includes the efforts of both the editors and the writers. There is a lot of back and forth between those who write and those who review and edit.
    5
    Task 3
    【學(xué)生寫信】：
    學(xué)生寫信建議學(xué)校的劇院演出應(yīng)該向所有人免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。
    好處1：當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衲軌虻玫絝ree entrainment;
    好處2：觀眾多了演員會(huì)演的更有熱情。
    【學(xué)生態(tài)度】：男生贊成此建議。
    理由1：nearby沒(méi)有什么theater, 來(lái)回的交通費(fèi)加上演出費(fèi)很貴。開(kāi)放學(xué)校劇院能讓當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫挥门芎苓h(yuǎn)就能欣賞到professional的演出;
    理由2：男生自己作為一個(gè)actor, 覺(jué)得觀眾多可以給他鼓勵(lì)。舉例說(shuō)當(dāng)表演一段幽默戲的時(shí)候，底下只坐了一半人，沒(méi)什么人笑，會(huì)影響表演質(zhì)量。相反，要是人多，反響熱烈，表演也更有勁了。
    Question：Explain the man’s opinion and why he holds that opinion.
    6
    閱讀：一個(gè)學(xué)生給的提議，說(shuō)學(xué)校地上垃圾多，張貼畫也臟，多。提議學(xué)生組成volunteer,分組拾垃圾。
    聽(tīng)力中兩個(gè)學(xué)生討論，一個(gè)女生就不同意，她說(shuō)：臟要看情況，我們學(xué)校這么大，人這么多。剛掃干凈，又會(huì)有垃圾，張貼畫，你撕了人家再貼，也是一樣的，而且學(xué)生到學(xué)校是學(xué)習(xí)的，不是做志愿者的。真要干凈校園，學(xué)校要雇人，花錢叫專人來(lái)干。
    7
    閱讀建議：在學(xué)生宿舍中增加kitchen. 理由1)give an alternative to eating。理由2)having fun to prepare and eat with friends
    聽(tīng)力觀點(diǎn)：男學(xué)生同意該提議。理由1)學(xué)校餐廳的飯不好吃，如果有食堂就有了另外一個(gè)選擇。理由2)除了有樂(lè)趣以外，還能在準(zhǔn)備飯的同時(shí)彼此互相學(xué)習(xí)。
    8
    口3.proposal of adding seats in the Andreson Theater
    要求概括這個(gè)proposal以及一個(gè)女生的反對(duì)。
    A.seats不夠，很多show是學(xué)生們想去但買不了票的-反對(duì)：只有少數(shù)是這樣，大部分show都有位子，所以沒(méi)需要加seats
    B.學(xué)校能通過(guò)更多位子賣更多票增加收入-反對(duì)：收入個(gè)毛，這是big investment, construction cost a lot, 而且take years去收回老本。
    口語(yǔ)第四題：
    Task4:
    priming：人們?cè)缦鹊慕?jīng)歷會(huì)影響他們對(duì)事物的interpret
    例子：如果一個(gè)男生，上車并且打開(kāi)notebook 然后寫東西：
    一個(gè)女人早上遇到大學(xué)同學(xué)，就回想起大學(xué)生活。所以她認(rèn)為這個(gè)男生是學(xué)生并且在work for classes 或work for due paper
    一個(gè)女人剛剛讀完詩(shī)歌，所以她認(rèn)為男生是詩(shī)人。
    NO.2
    Task 4:
    anticipated emotion。人們采取行動(dòng)之前會(huì)對(duì)自己做了這個(gè)事情之后會(huì)有一個(gè)怎樣的心情有一個(gè)估測(cè)，然后根據(jù)這個(gè)估測(cè)決定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture 里，教授舉例子說(shuō)有去給妹妹買生日禮物，發(fā)現(xiàn)一件很想買的 jacket，但是買了 jacket 之后就只能給妹妹買很便宜的小禮物，于是他就想如果真的買了 jacket 的話他肯定會(huì)很愧疚，所以后決定還是不買了
    Anticipated emotion: Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.
    Example: The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not to buy the jacket.
    NO.3
    Task 4
    Marketing
    Reading material：廣告常用的訴求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群體歸屬感。經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為兩種方式：做對(duì)的事，成為群體一員;做錯(cuò)的事，被群體拋棄。
    Listening material：廣告商經(jīng)常采取的營(yíng)銷策略，就是品牌歸屬感訴求。舉某種蘇打水Suda為例。
    要么是一群男女，燈紅酒綠，都喝同一種品牌的Suda水，這意味著，喝這種品牌，就能享受共同的happy;
    要么是一個(gè)人boy在酒吧里，燈紅酒綠，他開(kāi)了一瓶Suda，但很不幸是錯(cuò)的品牌brand，突然間全場(chǎng)安靜，朋友moving away,就是因?yàn)樗_(kāi)了錯(cuò)的Suda，就被群體孤立。
    問(wèn)題：描述affiliation，及教授的內(nèi)容。
    答案：The Reading material gave the definition of affiliation, that is……It manifests in two ways:…
    In the listening material, the professor keeps on talk about it by introducing two examples:…
    NO.4
    報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
    聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
    NO.5
    口四：報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
    聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
    NO.6
    Reading part:
    【名詞解釋】：
    backward framing事后重塑
    消費(fèi)者嘗試一種新產(chǎn)品后會(huì)做出評(píng)價(jià)，如果不喜歡，可以通過(guò)廣告改變其記憶，使記憶趨向積極的一面。
    Listening part:
    【教授舉例】：
    Professor舉例說(shuō)，他們提供了coffee sample給一組愿意接受市場(chǎng)調(diào)查的人喝，在他們不知情的狀況下加了鹽和醋，喝起來(lái)味道會(huì)怪怪的。喝完coffee后，給他們看了一組廣告，廣告里人們坐在一起喝咖啡，很happy并且還面帶微笑。因?yàn)榭戳藦V告，所有人都還是跟廣告里面的人一樣評(píng)價(jià)說(shuō)這咖啡很棒。
    Question：用聽(tīng)力的例子來(lái)解釋對(duì)這個(gè)概念的理解。
    NO.7
    natural consequence 閱讀講的小孩做錯(cuò)事，大人口語(yǔ)不用懲罰，由著做錯(cuò)事的結(jié)果來(lái)懲罰孩子。 聽(tīng)力，教授給了個(gè)例子，教授5歲的女兒經(jīng)常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都幫女兒收拾。 一天女兒還是把玩具放在后院，教授沒(méi)有幫收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的玩具損壞了，女兒在這件事后認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)，以后再也不幫玩具放后院
    NO.8
    4.大學(xué)旁邊住房問(wèn)題,rent等,聽(tīng)力里的woman完全不同意,大概說(shuō)了3個(gè)原因(我是說(shuō)了3個(gè)).1.貼廣告不一定能和需要系的人2.rent相比其他學(xué)校已經(jīng)很低3.一些學(xué)生喜歡在summer住在學(xué)校附近(這個(gè)跟新policy怎么聯(lián)系上的,忘記了) 問(wèn)題就是summary reasons.
    NO.9
    4. Reading part: Priority Effects environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
    Listening part:
    alter the Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
    There’s a kind of small ants(文中始終未給出該螞蟻名稱), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an “askentia(音) tree”, their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don’t rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
    There is a kind of bigger ants, they’re more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by “askentia” tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
    How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
    0
    閱讀：【課文要點(diǎn)】： Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西,幫人解決壞習(xí)慣.Brood parasites(孵育寄生動(dòng)物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
    就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西，幫人解決壞習(xí)慣。即 make negative associations with the thing, 這樣就可以讓這個(gè)東西變得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一個(gè)自己的例子解釋。
    聽(tīng)力：【教授舉例】： 教授舉的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜歡loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后來(lái)Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 來(lái)reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
    教授舉例他以前很喜歡吃巧克力，但是過(guò)高的糖分讓他過(guò)于肥胖。為了戒掉巧克力，讓自己更健康，他采取了這種technique，他把巧克力切成小碎末然后拍了一張照片。他想象巧克力是mud做的，這樣逐漸他就覺(jué)得巧克力很惡心，后來(lái)就戒掉了。
    question:用聽(tīng)力的例子解釋對(duì)negative ideation的理解
    1
    閱讀：動(dòng)物有固定的patterns of behavior
    聽(tīng)力：1、一種小魚：male fish會(huì)do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果沒(méi)有red mark就不會(huì)
    2、goose：female鵝生過(guò)蛋后會(huì)move its head back and forth，但是當(dāng)它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然這樣
    問(wèn)題是：講一講什么是動(dòng)物的這種慣性行為(文中用了縮寫，好象是AFS 還是FAS記不清了)，然后講講lecture中間的例子如何證明的。
    2
    廣告應(yīng)該忠實(shí)于產(chǎn)品的功能，但是現(xiàn)在的廣告為了達(dá)到吸引顧客的目的，紛紛引用名人說(shuō)的話，這樣可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者(quote out of context)。聽(tīng)力的例子是電影，電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)前，打的廣告是引用名人的話，但是電影播放后結(jié)果確實(shí)是很不好。
    3
    Task4:
    文章：一個(gè)proposal, 建議學(xué)校拿出一部分activity budget給學(xué)生參加 academic conferences.
    男生：覺(jué)得這個(gè)建議不好，有兩點(diǎn)原因：1) 活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)應(yīng)該就給那些原來(lái)intended for的活動(dòng)，比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 學(xué)校其他的academic departments 已經(jīng)有給學(xué)生參加學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算，學(xué)生只要申請(qǐng)，教授會(huì)決定是否給錢讓學(xué)生去開(kāi)會(huì)。
    要求：summarize proposal, 然后說(shuō)男生的評(píng)價(jià)
    4
    閱讀：
    內(nèi)在原因，當(dāng)人們找事情原因時(shí)，找自己的原因叫內(nèi)在原因。它可能會(huì)讓人失去自信，也可以自我鼓勵(lì)更加努力。
    聽(tīng)力：
    教授舉例：自己在汽車公司管理銷售，第一個(gè)星期很落后，跟不上進(jìn)度，找自己的原因，覺(jué)得是自己的效率不高，不夠有條理，所以改進(jìn)的方法，后提高了效率。
    5
    TASK4
    閱讀解釋概念：internal attribute: 將事物發(fā)生的原因歸結(jié)自己的內(nèi)在問(wèn)題，而不是外界因素。
    聽(tīng)力教授舉自己的例子解釋這個(gè)概念。具體為：該教授青少年時(shí)期在一家公司工作，負(fù)責(zé)整理文件。他遇到困難總是不能及時(shí)完成工作。該教授沒(méi)有抱怨老板也沒(méi)有抱怨工作太多而是想辦法提高自己的能力。后教授提高自己的能力，能按時(shí)完成工作，變得非常擅長(zhǎng)自己的工作。
    6
    口4. internal competition
    reading passage:
    companies have some successful products 占據(jù)市場(chǎng);但它們會(huì)introduce new products, 于是consumers 不買舊的買這個(gè)公司新的了。所以internal competition 意味著同個(gè)公司內(nèi)部new products 搶了established products的profits， 簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就是公司內(nèi)部自己的新舊產(chǎn)品之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 但這是沒(méi)辦法的，必須引進(jìn)新產(chǎn)品，因?yàn)樾庐a(chǎn)品才能和別的公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
    lecture:
    教授說(shuō)自己當(dāng)教授前是一個(gè)automobile公司的總監(jiān)之類的，他們公司之前有個(gè)top sell的small cars, 長(zhǎng)得不好看但實(shí)用安全。后來(lái)別的公司的車挺時(shí)尚的，于是他公司為了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也產(chǎn)了一款新的more stylish的車。于是他公司的擁躉不買舊款買新款了。但這是必須的，因?yàn)闉榱薱ome up with 其他公司，與其他公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
    7
    Task4:
    Reading:
    一個(gè)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的定義: xxx externality 定義:可能人們并沒(méi)有明確的requirement,不是但是確因?yàn)槠渌氖虑椴廉a(chǎn)生的一種interaction.
    Listening:
    教授舉例:一個(gè)公司要換掉他們的old buses. 但是他們不想單純的換一批一模一樣的new buses.因?yàn)閒ossil fuel相當(dāng)?shù)奈廴经h(huán)境.問(wèn)題是他們又沒(méi)有足夠的錢去弄一批用電發(fā)動(dòng)的bus.于是他們寫了信給政府,政府覺(jué)得這樣可以幫助改善環(huán)境,于是答應(yīng)了給錢給他們.所以這個(gè)城市的市民就受益了,因?yàn)樗麄兯畹牡胤江h(huán)境被改善了.
    Question: Explain the definition of xxx externality, how the example in the listening passage prove the definition given by the reading passage?
    8
    Reading:
    Task partitioning - insects use their own specialized methods to accomplish tasks by dividing the work into separate groups.
    Listening:
    The professor gives an example of leaf-cutting ants.
    Group1: climbs trees and picks up leaves.
    Group2: cuts the leaves into small pieces, making them easier for transport.
    Group3: brings the leaves back to the nest.
    In this example, the groups can finish each of their tasks independently.
    口語(yǔ)第五題：
    Task 5
    對(duì)話。
    女生：遇到麻煩了。校報(bào)一個(gè)寫movie review的家伙叫Jack(聽(tīng)個(gè)大概，音)要回家去，這期不能寫專欄了，我很頭痛。
    男生：你找別人寫一篇唄，現(xiàn)在好寫手很多。
    女生：我怕觀眾不認(rèn)同，會(huì)unsatisfied.
    Jack 的專欄已經(jīng)有些年頭了，大家都熟悉了
    男生：要不，你就找一篇他的舊文章貼上去，關(guān)于movie啊，DVD啊，music啊。。
    女生：舊文章。。。。這個(gè)。。。那就不是新的movie review 了呀。
    男生：舊文章也挺好，正好幫助那些周末打算租碟的人選擇;也是他自己的風(fēng)格，不用害怕別人拍磚。。。
    女生：這個(gè)。。。我再想想。
    注意：這個(gè)是我復(fù)述出來(lái)的，簡(jiǎn)單，原文的信息很雜，而且啰唆。
    NO.2
    S5
    修路啦，女的開(kāi)車上學(xué)不方便了。要不就坐火車吧，能在車上學(xué)習(xí)，還是花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。要不就住學(xué)校邊上吧，要花錢的啊。咋辦?
    NO.3
    Task 5：
    男的要去旅游但是數(shù)碼相機(jī)丟了。S1：買個(gè)新的，但貴，買了后旅游用的錢就少了，不過(guò)以后能用的到;S2:借朋友Jack的，但怕弄壞或丟了。
    Problem: The man is going on a trip but he lost his camera.
    Solution 1: He can buy a new camera. It will be good for future use, too, but it’s expensive and he will have less money for the trip.
    Solution 2: He can borrow Jack’s camera, but he’s worried he might break it or lose it.
    NO.4
    Task5:
    問(wèn)題：audition 和 concert同晚
    1 go to the first part of the concert and go to the audition
    評(píng)論：花了很多錢買門票，但是會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)
    2 go to ad. at another day
    評(píng)論：另外的ad只選小部分演員
    NO.5
    Task 5
    Problem: The band that’s supposed to come to perform in the university got a scheduling problem and now they can’t come.
    Solution 1: Hire another band
    Pro: The show will still be on time
    Con: The students may not like the new band
    Solution 2: Hire the old band and postpone the performance
    Pro:/
    Con: People will be busy with the finals next week, it’s hard to say if a lot of people will come
    NO.6
    口5:
    【室友困難】：室友掛了整墻的畫，但很丑且占地方，不過(guò)直說(shuō)又會(huì)造成對(duì)室友的打擊。
    【解決方案】：
    一男一女討論對(duì)策，對(duì)策有二：一是忍氣吞聲，慢慢習(xí)慣;二是告訴她真實(shí)想法，希望她畫點(diǎn)別的。
    【問(wèn)題】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.
    NO.7
    口5
    【學(xué)生困難】：一女生的part time job是working with young，然后計(jì)劃下周要帶一群孩子去參觀science museum，但向?qū)our guy生病了very sick。于是女生沒(méi)辦法帶孩子去了。
    【解決方案】：兩個(gè)方案：
    女生說(shuō)出方案1、女生自己帶孩子們?nèi)⒂^博物館。但女生擔(dān)心自己沒(méi)向?qū)Ф枚啵瑳](méi)向?qū)Ы庹f(shuō)得好。
    男生說(shuō)出方案2、換個(gè)時(shí)間再去參觀reschedule her time。但女生說(shuō)換時(shí)間的話，又要和博物館重新預(yù)約，又要從家長(zhǎng)那里拿permission，還要arrange tickets。
    問(wèn)題：選擇誰(shuí)的idea好。
    NO.8
    5
    The man’s problem is that he left his keys in the dorm and he forgot to take his paper with him, which should be handed in today. He’s roommate was in another city now. There are two solutions for him. First, he should tell the professor but his paper was regarded late. Second, he could ask the administrator of the dorm to open the door but it would cost him 15 dollars.
    NO.9
    5.音樂(lè)會(huì)什么,因?yàn)橐掠?2個(gè)solutions, woman:貼告示說(shuō)移到下星期,man:雖然下雨會(huì)wet但是氣溫還warm,而且聽(tīng)眾可能不介意, woman又說(shuō):但是大家可能看到外面要下雨就打消來(lái)的年頭了,問(wèn)題:總結(jié)2個(gè)solutions
    0
    5
    男生要打印東西，但是他要去學(xué)校和不方便，兩個(gè)方法，1 從同學(xué)那買個(gè)二手的打印機(jī)，但是比較容易壞，并且打印效果不好，2 買新的，貴，但是男生還有兩年畢業(yè)，可以買個(gè)新的也比較值
    1
    5
    Man's Problem: He has a study group tomorrow with other students for a physics exam, but there is a presentation on writing novels held at the same time.
    Possible Solutions:
    1) Attend the study group:
    - Can't change the time since other students aren't free at other times.
    - It's better to study with them because they are better at physics than he is, and he has some materials that he doesn't fully understand. (Communicating by email isn't helpful)
    - Can read the article and listen to the recording on the presentation afterwards.
    2) Go to the Presentation:
    - He is passionate about writing and really wants to go.
    - The writer giving the presentation may not come to his university again。
    - Reading the article on the event website is not the same as listening to the presentation in-person.
    - The man can study on his own. The other members in the study group said he could email them if he had questions.
    2
    口語(yǔ)五：女生室友忘帶冬季外套讓她開(kāi)車到機(jī)場(chǎng)送， 她去， 時(shí)間太長(zhǎng);不去又不好， 況且她室友近幫了她的忙。
    她室友還說(shuō)自己可以去借什么的。
    3
    Task5:
    一個(gè)女生生病了，不想外出，但是她是youth center的volunteer，應(yīng)該帶一幫小孩子去zoo看動(dòng)物。兩種解決辦法，方法一是reschedule去動(dòng)物園的時(shí)間，但這是一個(gè)special exhibit of 一種老虎，孩子們會(huì)很喜歡，而且是后一天，不去很可惜。方法二是讓另外一個(gè)志愿者M(jìn)egan代孩子們?nèi)?，但是Megan自己要復(fù)習(xí)物理課內(nèi)容參加考試，女生覺(jué)得讓朋友做出這種犧牲自己過(guò)意不去。
    要求：讓考生描述情況和解決辦法，并推薦一個(gè)選擇一個(gè)方案還要說(shuō)理由
    4
    S5
    woman收到一個(gè)去marine research的offer，但是給的錢不夠她去交下學(xué)期的tuition. man說(shuō)：1、explain to them and ask for more money(women怕他們收回offer);2、take a part-time job(woman說(shuō)怕時(shí)間不夠太累) 問(wèn)題是：這個(gè)女生的Dilemma是什么，你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該怎么做，為什么?
    5
    Task5:
    男生向女生抱怨自己剛才正在做research project，結(jié)果不小心erased his data(刪掉了數(shù)據(jù))，而且沒(méi)有copy。女生提出了兩點(diǎn)possible solution：給emergence打電話，讓他們來(lái)修理，因?yàn)橛型黹g服務(wù)，但是男生說(shuō)太貴。女生于是建議向教授要求extension，男生擔(dān)心教授strict，會(huì)take points(減分)。
    6
    Girl's problem:
    She is planning to give a presentation on her study-abroad experience, but her laptop crashed and she was unable to show the audience her photos.
    Possible solutions:
    1) She has a photo album containing some of her pictures taken during her study abroad years, and she could pass the book among the audience members.
    - This way the audience will be able to see her photos
    - Not all of the photos she wants to show are included in the album
    - There is a lot of people in the audience, and not everyone will be able to see the album
    2) Her pictures are still in her camera. The camera is at her parents' house. She could go there to get the camera, and show her audience photos through the camera.
    - She has the time to go to her parents' house to pick up the camera and return before the presentation
    - But she initially planned to use the time to practice her presentation, and rushing to her parents' house will take up valuable time.
    7
    Task5:
    Man’s problem:喜歡他的心理學(xué)課程,因?yàn)榻淌趯?shí)在是講得很好.把枯燥的定義生動(dòng)的傳授給大家了.但是,他近總是不能按時(shí)上課.原因是:他有和well-paid的工作,要工作到很晚,而第二天的課程很早.也是由于他不能按時(shí)上課,所以grade就下降了.
    Woman’s suggestion: quit the job.
    Man:但是這個(gè)工作真的是很好的報(bào)酬,他的報(bào)酬足夠涵蓋我要花的所有錢了.或者,我可以把心理學(xué)的課程放到下午去,下去還有一個(gè)同樣的課程,同樣的進(jìn)度,但是不是同一個(gè)教授教的!
    Question: problem +solutions(這里那個(gè)woman只是提供了一個(gè)意見(jiàn),另一個(gè)是man自己說(shuō)的,考的時(shí)候我就聽(tīng)到有人說(shuō)there are two suggestions given by his friend.)+ what do you the man should do?
    8
    Task 5
    【學(xué)生困難】：男生把心理學(xué)書忘記在實(shí)驗(yàn)室，實(shí)驗(yàn)室關(guān)門了，但是明天有心理學(xué)考試。
    【解決方案】：男生自己說(shuō)了兩個(gè)方案：
    1. 晚上先看筆記復(fù)習(xí)，明早6點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)門去取，但是他得5點(diǎn)就起床;
    2. 今晚和同學(xué)一起看書，但那個(gè)同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)很差，一起復(fù)習(xí)可能大部分時(shí)間都在tutoring他。
    【問(wèn)題】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.
    口語(yǔ)第六題：
    Task 6
    Waiting Time
    很多成功營(yíng)銷的秘訣就是waiting time.但對(duì)商業(yè)行為而言，關(guān)鍵并不是實(shí)際等待的時(shí)間，而是感知等待時(shí)間conceived waiting time,就是the time that consumers think they are waiting.
    商家一般通過(guò)兩種策略來(lái)cut conceived waiting time。
    (1)，讓顧客有事可做：Let the consumers have something to do.給了兩個(gè)例子，一是在醫(yī)院休息室的doctor’s waiting room，放一電視TV，大家看電視，不知不覺(jué)時(shí)間就過(guò)去了;二是在電梯口elevator，放一鏡子mirror，大家對(duì)著鏡子臭美一下，時(shí)間就過(guò)去了，就cannot conceived the waiting time了。
    (2)，告訴顧客他們實(shí)際上等待了多久tell them the real waiting time。很多人就是自己覺(jué)得等得長(zhǎng)，他等了十分鐘覺(jué)得已經(jīng)等了二十分鐘了，于是就著急。這第二種策略常見(jiàn)的就是火車站，大喇叭里不停的告訴你，還有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，通過(guò)這種tell you the truth 的方式，來(lái)reduce conceived waiting time.
    問(wèn)題：什么是conceived waiting time以及商家reduce conceived waiting time的策略。
    NO.2
    Task6:
    廣告的口號(hào)，兩種slogan，1、for the whole company 2、for specific product
    EXAMPLE家具廠用自己的廣告告訴他們的東西結(jié)實(shí)。
    EXAMPLE打印機(jī)
    NO.3
    Task 6
    Memory gaps, we fill our memory gaps inaccurately in two ways.
    Way 1: with plausible guesses and assumptions
    Example 1: 車禍后被要求回憶，他們會(huì)說(shuō)出一些有道理但不真實(shí)的原因，比如司機(jī)在打電話或安全帶沒(méi)系
    Way 2: others’ suggestions and opinions
    Example 2: 車禍后被要求回憶，如果問(wèn)題是”司機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)開(kāi)車的速度怎樣”，人們會(huì)被速度所影響
    NO.4
    Task 6
    【講課要點(diǎn)】：
    動(dòng)物靠在空中放出pheromone來(lái)交流communicate。這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)有兩個(gè)用途：
    1. 判斷l(xiāng)ocation: an insect can use this chemical to guide another insect from food to home。舉例：蜜蜂在外找食，在巢里的其他蜜蜂就會(huì)發(fā)出這種激素，幫助找食的蜜蜂找到自己的巢。
    2. this chemical is the signal to show that female animals are ready to mate交配。舉例：a female moth can relapse this chemical, so a male moth can know this female moth is ready to mate and can find where it is。" S6: 暫時(shí)無(wú)法確定題目來(lái)源
    NO.5
    口6
    【講課要點(diǎn)】：
    Protective Adaptation
    1. Structure adaptation -- grow specific body structure
    通過(guò)改變身體的部分來(lái)適應(yīng)環(huán)境，或是防御掠食者
    EG:說(shuō)一種B鯊魚，個(gè)頭小，身體弱，vulnerable to big sharks，后經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)的演化尾部長(zhǎng)出spike，防止其他比他大的鯊魚的attack。
    2. Behavior adaptation -- change behavior
    通過(guò)裝死、改變自身的行為來(lái)騙過(guò)掠食者
    EG:說(shuō)北美的一種動(dòng)物，當(dāng)遇到天敵攻擊時(shí)就會(huì)pretend death, shut eyes, heart beat slow, breath slight…
    NO.6
    口6:
    演員如何入戲?比如一個(gè)人要扮演國(guó)王，現(xiàn)在要會(huì)見(jiàn)一位來(lái)提親的男子，那么他登臺(tái)之前就應(yīng)該像一個(gè)國(guó)王那樣想問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)他應(yīng)該想到來(lái)提親的是不是要奪我王位，沖著我的權(quán)力而來(lái)，這樣演員一上臺(tái)就進(jìn)入了國(guó)王的角色，觀眾也可以很快融入戲中，感覺(jué)真實(shí)而不是做戲。
    NO.7
    6
    說(shuō)是有兩種途徑讓動(dòng)物們既可以在白天活動(dòng)也可以在夜里活動(dòng)，第一種是make light怎么的(忘了)，給出的例子是fox有一種很特殊的layer 能借助月光看清東西。 第二種是 可以通過(guò)縮小眼睛的一個(gè)什么(eyes pupil不確定拼寫對(duì)不對(duì))瞳孔吧，例子還是FOX，可以調(diào)節(jié)瞳孔大小，來(lái)減少光的強(qiáng)度，所以他們還是可以在白天攝取食物。
    NO.8
    6
    The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.
    The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.
    The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.
    NO.9
    6
    Lecture: Small Business: drawbacks on home-based business
    For many small businesses, instead of renting, they prefer to work from home. Though working from home has its merits, a home-based business has some drawbacks.
    1) Can't Maintain a Professional Image
    People working in home-based businesses don't set a clear boundary between business and personal life. The customers may think they are not professional and serious about the business. For example, if a home-based business is a catering service that provides food for some major event, a customer would call and not expect a baby crying in the background. However, if it happened, the customer will for sure think that the business is not professional enough for their event and not trust the ability of the caterer to provide good-quality food.
    2) Will Affect the Lives of the Neighbors
    Use the catering example again, the business may hire two or more workers to help with the preparation of food. These workers may need to park their cars on the street, which would take up the neighbors' parking spots. Having their spots taken, the neighbors would definitely complain.
    Question： Describe the two drawbacks of home-based businesses.
    0
    6
    Ecosystem engineering: 動(dòng)物住在一個(gè)地方，這個(gè)地方會(huì)變得適合其他動(dòng)物生存。兩種方式
    1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某個(gè)海鮮：mussels，在吃水里東西的時(shí)候把水過(guò)濾干凈了。
    2、在一個(gè)群中間位置的時(shí)候，形成一個(gè)對(duì)其他動(dòng)物有保護(hù)的地方。再比如剛才那個(gè)海鮮：mussels。他們成群住在海洋地表，他們之間的空隙形成其他動(dòng)物能夠生存的空間。
    1
    口語(yǔ)六：老師總希望得到feedback， feedback DE characters 1 focus on students 2. focus on 其他
    2
    Task6:
    人類發(fā)明創(chuàng)造有2種可能：有目的性(intentional)，無(wú)目的性(accidental)。有目的性的舉例是發(fā)明一種眼鏡，可以不用讓人在看遠(yuǎn)距離和近距離的時(shí)候頻繁換眼鏡。無(wú)目的性的例子是X-RAY的發(fā)明，是某個(gè)科學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里發(fā)現(xiàn)的物體影像，進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于人體醫(yī)學(xué)。 "
    3
    6
    Wetland's two benefits for animals.
    1). for nursery, sharks lay eggs in wetlands close to the ocean, because wetlands are shallow, there are not large predators, baby sharks can grow safely in the wetlands and survive in the ocean.
    作為孕育地。動(dòng)物可以lay eggs or give birth, 直到它們的寶寶長(zhǎng)大成熟。舉例，一種鯊魚在靠近海洋的濕地產(chǎn)卵，因?yàn)檫@里大動(dòng)物少，可以減少被捕食者捕食的幾率;
    2). for rest and find food. Immigrating birds, for example, paper, during the long journey of immigration, stop the wetlands to find the food because they can find similar food like before.
    question 6【講課要點(diǎn)】two ways the animals use wetland。
    to rest and feed themselves. 舉例，一種要cross美洲的migrate bird， 在長(zhǎng)途遷徙的過(guò)程中需要休息或者覓食，這時(shí)候濕地發(fā)揮了很大的作用:在這里可以resting and setting，這里還有很多吃的，就跟它們平時(shí)吃的一樣，所以很適合停留。
    4
    Task 6
    講課要點(diǎn)】：Two Economic Changes in Ancient Civilization
    1. Currency: this monetary form made life easier. For example, a man who bakes bread can now use money in exchange for a coat. Using money to trade can avoid the possible issue that the person who sells coats does not like bread.
    2. Trade new things over a greater distance. For example, Romans can import silk fabric from China.
    5
    Lecture: Two Advantages of the Beta Testing Method in Business
    A beta test is an opportunity that gives the intended audience some samples to try the product out first.
    1) Get feedback from the customers
    The producer can get feedback from the customers who try the product. They will know which aspects of the product the customers like and don't like. A camera company, for example, may give some professional photographers new sample cameras to test out. After testing, the photographers may report, for example, that the flash doesn't work well because it produces too much light. The company will then know they need to work on the flash to make the overall product more desirable.
    2) Providing Free Advertising
    If the tested audience thinks the new product is satisfactory, it will leave a positive impression in their minds and they may tell others about the product. Even if it't not a perfect product at first, the efforts taken by the company to improve it will convince the photographer customers that the new camera will be very good. They, in turn, will tell other photographer friends about the new product and encourage greater sales.
    6
    Task 6
    鳥窩的兩種搭建方式，
    1.一個(gè)把巢建的高高的，藏起來(lái)。
    2.另一種讓母的在家看小鳥，公的去找食物什么沒(méi)太清楚。
    7
    TASK6
    生物課堂上老師講解了有些樹能夠活很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的原因—樹的適應(yīng)性。主要有兩個(gè)方面。
    1 通過(guò)釋放化學(xué)物質(zhì)避免蟲害。舉例為red wood，樹葉和樹干中含有天寧酸，所以蟲子不能忍受這種物質(zhì)，所以不會(huì)去吃red wood.
    2 發(fā)達(dá)的根系可以幫助在風(fēng)暴中幸存下來(lái)。舉例仍為red wood. 說(shuō)首先有發(fā)達(dá)的根系stretch every direction, 以及還可以與周圍的樹木的根系相組合。互相纏繞在暴風(fēng)中就不會(huì)有問(wèn)題。
    8
    口語(yǔ)六：說(shuō)海里一種魚為了適應(yīng)環(huán)境發(fā)展出了一種結(jié)構(gòu)可以感覺(jué)到predator來(lái)了而且可以保持不動(dòng)吧。 第一種是他們感覺(jué)很靈敏，舉例子是dony fish頭上長(zhǎng)了hair之類的可以感知predator。 第二種是有一種能力可以在在水里靜止然后躲起來(lái)，不讓predator察覺(jué)到，舉例是另一種魚可以在水里keep still時(shí)還讓水move，所以就能keep still然后等 predator走了。
    
    

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