一、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實(shí)、通順
    1.忠實(shí)指意義忠實(shí)于原文
    2.通順指符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
    3.“信、達(dá)、雅”
    二、評(píng)分情況(每題2分）
    1.全句結(jié)構(gòu)（句子當(dāng)中各個(gè)成分位置順序安排是否恰當(dāng)合理）0.5分
    2.除全句結(jié)構(gòu)0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子當(dāng)中三個(gè)重要給分點(diǎn)（通常為重要詞組或者重要結(jié)構(gòu)）
    重要結(jié)構(gòu)：定語(yǔ)從句、比較結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、雙重否定
    例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (認(rèn)知的) areas such as attention and memory.
    研究人員證實(shí)人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí)，頭腦里會(huì)產(chǎn)生生化變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類(lèi)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更加有效的活動(dòng)。（全句結(jié)構(gòu)0.5）
    三、翻譯過(guò)程
    1.找到需翻譯語(yǔ)句對(duì)應(yīng)文中的位置
    2.理解階段www.Ｅxamda.CoM
    1）根據(jù)上下文關(guān)系
    2）分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
    3）表達(dá)階段（注意中英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差異）
    1）詞序：即詞與詞或詞與句子之間的位置順序關(guān)系，中文習(xí)慣為修飾語(yǔ)前置。
    例：The girl in red is my sister.
    穿紅衣服的女孩是我姐姐。
    I like the watch which you bought me.
    我喜歡你給我買(mǎi)的那塊表。
    We can keep fit by going in for exercise.
    我們可以通過(guò)參加體育鍛煉來(lái)保持健康。
    2）句序：a.中文習(xí)慣為狀語(yǔ)從句前置，英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)從句（如原因、條件從句）有時(shí)置于主句之后，而漢語(yǔ)一般將狀語(yǔ)從句置于主語(yǔ)之前。
    例：I would be most happy to go with you if I am not in the way.
    如果不礙事的話(huà)我很高興和你們一起去。
    b.中文按照時(shí)間邏輯順序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性來(lái)安排句序。
    例：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had planned to pay to China in January.
    我原計(jì)劃1月份訪問(wèn)中國(guó)，后來(lái)必須推遲，對(duì)此我深表遺憾。
    翻譯技巧
    1.增詞法：目的在于使譯文通順而不是增加含義
    1）增加動(dòng)詞
    例：After the banquet and the concert, he would work on his report.
    (參加)宴會(huì)和(出席)音樂(lè)會(huì)之后他會(huì)繼續(xù)寫(xiě)報(bào)告。
    2）增加名詞來(lái)源:考試大網(wǎng)
    例：He cann't endure the tension of modern life.
    他不能忍受現(xiàn)代生活的緊張(節(jié)奏)。
    例：You are frank and honest with all your faults.
    你對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的（態(tài)度）坦誠(chéng)。
    2.轉(zhuǎn)譯法：
    1）含有動(dòng)詞意味的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞
    例：It is evidence enough of the desire of all of us to solve the problem according to people's will as soon as possible(ASAP).
    這充分證明了我們都希望按照人們的意愿盡快解決問(wèn)題。
    2）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞來(lái)源：www.examda.com
    例：Formality has always characterized their relationship.
    他們之間關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)是以禮相待。
    例：Most satellites are designed to burned up themselves after completing mission.
    按照設(shè)計(jì)大部分衛(wèi)星在完成任務(wù)后自行燃燒。
    3）形容詞副詞之間相互轉(zhuǎn)譯
    例：We took several brief and restless naps.
    我們簡(jiǎn)短不安地睡了幾次。
    四、一些具體結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯：
    1.限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 按照修飾語(yǔ)前置翻譯方法。通常譯為“……的”。（置于被修飾的名詞之前）
    例：For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
    從人口的總體考慮，我們必須更多地關(guān)注攝入少量的、在不知不覺(jué)中污染我們世界的殺蟲(chóng)劑所造成的延遲效應(yīng)。
    2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（即which之前有逗號(hào)）譯為單句
    例：He said that this was a good idea, which he would consider.
    他說(shuō)這是一個(gè)好主意，他會(huì)加以考慮。
    3.同位語(yǔ)從句考試大－全國(guó)教育類(lèi)網(wǎng)站(www．Examda。com)
    1）分譯法：將先行詞與同位語(yǔ)從句分開(kāi)翻譯，中間用“即”、“就是說(shuō)”、冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)分開(kāi)。
    例：He said that this was a good idea that he would consider.（定語(yǔ)從句）
    We have to face the fact that we are still poor.（同位語(yǔ)從句）
    我們必須面對(duì)一個(gè)事實(shí)，即我們還很貧窮。
    2）轉(zhuǎn)換法：如果同位語(yǔ)修飾的名詞含有動(dòng)作意義，則可將該名詞譯為動(dòng)詞。這類(lèi)詞有：suggestion / opinion / belief / hope
    例：He has a feeling that his son was not wrong.
    他感覺(jué)到他的兒子沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。
    4.比較結(jié)構(gòu)：最根本的譯法譯為“比…更…”
    例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as arention and memory.
    研究人員證實(shí)人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí)，頭腦里會(huì)產(chǎn)生生化變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類(lèi)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動(dòng)。
    And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
    習(xí)慣于多動(dòng)腦筋而不是少動(dòng)腦筋的人，在進(jìn)入老年以后，要比一個(gè)從來(lái)不積極動(dòng)腦子的人的認(rèn)知能力更為健全。
    The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both monery and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
    后者忽視了向分散居住的社區(qū)提供充分的服務(wù)需要較高的花費(fèi)，以及近郊居民上下班既費(fèi)錢(qián)又費(fèi)時(shí)間。
    1）將more…than…譯為“比…更…”；將more譯為“更…”
    例：He was more active than I.
    他比我更積極。來(lái)源：考試大
    2）用比較級(jí)表達(dá)級(jí)含義時(shí)，可譯為“最”、“莫過(guò)于”。
    例：There is no better example than this.
    這是的例子。
    5.被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
    1）譯為被動(dòng)。如“被”、“受到”、“遭到”、“由”、“為…所”。
    例：The committee established by UN is considering the problem.
    由聯(lián)合國(guó)建立的委員會(huì)正在考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
    2）譯為表語(yǔ)。即“是……的”
    例：The decision was not made easily.
    這個(gè)決定不是輕易做出的。
    3）譯為主動(dòng)句。
    例：He was given a high mark by his teacher.
    他的老師給了他一個(gè)高分。