The Principles of International Trade國際貿(mào)易原理
1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons why international trade exists.
1、國際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)和另一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)之間的交換。這樣做的原因是多方面的。
2.The distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.， whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Some products will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits，require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheat to meet the needs of its population. These are the reasons why international trade first began.
2、世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過了本身的需要，而別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲(chǔ)藏量很豐富，但是很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏;阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育過程中，氣候起到?jīng)Q定性的作用。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候。此外，有些國家的某個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)不能滿足國內(nèi)的巨大需求，例如英國的小麥就是這樣。這些就是國際貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)的原因。
3.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which had advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.
3、隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了新的因素促使國家之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交換。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果一個(gè)國家專門從事一定的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，生產(chǎn)它擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，并用這些商品同在其他方面擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)的國家所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行交換，那在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是合算的。這種貿(mào)易是在比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原則的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。
4.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all. Even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply，as long as there are minor relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can 'have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs，a typist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal and typing matters. But the typist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.
4、比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說又稱比較成本學(xué)說，是由大衛(wèi)_李嘉圖和其他19世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所建立的。該理論指出，即使有某個(gè)國家能以較低的成本生產(chǎn)每一種商品，國家之間的貿(mào)易對(duì)所有國家仍會(huì)有好處。只要在生產(chǎn)一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對(duì)的差別，即使是窮國在生產(chǎn)上也會(huì)有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當(dāng)?shù)赜枰哉f明。某城的律師同時(shí)也是的打字員。這個(gè)律師不能放棄他處理法律事務(wù)的寶貴時(shí)間，就雇用了一名打字員。這個(gè)打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師，但是這個(gè)打字員的相對(duì)劣勢(shì)在打字方面是最小的。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。
5.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods to which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transposed around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.
5、這個(gè)原則是實(shí)行貿(mào)易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎(chǔ)。但是，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看是有利的。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內(nèi)的原因，一個(gè)國家可能仍然要生產(chǎn)它并不具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。專業(yè)分工的好處也可能會(huì)受到運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的影響，因?yàn)橐谑澜绶秶鷥?nèi)進(jìn)行貨物和原料的運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用使得貿(mào)易獲利的范圍縮小。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個(gè)障礙是可能采用人為的貿(mào)易壁壘，例如關(guān)稅和配額。
6.In addition to visible trade，which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
6、除了有形貿(mào)易(即指商品和貨物的進(jìn)出口)以外，還有無形貿(mào)易。這是指國家之間服務(wù)的交換。
7.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment of a ship.
7、希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運(yùn)船隊(duì)。提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，這是無形貿(mào)易的一種。當(dāng)一個(gè)出口商安排貨運(yùn)時(shí)，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位。
8.The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus，insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development of Lloyd’ of London, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations，foreign trade.
8、謹(jǐn)慎的出口商為他的貨物運(yùn)輸辦理保險(xiǎn)。在海上，貨物會(huì)遇到各種危險(xiǎn)。所以一些國家專門從事保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。由于倫敦勞埃德保險(xiǎn)公司的發(fā)展，英國是這種服務(wù)的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對(duì)外貿(mào)易承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)而賺取費(fèi)用。
9.Some nations possess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of tourists who spend money for hotel accommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.
9、有些國家沒有可供出口的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品或者制成品，但是這些國家風(fēng)和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿(mào)易的另一種形式。
10.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.
10、無形貿(mào)易對(duì)一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對(duì)別的國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。
1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons why international trade exists.
1、國際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)和另一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)之間的交換。這樣做的原因是多方面的。
2.The distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.， whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Some products will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits，require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheat to meet the needs of its population. These are the reasons why international trade first began.
2、世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過了本身的需要，而別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲(chǔ)藏量很豐富，但是很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏;阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育過程中，氣候起到?jīng)Q定性的作用。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候。此外，有些國家的某個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)不能滿足國內(nèi)的巨大需求，例如英國的小麥就是這樣。這些就是國際貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)的原因。
3.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which had advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.
3、隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了新的因素促使國家之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交換。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果一個(gè)國家專門從事一定的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，生產(chǎn)它擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，并用這些商品同在其他方面擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)的國家所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行交換，那在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是合算的。這種貿(mào)易是在比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原則的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。
4.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all. Even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply，as long as there are minor relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can 'have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs，a typist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal and typing matters. But the typist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.
4、比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說又稱比較成本學(xué)說，是由大衛(wèi)_李嘉圖和其他19世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所建立的。該理論指出，即使有某個(gè)國家能以較低的成本生產(chǎn)每一種商品，國家之間的貿(mào)易對(duì)所有國家仍會(huì)有好處。只要在生產(chǎn)一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對(duì)的差別，即使是窮國在生產(chǎn)上也會(huì)有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當(dāng)?shù)赜枰哉f明。某城的律師同時(shí)也是的打字員。這個(gè)律師不能放棄他處理法律事務(wù)的寶貴時(shí)間，就雇用了一名打字員。這個(gè)打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師，但是這個(gè)打字員的相對(duì)劣勢(shì)在打字方面是最小的。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。
5.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods to which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transposed around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.
5、這個(gè)原則是實(shí)行貿(mào)易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎(chǔ)。但是，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看是有利的。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內(nèi)的原因，一個(gè)國家可能仍然要生產(chǎn)它并不具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。專業(yè)分工的好處也可能會(huì)受到運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的影響，因?yàn)橐谑澜绶秶鷥?nèi)進(jìn)行貨物和原料的運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用使得貿(mào)易獲利的范圍縮小。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個(gè)障礙是可能采用人為的貿(mào)易壁壘，例如關(guān)稅和配額。
6.In addition to visible trade，which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
6、除了有形貿(mào)易(即指商品和貨物的進(jìn)出口)以外，還有無形貿(mào)易。這是指國家之間服務(wù)的交換。
7.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment of a ship.
7、希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運(yùn)船隊(duì)。提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，這是無形貿(mào)易的一種。當(dāng)一個(gè)出口商安排貨運(yùn)時(shí)，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位。
8.The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus，insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development of Lloyd’ of London, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations，foreign trade.
8、謹(jǐn)慎的出口商為他的貨物運(yùn)輸辦理保險(xiǎn)。在海上，貨物會(huì)遇到各種危險(xiǎn)。所以一些國家專門從事保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。由于倫敦勞埃德保險(xiǎn)公司的發(fā)展，英國是這種服務(wù)的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對(duì)外貿(mào)易承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)而賺取費(fèi)用。
9.Some nations possess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of tourists who spend money for hotel accommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.
9、有些國家沒有可供出口的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品或者制成品，但是這些國家風(fēng)和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿(mào)易的另一種形式。
10.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.
10、無形貿(mào)易對(duì)一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對(duì)別的國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。