3.Soldier
3.士兵 Presumably, the first tussles between humans were mostly unorganized, spontaneous skirmishes. 據(jù)推測，人類之間最初的爭斗主要是無組織的、自發(fā)的小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭。 But at some point, people thought to organize a group of talented fighters from their midst in order to protect themselves and/or for aggression. 但就在某個時間節(jié)點，人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該組織一群善于作戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)士來保護(hù)他們自己或者侵略其他群體。 These were the first armies, filled with the world's first soldiers. 這就是最初軍隊的雛形，也是世界上的第一批士兵。 Military historians trace these early fighters to Sumer, which first existed around 4000 B.C.E. 軍事歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為最早的士兵可以追溯到公元前4000年的蘇美爾人。 One of the oldest urban civilizations on Earth, the city-state was located in what is today Iraq. 蘇美爾位于今天的伊拉克，是地球上最古老的現(xiàn)代文明之一。 The first recorded war was from 2525 B.C.E. and was about two cities in Sumer fighting over possession of the region of Guendena. The Sumerians, who fought constantly over 2,000 years, also invented the helmet, the chariot and the sickle sword (a sword with a crescent-shaped blade) among other military gear.
最早有記載的戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生在公元前2525年，蘇美爾的兩座城邦為了圭地那地區(qū)的所屬權(quán)而大打出手，這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了超過2000年，在戰(zhàn)爭期間，頭盔、戰(zhàn)車和鐮刀劍（一種劍刃是彎月狀的劍）等軍事裝備相繼被發(fā)明出來。 From there, soldiers spread to every corner of the world. 從那開始，士兵這項職業(yè)開始在全世界落地生根。 Some of the more notable forces over time were the Mongol Army, 1 million strong, which conquered most of Eurasia starting in 1206; the Roman Army, which similarly corralled the Western world; and the Ottoman Army, which subjugated people in the Middle East, Balkans and North Africa for 500 years, until the 19th century. 迄今為止，有很多“名留青史”的軍隊：比如說，蒙古軍隊，自1206年起就憑借著百萬雄師在歐亞大陸上所向披靡；同樣，羅馬軍隊在西方世界也難遇敵手；奧斯曼軍隊則占領(lǐng)了中東、巴爾干半島和北非近500年，直到19世紀(jì)。 With nearly every nation on Earth in possession of an army, "soldier" is almost assuredly a profession that is here to stay. 正因為地球上的每個國家?guī)缀醵紦碛幸恢к婈?，所以士兵成了一種不可或缺的職業(yè)。 2.Stonemason
2.石匠 The Great Pyramid of Giza, built 4,500 years ago, is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. 建造于4500年前的吉薩金字塔是世界古代七大奇跡之一。 Comprising some 2 million blocks of limestone, it's the largest and most accurately built stone monument in the world. 它由超過200萬塊石灰?guī)r石組成，是世界上的具有歷史意義的建筑。 Around the same time, over in England, talented people constructed Stonehenge. Both of these are the work of ancient, skilled stonemasons. 大約在同一時期的英國，充滿智慧的勞動人民建造出了史前巨石柱。這兩處建筑都是古代技藝精湛的石匠們的作品。 Stonemasons transform hunks of stone or rock into geometric shapes that can be used to create structures or art — everything from buildings and statues to temples and fountains. For centuries the craft remained largely the same.
石匠們將巨大的巖石塑造出具有幾何美感的形狀后，應(yīng)用于建筑物或藝術(shù)品的建造，我們可以在建筑物、雕塑、塔或噴泉中看到這些具有藝術(shù)氣息的巖石。千百年來，手工藝人與石匠幾乎做著類型相似的工作。 Practitioners would use a mallet, chisel and metal straight edge to create a flat surface in the stone or rock. It wasn't until the 20th century that things changed a bit. 習(xí)藝人會用木槌、鑿子和金屬直邊工具在石塊或巖石上塑造平面，手藝代代相傳，直到20世紀(jì)機(jī)器的出現(xiàn)。 Engines enabled enormous stones to be moved and placed with ease, while power saws helped stonemasons cut the rocks more rapidly and precisely. 引擎動力使得巨大的巖石可以隨人意愿任意移動放置，電鋸也幫助石匠們可以更加迅速與精確地切割巖石。 Today, there are several types of stonemasons. Some may split sheet rock in quarries, while others carve designs in gravestones or build houses and walls. 如今，石匠存在到今天已經(jīng)演變出了多種類型，一些石匠專門從采石場分離石膏板，也有一些人專門從事墓碑設(shè)計雕刻，另外一些人則專門建造房屋墻壁建筑。 1.Tailor
1.裁縫 Many of us living today have no experience with a professional tailor, as we purchase mass-produced clothing or, possibly, sew our own. 如今我們習(xí)慣于在連鎖專賣店里購買服裝，或者少部分人自己縫制服裝，以至于我們在生活中不曾和專業(yè)的裁縫打過交道。 Yet tailors are everywhere, as they have been for ages. Tailors design, cut, fit and sew clothing. 但是裁縫們卻無處不在，事實上他們已經(jīng)存在了很久的時間。裁縫專門為客戶設(shè)計、剪裁并縫制服裝。 Tailors can be found in the earliest societies. In ancient Rome, for example, tailors belonged to trade guilds, which means tailoring must have been a substantial industry. Slaves were also trained as tailors. 我們甚至可以在最早的社會群體中找到裁縫的身影。在古羅馬時代，裁縫隸屬于當(dāng)時的貿(mào)易公會，說明在當(dāng)時裁縫業(yè)是一個規(guī)模龐大的行業(yè)。人們甚至訓(xùn)練奴隸們量體裁衣的技巧。 While the garments worn back then were rather simple — think togas and tunics — the way you dressed indicated your status, thus skilled tailors were valuable.
然而當(dāng)時的服飾畢竟是較為簡單的，主要是托加袍和短袍，因為人們的穿著代表著人們的社會地位，所以專業(yè)裁縫便十分搶手了。 One ancient drawing showed a tailor selling goods from sample cards. Tailors also cleaned and pressed togas for customers — a common task in a dirty city where people wore white flowing robes. 一幅古代的畫作上就畫著一位裁縫售賣衣服樣品卡的情景。他們也替客戶們清洗熨燙他們的托加袍，這在當(dāng)時是一個常見的業(yè)務(wù)，因為城市衛(wèi)生狀況不好時，市民們的白色長袍很容易弄臟。 Today, tailors (also called dressmakers, custom sewers and seamstresses) might have their own business, or work in a retail shop or boutique, for a clothing manufacturer or for fashion designers and patternmakers. 如今，裁縫們（裁縫tailors也被稱為dressmakers, custom sewers, seamstresses）基本上都在服裝零售店和高級時裝店里從業(yè)，也有些人從事服裝業(yè)，做時尚設(shè)計師或圖案制作師。 Although no specific degree is required, professional tailors must be skilled in sewing, patternmaking and fashion design. 雖然沒有一個嚴(yán)格的從業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是專業(yè)的裁縫必須精通縫紉、版圖制作和時尚設(shè)計。
3.士兵 Presumably, the first tussles between humans were mostly unorganized, spontaneous skirmishes. 據(jù)推測，人類之間最初的爭斗主要是無組織的、自發(fā)的小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭。 But at some point, people thought to organize a group of talented fighters from their midst in order to protect themselves and/or for aggression. 但就在某個時間節(jié)點，人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該組織一群善于作戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)士來保護(hù)他們自己或者侵略其他群體。 These were the first armies, filled with the world's first soldiers. 這就是最初軍隊的雛形，也是世界上的第一批士兵。 Military historians trace these early fighters to Sumer, which first existed around 4000 B.C.E. 軍事歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為最早的士兵可以追溯到公元前4000年的蘇美爾人。 One of the oldest urban civilizations on Earth, the city-state was located in what is today Iraq. 蘇美爾位于今天的伊拉克，是地球上最古老的現(xiàn)代文明之一。 The first recorded war was from 2525 B.C.E. and was about two cities in Sumer fighting over possession of the region of Guendena. The Sumerians, who fought constantly over 2,000 years, also invented the helmet, the chariot and the sickle sword (a sword with a crescent-shaped blade) among other military gear.
最早有記載的戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生在公元前2525年，蘇美爾的兩座城邦為了圭地那地區(qū)的所屬權(quán)而大打出手，這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了超過2000年，在戰(zhàn)爭期間，頭盔、戰(zhàn)車和鐮刀劍（一種劍刃是彎月狀的劍）等軍事裝備相繼被發(fā)明出來。 From there, soldiers spread to every corner of the world. 從那開始，士兵這項職業(yè)開始在全世界落地生根。 Some of the more notable forces over time were the Mongol Army, 1 million strong, which conquered most of Eurasia starting in 1206; the Roman Army, which similarly corralled the Western world; and the Ottoman Army, which subjugated people in the Middle East, Balkans and North Africa for 500 years, until the 19th century. 迄今為止，有很多“名留青史”的軍隊：比如說，蒙古軍隊，自1206年起就憑借著百萬雄師在歐亞大陸上所向披靡；同樣，羅馬軍隊在西方世界也難遇敵手；奧斯曼軍隊則占領(lǐng)了中東、巴爾干半島和北非近500年，直到19世紀(jì)。 With nearly every nation on Earth in possession of an army, "soldier" is almost assuredly a profession that is here to stay. 正因為地球上的每個國家?guī)缀醵紦碛幸恢к婈?，所以士兵成了一種不可或缺的職業(yè)。 2.Stonemason
2.石匠 The Great Pyramid of Giza, built 4,500 years ago, is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. 建造于4500年前的吉薩金字塔是世界古代七大奇跡之一。 Comprising some 2 million blocks of limestone, it's the largest and most accurately built stone monument in the world. 它由超過200萬塊石灰?guī)r石組成，是世界上的具有歷史意義的建筑。 Around the same time, over in England, talented people constructed Stonehenge. Both of these are the work of ancient, skilled stonemasons. 大約在同一時期的英國，充滿智慧的勞動人民建造出了史前巨石柱。這兩處建筑都是古代技藝精湛的石匠們的作品。 Stonemasons transform hunks of stone or rock into geometric shapes that can be used to create structures or art — everything from buildings and statues to temples and fountains. For centuries the craft remained largely the same.
石匠們將巨大的巖石塑造出具有幾何美感的形狀后，應(yīng)用于建筑物或藝術(shù)品的建造，我們可以在建筑物、雕塑、塔或噴泉中看到這些具有藝術(shù)氣息的巖石。千百年來，手工藝人與石匠幾乎做著類型相似的工作。 Practitioners would use a mallet, chisel and metal straight edge to create a flat surface in the stone or rock. It wasn't until the 20th century that things changed a bit. 習(xí)藝人會用木槌、鑿子和金屬直邊工具在石塊或巖石上塑造平面，手藝代代相傳，直到20世紀(jì)機(jī)器的出現(xiàn)。 Engines enabled enormous stones to be moved and placed with ease, while power saws helped stonemasons cut the rocks more rapidly and precisely. 引擎動力使得巨大的巖石可以隨人意愿任意移動放置，電鋸也幫助石匠們可以更加迅速與精確地切割巖石。 Today, there are several types of stonemasons. Some may split sheet rock in quarries, while others carve designs in gravestones or build houses and walls. 如今，石匠存在到今天已經(jīng)演變出了多種類型，一些石匠專門從采石場分離石膏板，也有一些人專門從事墓碑設(shè)計雕刻，另外一些人則專門建造房屋墻壁建筑。 1.Tailor
1.裁縫 Many of us living today have no experience with a professional tailor, as we purchase mass-produced clothing or, possibly, sew our own. 如今我們習(xí)慣于在連鎖專賣店里購買服裝，或者少部分人自己縫制服裝，以至于我們在生活中不曾和專業(yè)的裁縫打過交道。 Yet tailors are everywhere, as they have been for ages. Tailors design, cut, fit and sew clothing. 但是裁縫們卻無處不在，事實上他們已經(jīng)存在了很久的時間。裁縫專門為客戶設(shè)計、剪裁并縫制服裝。 Tailors can be found in the earliest societies. In ancient Rome, for example, tailors belonged to trade guilds, which means tailoring must have been a substantial industry. Slaves were also trained as tailors. 我們甚至可以在最早的社會群體中找到裁縫的身影。在古羅馬時代，裁縫隸屬于當(dāng)時的貿(mào)易公會，說明在當(dāng)時裁縫業(yè)是一個規(guī)模龐大的行業(yè)。人們甚至訓(xùn)練奴隸們量體裁衣的技巧。 While the garments worn back then were rather simple — think togas and tunics — the way you dressed indicated your status, thus skilled tailors were valuable.
然而當(dāng)時的服飾畢竟是較為簡單的，主要是托加袍和短袍，因為人們的穿著代表著人們的社會地位，所以專業(yè)裁縫便十分搶手了。 One ancient drawing showed a tailor selling goods from sample cards. Tailors also cleaned and pressed togas for customers — a common task in a dirty city where people wore white flowing robes. 一幅古代的畫作上就畫著一位裁縫售賣衣服樣品卡的情景。他們也替客戶們清洗熨燙他們的托加袍，這在當(dāng)時是一個常見的業(yè)務(wù)，因為城市衛(wèi)生狀況不好時，市民們的白色長袍很容易弄臟。 Today, tailors (also called dressmakers, custom sewers and seamstresses) might have their own business, or work in a retail shop or boutique, for a clothing manufacturer or for fashion designers and patternmakers. 如今，裁縫們（裁縫tailors也被稱為dressmakers, custom sewers, seamstresses）基本上都在服裝零售店和高級時裝店里從業(yè)，也有些人從事服裝業(yè)，做時尚設(shè)計師或圖案制作師。 Although no specific degree is required, professional tailors must be skilled in sewing, patternmaking and fashion design. 雖然沒有一個嚴(yán)格的從業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是專業(yè)的裁縫必須精通縫紉、版圖制作和時尚設(shè)計。