學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法的重要性在于它可以使我們能夠輕松認(rèn)識(shí)更多單詞，以一種巧妙的方式擴(kuò)大詞匯量，短期內(nèi)記住更多的單詞。今天，和一起來學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)吧！
英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。
一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法
在英語中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Let me have a try.
讓我試試。
●They are only allowed to sell soft drinksat school.
在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。
2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●He shoulderedhis way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。
●The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。
3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●We will try our best to betterour living conditions.
我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
●They tried to perfectthe working conditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●He didn’t know the difference between rightand wrong.
他不辨是非。
●The oldin our village are living a happy life.
我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。
5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
●How longhave you lived there?
你在那兒住多久了？
6. 個(gè)別詞在一定場合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Warm clothes are a mustin the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。
●Life is full of upsand downs.
人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。
●His argument contains too many ifsand buts.
他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
二. 合成法
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。
1. 合成名詞
●名詞/代詞+名詞 newspaper blood-test she-wolf
●動(dòng)詞+名詞 typewriter pickpocket daybreak
●形容詞+名詞 greenhouse highway
●副詞+名詞 overcoat outside
●名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point
●動(dòng)詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動(dòng)詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
●名詞+介詞+名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief
2. 合成形容詞
●名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
●副詞+形容詞 over-anxious evergreen
●名詞+過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt
●名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking
●形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going
●副詞+過去分詞 well-informed widespread
●副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching
●形容詞+名詞+ed warm-hearted absent-minded
●數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-legged ten-storied
●數(shù)詞+名詞 one-way five–star
●數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long
●名詞+to+名詞 face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成動(dòng)詞
●名詞+動(dòng)詞 baby-sit sleepwalk
●副詞+動(dòng)詞 outnumber underestimate overwork
●形容詞+動(dòng)詞 whitewash
4. 合成副詞
●形容詞＋名詞 meanwhile anyway
●形容詞＋副詞 everywhere anyhow
●副詞＋副詞 however
●介詞＋名詞 beforehand overhead
●介詞＋副詞 forever
5. 合成代詞
●代詞賓格＋self/selves herself themselves
●物主代詞＋self/selves myself yourselves
●形容詞＋名詞 anything nothing
6. 合成介詞
●副詞＋名詞 inside outside
●介詞＋副詞 without within
●副詞＋介詞 into
三. 派生法
由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。
1. 前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。
（1）表示否定意義的前綴
●un- unhappy unfinished undress
●dis- disagree disbelieve
●in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
●mis- misbehave mislead mistake
●non- nonstop nonsmoker
（2）表示其他意義的前綴
●en- “使……” enrich enlarge encourage
●inter- “相互”international intercontinental
●re- “再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
●tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的” telescope telephone telegraph
●auto- “自動(dòng)的” automatic automobile
●co- “共同” coworker cooperate coexist
●anti- “反對，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
●multi- “多” multistory multicultural multicolor
●bi- “雙，二” bicycle bilingual bilateral
●micro- “極小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
●over- “太多，過分” overwork overdo overestimate
●self- “自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
●under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 后綴
（1）形容詞后綴
●-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
●-al “與……有關(guān)的” physical, magical, political
●-an “屬于某地方的人” American African
●-ern “方向” southern, northern, eastern
●-ful/ less “（沒）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
●-ish “如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
●-ive “有……傾向的” active attractive expensive
●-en “由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
●-ous “有（性質(zhì)）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
●-ly “有……性質(zhì)的” friendly yearly daily
●-y “構(gòu)成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy
（2）名詞后綴
●-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
●-ese “某國（人）的” Chinese, Japanese
●-ian “某國、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
●-ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
●-ess “表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess
●-ment “行為或其狀態(tài)” government, movement, achievement
●-ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)” illness, sadness, carelessness
●-tion “動(dòng)作，過程，結(jié)果” invention, organization, translation
●-ance/ ence “抽象；行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” importance, appearance, absence, existence
●-th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth
●-ful “（滿的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
●-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” possibility, disability, reliability
●-al “過程、狀態(tài)” survival, arrival, approval
●-y “性質(zhì)、情況” modesty, delivery, honesty
●-dom “處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)” freedom, boredom
●-age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果” courage, storage, marriage
（3）動(dòng)詞后綴
●-fy / ify “使得；變得” simplify, beautify, purify
●-en “使成為；變得” shorten, deepen, sadden
●-ize “使成為” apologize, realize, specialize
（4）副詞后綴
●-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
●-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards
（5）數(shù)詞后綴
●-teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
●-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty
●-th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth
每日聽力-文字稿
[00:00.53]Security has been tightened around Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak
[00:05.19]after he received dozens of death threats.
[00:08.42]Security sources say the threats were made by Jewish militants
[00:12.09]who oppose the government's partial freeze on settlement construction
[00:16.18]in the West Bank.
[00:17.69]The freeze was imposed in November
[00:19.87]under pressure from the United States,
[00:22.19]which sees the settlements as an obstacle to peace.
[00:25.83]The death threats are being taken seriously.
[00:28.52]In 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated
[00:33.93]by an Orthodox Jew opposed to his policy of trading land
[00:38.12]for peace with the Palestinians.
英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。
一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法
在英語中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Let me have a try.
讓我試試。
●They are only allowed to sell soft drinksat school.
在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。
2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●He shoulderedhis way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。
●The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。
3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●We will try our best to betterour living conditions.
我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
●They tried to perfectthe working conditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●He didn’t know the difference between rightand wrong.
他不辨是非。
●The oldin our village are living a happy life.
我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。
5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
●How longhave you lived there?
你在那兒住多久了？
6. 個(gè)別詞在一定場合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Warm clothes are a mustin the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。
●Life is full of upsand downs.
人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。
●His argument contains too many ifsand buts.
他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
二. 合成法
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。
1. 合成名詞
●名詞/代詞+名詞 newspaper blood-test she-wolf
●動(dòng)詞+名詞 typewriter pickpocket daybreak
●形容詞+名詞 greenhouse highway
●副詞+名詞 overcoat outside
●名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point
●動(dòng)詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動(dòng)詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
●名詞+介詞+名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief
2. 合成形容詞
●名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
●副詞+形容詞 over-anxious evergreen
●名詞+過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt
●名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking
●形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going
●副詞+過去分詞 well-informed widespread
●副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching
●形容詞+名詞+ed warm-hearted absent-minded
●數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-legged ten-storied
●數(shù)詞+名詞 one-way five–star
●數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long
●名詞+to+名詞 face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成動(dòng)詞
●名詞+動(dòng)詞 baby-sit sleepwalk
●副詞+動(dòng)詞 outnumber underestimate overwork
●形容詞+動(dòng)詞 whitewash
4. 合成副詞
●形容詞＋名詞 meanwhile anyway
●形容詞＋副詞 everywhere anyhow
●副詞＋副詞 however
●介詞＋名詞 beforehand overhead
●介詞＋副詞 forever
5. 合成代詞
●代詞賓格＋self/selves herself themselves
●物主代詞＋self/selves myself yourselves
●形容詞＋名詞 anything nothing
6. 合成介詞
●副詞＋名詞 inside outside
●介詞＋副詞 without within
●副詞＋介詞 into
三. 派生法
由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。
1. 前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。
（1）表示否定意義的前綴
●un- unhappy unfinished undress
●dis- disagree disbelieve
●in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
●mis- misbehave mislead mistake
●non- nonstop nonsmoker
（2）表示其他意義的前綴
●en- “使……” enrich enlarge encourage
●inter- “相互”international intercontinental
●re- “再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
●tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的” telescope telephone telegraph
●auto- “自動(dòng)的” automatic automobile
●co- “共同” coworker cooperate coexist
●anti- “反對，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
●multi- “多” multistory multicultural multicolor
●bi- “雙，二” bicycle bilingual bilateral
●micro- “極小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
●over- “太多，過分” overwork overdo overestimate
●self- “自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
●under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 后綴
（1）形容詞后綴
●-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
●-al “與……有關(guān)的” physical, magical, political
●-an “屬于某地方的人” American African
●-ern “方向” southern, northern, eastern
●-ful/ less “（沒）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
●-ish “如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
●-ive “有……傾向的” active attractive expensive
●-en “由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
●-ous “有（性質(zhì)）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
●-ly “有……性質(zhì)的” friendly yearly daily
●-y “構(gòu)成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy
（2）名詞后綴
●-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
●-ese “某國（人）的” Chinese, Japanese
●-ian “某國、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
●-ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
●-ess “表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess
●-ment “行為或其狀態(tài)” government, movement, achievement
●-ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)” illness, sadness, carelessness
●-tion “動(dòng)作，過程，結(jié)果” invention, organization, translation
●-ance/ ence “抽象；行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” importance, appearance, absence, existence
●-th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth
●-ful “（滿的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
●-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” possibility, disability, reliability
●-al “過程、狀態(tài)” survival, arrival, approval
●-y “性質(zhì)、情況” modesty, delivery, honesty
●-dom “處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)” freedom, boredom
●-age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果” courage, storage, marriage
（3）動(dòng)詞后綴
●-fy / ify “使得；變得” simplify, beautify, purify
●-en “使成為；變得” shorten, deepen, sadden
●-ize “使成為” apologize, realize, specialize
（4）副詞后綴
●-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
●-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards
（5）數(shù)詞后綴
●-teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
●-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty
●-th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth
每日聽力-文字稿
[00:00.53]Security has been tightened around Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak
[00:05.19]after he received dozens of death threats.
[00:08.42]Security sources say the threats were made by Jewish militants
[00:12.09]who oppose the government's partial freeze on settlement construction
[00:16.18]in the West Bank.
[00:17.69]The freeze was imposed in November
[00:19.87]under pressure from the United States,
[00:22.19]which sees the settlements as an obstacle to peace.
[00:25.83]The death threats are being taken seriously.
[00:28.52]In 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated
[00:33.93]by an Orthodox Jew opposed to his policy of trading land
[00:38.12]for peace with the Palestinians.